• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.3C
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• pp.167-178
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• 2008

Rainfall-induced slope failures were simulated by seepage and stability analyses for actual slopes of weathered soils. After undisturbed sampling and testing on a specimen of unsaturated conditions, a seepage analysis was performed under actual rainfall and it was found that the pore water pressure increased at the boundary of soil and rock layers. The safety factor of slope stability decreased below 1.0 and the failure of actual slope could be simulated. Under design rainfall intensity, the seepage analysis could not include the effects of the antecedent rainfall and the rainfall duration. Due to these limitations, the safety factor of slope stability resulted in above 1.0, since the hydraulic head of soil layers had not be affected significantly. In the analysis of another slope failure, the parameters of unsaturated conditions were evaluated using artificial neural network (ANN). In the analysis of seepage, the boundary of soil and rock was saturated sufficiently and then the safety factor could be calculated below 1.0. It was found that the failure of actual slope can be simulated by ANN-based estimation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.157-157
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• 2022

Recent decades have seen all over the world increasing drought in some regions and increasing flood in others. Climate change has been alarming in many regions resulting in degradation and diminution of available freshwater. The effect of global warming and overpopulation associated with increasing irrigated farming and valuable agricultural lands could be particularly disastrous for coastal areas like the one of Benin. The coastal region of Benin is under a heavy demographic pressure and was in the last decades the object of important urban developments. The present study aims to roughly study the general effect of climate change (Sea Level Rise: SLR) and groundwater pumping on Seawater intrusion (SWI) in Benin's coastal region. To reach the main goal of our study, the region aquifer system was built in numerical model using SEAWAT engine from Visual MODFLOW. The model is built and calibrated from 2016 to 2020 in SEAWAT, and using WinPEST the model parameters were optimized for a better performance. The optimized parameters are used for seawater intrusion intensity evaluation in the coastal region of Benin The simulation of the hydraulic head in the calibration period, showed groundwater head drawdown across the area with an average of 1.92m which is observed on the field by groundwater level depletion in hand dug wells mainly in the south of the study area. SWI area increased with a difference of 2.59km² between the start and end time of the modeling period. By considering SLR due to global warming, the model was stimulated to predict SWI area in 2050. IPCC scenario IS92a simulated SLR in the coastal region of Benin and the average rise is estimated at 20cm by 2050. Using the average rise, the model is run for SWI area estimation in 2050. SWI area in 2050 increased by an average of 10.34% (21.04 km²); this is expected to keep increasing as population grows and SLR.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.2206-2217
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• 1971

Spillway and discharge channel of reservoirs require the Control of Large volume of water under high pressure. The energies at the downstream end of spillway or discharge channel are tremendous. Therefore, Some means of expending the energy of the high-velocity flow is required to prevent scour of the riverbed, minimize erosion, and prevent undermining structures or dam it self. This may be accomplished by Constructing an energy dissipator at the downstream end of spillway or discharge channel disigned to dissipated the excessive energy and establish safe flow Condition in the outlet channel. There are many types of energy dissipators, stilling basins are the most familar energy dissipator. In the stilling basin, most energies are dissipated by hydraulic jump. stilling basins have some length to cover hydraulic jump length. So stilling basins require much concrete works and high construction cost. Flip bucket type energy dissipators require less construction cost. If the streambed is composed of firm rock and it is certain that the scour will not progress upstream to the extent that the safety of the structure might be endangered, flip backet type energy dissipators are the most recommendable one. Following items are tested and studied with bucket radius, $R=7h_2$,(medium of $4h_2{\geqq}R{\geqq}10h_2$). 1. Allowable upstream channel slop of bucket. 2. Adequate bucket lip angle for good performance of flip bucket. Also followings are reviwed. 1. Scour by jet flow. 2. Negative pressure distribution and air movement below nappe flow. From the test and study, following results were obtained. 1. Upstream channel slope of bucket (S=H/L) should be 0.25<H/L<0.75 for good performance of flip bucket. 2. Adequated lip angle $30^{\circ}{\sim}40^{\circ}$ are more reliable than $20^{\circ}{\sim}30^{\circ}$ for the safety of structures.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.275-283
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• 2013

An injector that uses methane gas ($CH_4$) and liquid oxygen ($LO_x$) as propellants was designed to verify the combustion characteristics of an engine that uses methane, which is one of the next-generation propellants. A swirl/shear coaxial-type injector was used, and flow analysis was performed using Fluent to determine the main design parameters of the injector. A hydraulic test was performed to understand the atomization and spray pattern characteristics of the injector. Next, a combustion test was performed at the design point to understand the ignition and combustion stability. Additional combustion tests were performed according to the O/F ratio to investigate the combustion characteristics and stabilities using the characteristic exhaust velocity ($C^*$) and fluctuation of the chamber pressure. The experimental results showed that the combustion efficiency was greater than 90%, and the pressure fluctuation was lower than 2% under all conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.146-159
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• 2016

This study used Navier-Stokes Solver(LES-WASS-2D) for analyzing hydrodynamic characteristics with high order in order to analyze self-burial mechanism of pipeline with spoiler under steady flow. For the validity and effectiveness of numerical model used, it was compared and analyzed with the experiment to show flow characteristics around the pipeline with and without the spoiler. And the hydraulic(flow, vortex, and pressure) and force characteristics were numerically analyzed around the pipeline according to the incident velocity, and shape and arrangement of spoiler. Primarily, if the spoiler is attached to the pipeline, the projected area is increased resulting in higher flow velocity toward the back and strong vortex caused by wake stream in the back. Secondly, the spoiler causes vertically asymmetric flow and vorticity fields and thus asymmetric pressure field. It increases the asymmetry of force on the pipe and thus develops large downward fluid force. Both of them are the causes of selfburying of the pipeline with spoiler.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.409-415
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• 2020

Low-flow mortar injection method grouting technology was selected and the traffic area was preserved as much as possible in order to secure safety for road traffic when the outflow and subsidence of landfill occurred due to ground-water, and etc. In particular, the current existing method was newly improved since there are risks of damage such as hydraulic fracturing at the lower part of the road, spilling of soil particles on steep slopes, and bumps on the road due to excessive injection pressure during construction. This study was carried out at the site of reinforcement work on the road as a maintenance work for the danger zone for collapse of the steep slope of the 00 hill, which was ordered from the 00 city 00 province. The improved low-flow mortar type grouting method adopted a new automated grouting management system and especially, it composites the method for grouting conditions decision by high-pressure pre-grouting test and injection technology by AGS-controlled and studied about grouting effect analysis by using new technology. By applying the improved low-flow mortar type grouting method, it was possible to lay the groundwork for road maintenance work such as the prevention of subsidence of old roads, uneven subsidence of buildings and civil engineering structures, and of soil leakage of ground-water spills. Furthermore, the possibility of application on future grouting work not only for just construction that prevents subsidence of old roads but also for various buildings and civil engineering structures such as railroads, subways, bridges, underground structures, and boulder stone and limestone areas was confirmed.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.681-687
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• 2016

It is essential for micro jet injectors in the biomedical sector to operate under high pressure. High pressure injection, however, is accompanied by high volumes. On/Off valves that can be operated at high speeds have been used to address this problem. In this research, piezoelectric actuators which have a response frequency of the order of hundreds of kilohertz were used as the On/Off valve and experiments were applied. Researchers developed a controller to precisely manipulate the piezoelectric valve with various waveforms. They also fabricated five types of nozzles to consider the effect of nozzle type on injection. This allowed researchers to manipulate and confirm factors that can affect the injection volume and force. Results of this experiment have shown how to decrease the injection volume and increase the injection force. and it is predicted that the optimized injection volume and force value can be determined depending on the skin type.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.446-461
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• 2020

Numerical simulations of CIEMAT column test in Spain are performed to investigate the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) behavior of MX80 bentonite pellets using TOUGH2-FLAC3D. The heater power and injection pressure of water in the numerical simulations are identical to those in the laboratory test. To investigate the applicability of the thermo-hydraulic (TH) model used in TOUGH2 code to prediction of the coupled TH behavior, the simulation results are compared with the observations of temperature and relative humidity with time. The tendencies of the coupled behavior observed in the test are well represented by the numerical models and the simulator in terms of temperature and relative humidity evolutions. Moreover, the performance of the models for the reproduction and prediction of the coupled TH behavior is globally satisfactory compared with the observations. However, the calculated stress change is relatively small and slow due to the limitations of the simple elastic and swelling pressure model used in numerical simulations. It seems that the two models are insufficient to realistically reproduce the complex coupled THM behavior in the bentonite pellets.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.575-593
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• 2012

This paper briefly introduces the scope and objectives of SKB Task 8, which is an international cooperative research project. In addition, the hydraulic behaviors of bentonite buffer focusing on the interactions between bentonite and a rock mass with a joint were investigated using TOUGH2 code as part of a sub-mission of Task 8a. The effects of a rock joint and high capillary pressure of bentonite on the re-saturation properties and pressure distribution in a buffer were identified and successfully incorporated in the TOUGH2 code. Based on the numerical results, it was found that the speed of re-saturation in bentonite surrounded by a rock mass with a joint is 2.5 to 12 times faster than that in a condition without a rock joint, while the degree of saturation in the lower part of the buffer material is generally higher than in the upper part in both the cases of with and without a joint. It can be anticipated that the results obtained from this study can be applied to an estimation of the full saturation time and a determination of optimum thickness with regard to the design of the bentonite buffer in a high level waste disposal system.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 1991

The characteristics of the unconsolidated sediment in Gwangyang bay was analyzed from the core samples. The porosity of the sediment showed irregular variation with respect to the sedimentation depth, which indicated that sediment weight-induced consolidation was not significant. Numerical analysis for the mechanical and hydraulic behavior of the unconsolidated sediment due to the tidal sea level change was processed. Because of the delayed excessive pore pressure change in the very low permeable mud medium, the magnitude of the excessive pore pressure for the duration of the minimum sea level exceeded the total stress from the sea water weight, which resulted in the negative (tensional) effective stress below the top surface. The in-situ effective stress, obtained by superposing the tensional effective stress on the solid weight-induced compressive stress, was remained to be tensile (quick-sand condition) near the top surface of the mud deposit. The occurrence of the quirk-sand condition provided a theoretical evidence for the insignificant consolidation and the irregular porosity variation of the sediment. When the sand is distributed on the top surface of the mud layer, the quick-sand condition occurred below the sandy mud layer and the downward movement of sand particles was facilitated.