• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국신재생에너지학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회
• /
• pp.663-666
• /
• 2005

Gas hydrates are ice-like compounds that form at the low temperature and high pressure conditions common in shallow marine sediments at water depths greater than 300-500 m when concentrations of methane and other hydrocarbon gases exceed saturation. Estimates of the total mass of methane carbon that resides in this reservoir vary widely. While there is general agreement that gas hydrate is a significant component of the global near-surface carbon budget, there is considerable controversy about whether it has the potential to be a major source of fossil fuel in the future and whether periods of global climate change in the past can be attributed to destabilization of this reservoir. Also essentially unknown is the interaction between gas hydrate and the subsurface biosphere. ODP Leg 204 was designed to address these questions by determining the distribution, amount and rate of formation of gas hydrate within an accretionary ridge and adjacent basin and the sources of gas for forming hydrate. Additional objectives included identification of geologic proxies for past gas hydrate occurrence and calibration of remote sensing techniques to quantify the in situ amount of gas hydrate that can be used to improve estimates where no boreholes exist. Leg 204 also provided an opportunity to test several new techniques for sampling, preserving and measuring gas hydrates. During ODP Leg 204, nine sites were drilled and cored on southern Hydrate Ridge, a topographic high in the accretionary complex of the Cascadia subduction zone, located approximately 80km west of Newport, Oregon. Previous studies of southern Hydrate Ridge had documented the presence of seafloor gas vents, outcrops of massive gas hydrate, and a pinnacle' of authigenic carbonate near the summit. Deep-towed sidescan data show an approximately $300\times500m$ area of relatively high acoustic backscatter that indicates the extent of seafloor venting. Elsewhere on southern Hydrate Ridge, the seafloor is covered with low reflectivity sediment, but the presence of a regional bottom-simulating seismic reflection (BSR) suggests that gas hydrate is widespread. The sites that were drilled and cored during ODP Leg 204 can be grouped into three end-member environments basedon the seismic data. Sites 1244 through 1247 characterize the flanks of southern Hydrate Ridge. Sites 1248-1250 characterize the summit in the region of active seafloor venting. Sites 1251 and 1252 characterize the slope basin east of Hydrate Ridge, which is a region of rapid sedimentation, in contrast to the erosional environment of Hydrate Ridge. Site 1252 was located on the flank of a secondary anticline and is the only site where no BSR is observed.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국신재생에너지학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회
• /
• pp.531-533
• /
• 2007

We report and discuss molecular and isotopic properties of hydrate-bound gases from 55 samples and void gases from 494 samples collected during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 204 at Hydrate Ridge offshore Oregon. Gas hydrates appear to crystallize in sediments from two end-member gas sources (deep allochthonous and in situ) as mixtures of different proportions. In an area of high gas flux at the Southern Summit of the ridge (Sites 1248-1250), shallow (0-40 meters below the seafloor (mbsf)) gas hydrates are composed of mainly allochthonous mixed microbial and thermogenic methane and a small portion of thermogenic C2+ gases, which migrated vertically and laterally from as deep as 2-2.5 km depths. In contrast, deep (50-105 mbsf) gas hydrates at the Southern Summit (Sites 1248 and 1250) and on the flanks of the ridge (Sites 1244-1247) crystallize mainly from microbial methane and ethane generated dominantly in situ. A small contribution of allochthonous gas may also be present at sites where geologic and tectonic settings favor vertical gas migration from greater depth (e.g., Site 1244).

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국신재생에너지학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회
• /
• pp.407-409
• /
• 2006

Geochemical analyses carried out on samples collected from cores on and near the southern smit of Hydrate Ridge have advanced understanding by providing a clear contrast of the two major modes of marine gas hydrate occurrence. High concentrations (15%-40% of pore space) of gas hydrate occurring at shallow depths (0-40 mbsf) on and near the southern summit are fed by gas migrating from depths of as much as 2km within the accretionary prism. This gas carries a characteristic minor component of C2-C5 thermogenic hydrocarbons that enable tracing of migration pathways and may stabilize the occurrence of some structure II gas hydrate. A structure II wet gas hydrate that is stable to greater depths and temperatures than structure I methane hydrate may account for the deeper, faint second bottom simulating reflection (BSR2) that occurs on the seaward side of the ridge. The wet gas is migrating In an ash/turbidite layer that intersects the base of gas hydrate stability on the seaward side of and directly beneath the southern summit of Hydrate Ridge. The high gas saturation (>65%) of the pore space within this layer could create a two-phase (gas + solid) system that would enable free gas to move vertically upward through the gas hydrate stability zone. Away from the summit of the ridge there is no apparent influx of the gas seeping from depth and sediments are characterized by the normal sequence of early diagenetic processes involving anaerobic oxidation of sedimentary organic matter, initially linked to the reduction of sulfate and later continued by means of carbonate reduction leading to the formation of microbial methane.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제38권2호
• /
• pp.165-176
• /
• 2005

심해저 퇴적물에 분포하는 천연가스는 물리, 화학적인 조건에 따라서 세 가지 상(phase)으로 존재한다. 즉, 공극수에 녹아있는 가스의 농도가 용해도 이하이면 용존 가스 형태로 존재할 것이며, 용해도 이상이면 자유가스가(free gas) 형성될 것이며, 자유가스를 포함하는 해저 퇴적물이 저온 고압 조건인 하이드레이트 안정 지역이라면 가스 하이드레이트로 존재한다. 심해저 퇴적물내의 가스의 농도를 정확히 파악할 수 있다면 천연가스와 하이드레이트의 형성과 분포를 예측할 수 쳐다. 그러나, 해저 퇴적물 내에 포함되어 있는 가스의 양을 정확히 측정하는 것은 매우 어렵다. 심해저 퇴적층에서 가스를 채취하는 방법으로 널리 이용되는 공기층 가스 기법을 이용하여 퇴적물내의 가스의 양을 가늠하는 것은 천부 퇴적층에서만 가능하고 심부 지층에서 채취한 가스는 코어 회수와 시료 채취 과정에서 대부분의 가스가 유실되고 극히 일부만 정량 분석된다. 압력 코어(Pressure Core Sampler PCS)는 길이 $1{\cal}m$, 반경 $4.32{\cal}cm$ 규격으로 총 $1,465cm^3$의 퇴적물을 68.9 Mpa 압력 하에서 채취하는 장비이다. ODP Leg 204 시추 동안에 총 6개 지점(site) 에서 압력 코어를 사용하여 각 시추 지점에서 심도에 따른 퇴적물내의 가스의 양과 가스 하이드레이트의 분포를 측정하였다. 분석 결과 시추 위치에 따라서 가스 농도 및 분포 특성이 서로 다르게 나타났다. 하이드레이트 릿지(Hydrate Ridge)의 정상 주변에는 해저면 퇴적물에 메탄가스가 과포화되어 있고 정상 측면 및 분지지역에는 일부 심도의 퇴적물에서만 과포화되어 있었다. 하이드레이트 릿지의 가스 하이드레이트 분포는 압력 코어에 의해서 측정한 현장(in-situ)의 가스 농도 특성과 매우 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다.