• 상하수도학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.303-310
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• 2017

Pressure retarded osmosis(PRO) has attracted much attention as potential technology to reduce the overall energy consumption for reverse osmosis(RO) desalination. The RO/PRO hybrid process is considered as the most logical next step for future desalination. The PRO process aims to harness the osmotic energy difference of two aqueous solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. By using the concentrated water(RO brine) discharged from existing RO plants, the PRO process can effectively exploit a greater salinity gradient to reduce the energy cost of processing concentrated water. However, in order to use RO brine as the draw solution, PRO membrane must have high water flux and enough mechanical strength to withstand the high operational pressure. This study investigates the development of a thin film composite PRO membrane and spiral wound module for high power density. Also, the influence of membrane backing layer on the overall power density was studied using the characteristic factors of PRO membranes. Finally, the performance test of an 8-inch spiral wound module was carried out under various operating conditions(i.e. hydraulic pressure, flow rate, temperature). As the flow rate and temperature increased under the same hydraulic pressure, the PRO performance increased due to the growth of water permeability coefficient and osmotic pressure. For a high performance PRO system, in order to optimize the operating conditions, it is highly recommended that the flow pressure be minimized while the flow rate is maintained at a high level.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.313-320
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to evaluate on the interfacial morphology between dentin and restorative materials. In this in vitro study, the cavity wall restorated with 3 different kinds of tooth colored restorative materials [resin-modified Glass Ionomer cement (Fuji II LC), composite resin (Z-100), compomer (Dyract)]. The thirty extracted human molar teeth without caries and/or restorations are used. The experimental teeth were randomly divided into three groups of ten teeth each. In each group, Wedge shaped cavities (width: 3mm, length: 2mm, depth: 1.5mm) were prepared at the cementoenamel junction on buccal and lingual surfaces. The adhesive of composite resin were mixed with rhodamine B. Primer of composite resin, Prime & Bond 2.1 of Dyract and liquid of Fuji II LC were mixed with fluorescein. In group 1, the cavity wall was treatment with dentin conditioner, and then restorated with Fuji II LC. In group 2, the cavity wall was treatment with Prime & Bond 2.1 and then restorated with Dyract. In group 3, the cavity wall was etching with 10% maleic acid, applied with primer and bonding agent and then restorated with Z-100. The interface between dentin and restorative materials was observed by fluoresence imaging with a confocal laser scanning microscope. The results were as follows : 1. In Glass ionomer group, adaptation of resin modified Glass-ionomer restoration against cavity wall is tight, but the crack formed inside of restoration were observed. 2. In Dyract group, the penetration of resin tag is shorter and the width of hybrid layer is narrower than composite resin group. 3. In Z-100 group, primer penetrated deeply through dentinal tubule. Also bonding agent was penetrated along the primer, but the penetration length is shorter than primer part, and in 3-D image, the resin tag is conical shape and lateral branch is observed.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.28-34
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• 2016

Galvannealed(GA) steels are now generally used in car body manufacturing for corrosion resistance. In this study, the weldability and joint mechanical behavior of a newly developed 1.2GPa grade GA ultra high strength TRIP(transformation induced plasticity) steel was investigated for three joining processes, such as adhesive bonding, resistance spot welding and weldbonding. Under both shear and peel stress conditions, the failure mode of the adhesive joints were the mixture of the adhesive cohesive failure, adhesive interface failure and coating layer failure. It means that the adhesion strength of GA coating onto the base metal was similar to that of adhesive bonding onto the GA coating. Under the shear stress condition, the weldbonding exerted to expand the optimal spot welding condition of 1.2GPa GA TRIP steel because the strength of adhesive bond overwhelmed that of the resistance spot weld. Under the peel stress condition, the weldbonding also exerted to expand the optimal spot welding condition of 1.2GPa GA TRIP steel by inducing the tear fracture mode rather than the partial plug fracture mode.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2013

In the past, a very popular method for reducing the corrosion on zinc involved the use of chemical conversion layer coatings based on $Cr^{+6}$. However, there is an important problem with using chromium salts as a result of restrictive environmental protection legislation. This study investigated the optimum condition for galvanized steel using an organic/inorganic solution with a Ti composition. In the case of a fixed heat treatment time, the corrosion resistance values of LR-0727(1) and LR-0727(2) were improved as the heat treatment temperature increased, and the optimum minimum temperature decreased with the heat treatment time. At the optimum heat treatment condition of two coating solutions, the heat treatment time of the LR-0727(1) solution was shorter than LR-0727(2) for the same heat treatment temperature. LR-0727(1) coated specimens did not show desquamation, and all of the specimens showed a good adhesive property. In contrast, in the case of the LR-0727(2) coated specimens, desquamation arose. Therefore, the adhesive property of LR-0727(1) was superior to that of LR-0727(2). The pencil hardness had a 3H average for all of the coating solutions and heat treatment conditions. In the case of a corrosion resistance test with boiling water, the coated specimens of LR-0727(1) were discolored, but LR-0727(2) was not. Finally, LR-0727(1) was more moisture proof than LR-0727(2).

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.759-783
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• 2010

In this paper, compressive strength of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) confined concrete cylinders is formulated using a hybrid method coupling genetic programming (GP) and simulated annealing (SA), called GP/SA, and a robust variant of GP, namely multi expression programming (MEP). Straightforward GP/SA and MEP-based prediction equations are derived for the compressive strength of CFRP-wrapped concrete cylinders. The models are constructed using two sets of predictor variables. The first set comprises diameter of concrete cylinder, unconfined concrete strength, tensile strength of CFRP laminate, and total thickness of CFRP layer. The most widely used parameters of unconfined concrete strength and ultimate confinement pressure are included in the second set. The models are developed based on the experimental results obtained from the literature. To verify the applicability of the proposed models, they are employed to estimate the compressive strength of parts of test results that were not included in the modeling process. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to determine the contributions of the parameters affecting the compressive strength. For more verification, a parametric study is carried out and the trends of the results are confirmed via some previous studies. The GP/SA and MEP models are able to predict the ultimate compressive strength with an acceptable level of accuracy. The proposed models perform superior than several CFRP confinement models found in the literature. The derived models are particularly valuable for pre-design purposes.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.96-104
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• 2010

NIL, S-FIL과 같은 각인 기술(Imprinting lithography)를 적용하기 위한 투명하고 단단한 복제 틀(replica hard mold)을 제작하여 고가의 원판(master)와 패턴이 형성되는 기판과의 접촉을 근본적으로 방지해 경제적인 공정이 가능함을 제안한다. 실리콘 웨이퍼(Si wafer)와 같은 원판(master)과 패턴 형성 시 사용되는 기판과 직접적인 접촉을 방지하기 위해 우선 액상 공정을 이용하여 비접착성 표면처리된 고분자 복제(polymer copy)를 매개체(carrier)로 단단한 복제 틀을 제작한다. 이렇게 제작된 단단한 복제 틀(replica hard mold)는 유리와 거의 같은 강도와 투명도를 나타내며, 각인 공정(imprinting process)에서 석영 틀, 실리콘 웨이퍼(quartz mold, Si wafer)과 같이 값비싼 원판(master)의 직접 사용을 대체하여 성공적으로 패턴을 구현할 수 있다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.262-267
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 건식플라즈마 환원방법을 이용하여 다중벽 탄소나노튜브(MWNT) 코팅 층 위에 백금, 금, 백금/금 이종 나노입자를 쉽고 균일하게 고정화 시킬 수 있는 방법을 제시한다. 나노입자는 다중벽 탄소나노튜브 위에 안정적이고 균일하게 고정화되어 나노하이브리드 소재가 되며, 이렇게 합성된 나노하이브리드 소재는 염료감응형 태양전지의 상대전극에 적용된다. CV, EIS, Tafel 측정을 통해 준비된 상대전극의 전기화학적 특성을 분석한 결과, PtAu alloy/MWNT 상대전극이 가장 높은 전기화학적 촉매 활성과 전기 전도도를 보여준다. PtAu alloy/MWNT 상대전극을 이용한 염료감응형 태양전지는 7.9%의 에너지 변환 효율을 보임으로써 MWNT (2.6%), AuNP/MWNT (2.7%) 그리고 PtNP/MWNT (7.5%) 상대전극을 사용한 염료감응형 태양전지의 효율과 비교하였을 때, 가장 높은 효율을 보여주고 있다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.628-636
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• 2014

본 논문은 재밍 대응 위성 항법 장치의 5소자 평면 배열 안테나 설계에 대해 기술한다. GPS $L_1/L_2$ 대역에서 공진하는 적층 구조의 패치 안테나 설계를 제안한다. 제안된 안테나는 광대역 및 원형 편파 특성을 구현하기 위해 칩 커플러를 이용한 이중 급전을 사용한다. 배열안테나 측정 결과, 중앙안테나의 전면 방향 이득은 $L_1$과 $L_2$ 대역에서 각각 1.10 dBic, 0.37 dBic, 측면안테나는 $L_1$과 $L_2$ 대역에서 0.99 dBic, -0.57 dBic를 갖는다. 고각 $30^{\circ}$에서 방위각의 이득은 중앙안테나 $L_1$과 $L_2$ 대역에서 평균 -2.08 dBic, -5.33 dBic의 측정 결과를 갖는다. 측면안테나는 $L_1$과 $L_2$ 대역에서 평균 -0.40 dBic, -2.09 dBic의 측정 결과를 갖는다. 제안된 5소자 평면 배열 안테나는 GPS 재밍 대응 장치에 적합함을 확인한다.

• 센서학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 1993

본 논문은 $n^{+}$ 에피택셜층을 이용한 전기화학 에칭스톱과 글라스-실리콘의 양극 접합기술을 이용하여 저 압력측정을 위한 용량형 압력센서를 제작한 것이다. 제작된 센서는 하이브리드형으로 센서 커패시터와 기준 커패시터를 갖는 센서 칩과 두가지 출력검출회로 칩으로 구성되어 있다. 이 제작된 센서는 다이아프램 크기가 $1.0{\times}1.0 mm^{2}$이고, 두께가 $10{\mu}m$로 제작된 센서는 압력이 인가되지 않을 때 용량의 크기가 7.1 pF이고, 10 KPa 압력에서 감도가 5.2 %F.S.이다. 또 용량을 전압으로 검출하는 컨버터회로를 이용할 경우, $5{\sim}45^{\circ}C$ 온도범위에서 영점 온도특성과 감도 온도특성은 각각 0.051 %F.S./$^{\circ}C$와 0.12 %F.S./$^{\circ}C$ 이다.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.316-319
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• 2018

ATSC 3.0 및 국내 UHD 방송 표준에 의해 제공되는 PLP 기능을 이용하여 지상 UHD 방송 서비스 및 모바일 HD 방송 서비스가 동시에 제공되는 경우, 약간의 부가 데이터를 전송함으로써 고품질의 UHD-3D 방송 서비스를 제공할 수 있다. 입체 영상의 좌우 영상을 입력하고, 하나의 시점 영상을 SHVC 방식으로 부호화하고, 다른 시점 영상을 양안 교차 방식의 SHVC 방식으로 부호화한다. 그런데 2 개의 인코더의 기본 레이어(BL)가 서로 공통이기 때문에, 2 개의 인코더는 하나의 BL 스트림 및 2 개의 확장 레이어 (EL) 스트림을 생성하는 인코더에 대응한다. UHD-3D 방송 서비스를 위해 세 번째의 독립적인 HEVC 부호화를 적용하는 것과 비교할 때 제안 기법의 평균 인코딩 효율은 16% 더 효율적이다. 또한 제안된 기법은 영상 프레임 당 PSNR의 변동을 줄이고 최소 PSNR 프레임의 화질을 0.6dB 증가시킨다.