• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.49-61
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• 2015

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that usually occurs after suffering from a psychological trauma that can not threatening events, which is one of the individual's subjective pain and their families and the larger society due to the chronic disease burden results. Treatment with a medication, as well as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), exposure therapy, prolonged exposure therapy (PE), eye-movement desensitizing, and reprocessing (EMDR) are preferentially performed, including psychotherapy. Korean medical psychotherapy consists of a wide range of manual therapy, but it does not have systematically screening limits. This study was developed by Korean medical psychotherapy program for PTSD, and it was carried out as a preliminary clinical trial for validity. The Korean medical psychotherapy program for PTSD consists of four stages as follows: building chapter of safety, flow and send, accept, and integration. Based on this preliminary clinical study of PTSD, seven patients were treated for 2 hours per week for 5 weeks. We report the meaningful results gained by observing the changes in IES-RK points, questionnaire on five-faceted mindfulness, quality of life, anxiety, depression, insomnia, hwabyung scale, HRV, and EEG, before and after the Korean medical psychotherapy program.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.135-150
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• 2016

Research Methods: This research analyzed the data on those aged 20 and older from the Report on Korean Medicine Usage Research, which was conducted in 2011. The definitions of toxicity were defined by the presence of toxicity listed in the survey. The questions used in analysis were sex, age, household income, health insurance, medical fees, satisfaction rates on treatments, as well as the types of diseases and the presence of toxicity from treatments. The analysis was done through frequency analysis using SAS 9.2 and Fisher's Exact Test. Results: Toxicity occurred in 2.1% patients out of the 3518 studied. The types of toxicity were skin problems, such as hives and pruritus (34.7%), gastrointestinal problems (20.8%), neurological diseases (4.2%), liver(1.4%), kidney toxicity(1.4%), and others (22.2%). There were no differences in toxicity by sex, age, household income and the types of health insurances. However, toxicity were positively correlated with the increase in standard of education (p=0.0124). In addition, as treatment costs increased (p<0.0001) and satisfaction rates decreased, toxicity increased (p<0.0001). Toxicity increased in patients with low back pain (p=0.0429), hwabyung (p=0.0392), lumbar sprain (p=0.0004), correction body type (p=0.0118), growth (p=0.0045), and from motor accidents (p=0.0448). In logistic regression analysis, Toxicity were positively correlated with medical fees, and cancer treatment and negatively correlated with satisfaction rate on treatments. Conclusion: The toxicity that occurred in outpatients who used Korean medical clinics mostly happened in skin, digestive organs, nerves, livers, and kidneys toxicity. The occurrences differed by the Educational lengths, expensive costs of treatments, low satisfaction rates of the treatments, and cancer.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.11-36
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• 2012

Objectives : Sleep Disorders are very common in clinical stages and there are many reports and papers regarding this subject. I try to understand the present state of sleep research in JON (The Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry) for the benefits of clinical practice. Methods : We searched and read every article on JON from 1990 to 2012 and selected ones that are related to Sleep Disorder; then analyzed the data to 5 categories, like literature study, case study, Clinical Data-Analysis study, experimental study, and clinical trial. Results : 1. We Found 41 articles relating to sleep disorder in JON form 1999 to 2012, and there were 9 literature studies, 13 case studies, 13 Clinical Data-Analysis studies, 4 experimental studies, and 2 clinical trials. 2. There were Sa-Am Acupuncture Method, Pharmacopuncture, electroacupuncture, and Auricular acupuncture to treat Sleep Disorder. 3. There were many additional treatments like Purgative Therapy, etc. 4. They reported the ordinary sleep pattern of Soeumin and Soyangin, too. 5. In the experimental study, they reported several herbs, herbal prescription on the expression of melatonin receptors, and Punsimgeimgamibang on insomnia, anxiety, emotionality in rats. 6. There were 2 clinical trials, one for Hwabyung-patient with insomnia by acupuncture treatment and another for insomnia in the elderly by ETF-I program. 7. There were 2 case of other sleep disorder (enuresis, sleepwalking) and 2 literature study of dream. Conclusions : In JON regarding sleep disorder, the majority was due to insomnia. Therefore, we also have to expand our sight into other sleep diseases. We need more clinical trials and experimental researches for the construction of EBM Sleep Disorder in Oriental Neuropsychiatry.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.1304-1317
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to make an extensive analysis of middle-aged women's awareness of Hwa-byung in an effort to shed light on their understanding of it. Method: A descriptive study was performed to make content analysis of middle-aged women's awareness of Hwa-byung. Results: The interview data with the selected middle-aged women who were in their 40s and 50s were classified to determine their knowledge on the concept, cause and symptoms of Hwa-byung and their coping methods. As a result, there were 261 significant statements and 33 categories. Conclusion: This study is expected to provide useful information on middle-aged women's awareness of Hwa-byung, on the development of easily accessible educational programs geared toward helping them to overcome it, and on how to prevent it and offer effective intervention.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.643-674
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• 2016

The purpose of present study is to discover the meaning of the Eogul(억울) which is known as a emotion from perceived unfairness. Even though Eogul has been mentioned as a cause of the Hwabyung in Korean culture there were few studies about it. Researchers designed two studies to provide clear understanding for this concept. In study 1, researchers conducted an open-ended questionnaire for 44 participants to deduce the cultural contexts and the whole experience on Eogul. Data were analyzed with grounded theory, the results were cross-checked by different evaluators. According to the analysis, Eogul is not only the negative feelings from the perceived unfairness, but also the motivations and behaviors to resolve the feelings. Especially, what makes Eogul culture-bounded could be related display rules on expressing emotions. We conducted study 2 to clarify the cultural attributes of Eogul in Korean culture. Variables that explain cultural differences were chosen and 123 participants were surveyed with them including the items developed for measuring Eogul. Cultural meanings and implications of Eogul were discussed with the results.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2000

Objectives: This study was performed to examine the characteristic cardiovascular response patterns associated with the imagination and discussion of anger-provoked events in patients with hwa-byung. Methods: Forty-three female patients with hwa-byung were evaluated with the Korean version of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety, Beck Depression Inventory, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression just before the task. Subjective Units of Distress (SUDS) and Vividness of the event (VIVID) during the imagination and discussion of the event were evaluated immediately after tasks. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) during baseline, rest, and tasks were also evaluated. Results: Both startle and recovery responses of BP, startle response of HR, SUDS, and VIVID in discussion task were significantly larger than in the imagination task. Conclusion: Results suggest that it is undesirable for the patients to excessively and repeatedly recall and talk about the anger events.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.175-185
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• 2004

Objective : For investigating correlation among diagnostic types, MMPI results and Sasang constitutions, in out-patients of Oriental Neuropsychiatry. Method: We got the following result by comparing the out-patients' MMPI and QSCCII from 2000/12/1 to 2001/12/30 at Sanbon Hospital of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University. Result and Conclusion: 1. A specific character of population for study's objects was that female (128, 68.4%) was twice bigger that the male(59, 31.6%). And their education levels were 52 of college graduate (27.8%), 40 of high school graduate (21.4%), and 14 of middle school graduate (14 %). A distribution of the occupation, there are 62 of labors (33.2%), 62 of white collars (33.2%), 30 of sales (16%), 16 of students (8.6%). Their marrige statuses were 144 of married (77%), 31 of single (16.6%), 4 of divorced (2.1%), and 1 of bereavement (0.5%). 2. In the physical constitutions there were 70 of Soeumin(37.4%), 56 of Soyangin(29.9%) 55 of Taeumin (29.4%), 6 of others (3.2%). A differentiation with their diagnosis, there were 55 of palpitations (29.4%), 45 of depression (24.1%), 18 of women's diseases (9.6%), 14 of insomnia (7.5%), 13 of headache (7%), 8 of pain (4.3%), 8 of hwabyung (4.3%), 7 of psychosis (3.7%), 4 of dizziness (2.1%), and 15 of others(8%). 3. A result of groupling MMPI, we could classify into 4 different groups. Group 1 is a profile of trasition in a neurosis. Group 2 is a proflie of a mental disease. Group 3 is a proflie of $'{\wedge}'$ type neurosis. And group 4 has normal profile. 4. Regarding each group with physical constitution and a distribution of diagnosis, Group 1 is found out 36.4 % of Soeumin, 34.10 % of palpitations. And group 2 showed 43.6% of Soyangin, 25.6% of depression. Group 3 showed 46.4% of Soyangin, 31.90% of palpitations. Group 4 showed the most in 34.3% of Soyangin, and 31.40% of palpitations 5. A result of the study using Chi-square test is that there is no correlation between the 4 different groups and the Sasang physical constitution.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.251-263
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to review the clinical research trends in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Korean medicine (KM). Methods: We searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE, Google Scholar and five Korean databases through May 2019, for studies on KM to treat PTSD. Clinical research that conducted KM treatment of PTSD patients were included. Two researchers independently conducted study selection and data extraction process. Results: Totally, eight studies were included in this review. Types of traumatic events that patients experienced included physical violence/threatening, traffic accidents, sexual violence and personal tragic events. KM interventions performed included acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal medicine, physical therapy, and KM-based psychotherapy. Treatment duration varied from two days to more than five months. Follow-up began at least one week to three months after the end of treatments. It was reported that the major psychological and/or somatic symptoms of PTSD, such as anxiety, depression, insomnia, and musculoskeletal pain, subjectively improved, as well as other objective outcomes: Impact Event Scale-Revised Korean version (IES-R-K), Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Hwabyung Symptoms/characters, Electroencephalography (EEG) change, etc. Statistical studies were conducted in three studies only. Outcomes such as Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), BDI, and IES-R-K showed statistically significant improvement after KM treatments. There was no study reporting adverse events during or after the interventions. Conclusions: According to this review, diverse types of KM treatments have been used among PTSD patients in eight studies. The KM treatments effectively improved psychological and somatic symptoms of PTSD patients. However, the lack of high quality research as well as the lack of standardization of KM treatments for PTSD are limitations. Further methodologically robust clinical trials should be performed, and the standardization of KM treatments for PTSD should be sought.