• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.26-32
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• 1997

To evaluate the cytogenetic toxicity, of cadmium and the reducing effect of selenium or zinc on cadmium toxicity, the induction of SCEs in cultured human lymphocytes by the concentraion of 0.5 $\mu$M to 16.0 $\mu$M of cadmium chloride and those of cadmium chloride combined with sodium selenite or zinc chloride 1.2 $\mu$M, respectively was investigated. The induction of SCEs by cadmium chloride in the range of 0.5 $\mu$M to 16.0 $\mu$M increased in a dose-dependent manner. A notable increase in SCEs by sodium selenite as well as zinc chloride was also observed. However, the frequency of SCEs by cadmium chloride was inhibited by the simultaneous addition of sodium selenite and zinc chloride 1.2 $\mu$M, respectively. The mitotic index significantly decreased in higher concentration of cadmium chloride but not was significantly different in any concentration of cadmium chloride with the simultaneous addition of sodium selenite or zinc chloride. The results showed that the decreased additive SCE effect was observed when induced by the combined treatment which could suggest that sodium selenite and zinc chloride have a protective effect on cadmium chloride.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.105-113
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 원자력발전소용 비안전등급케이블 2종(보안상 A사, B사로 지칭키로 함)을 대상으로 가속열화 기간에 따른 독성 특성을 분석하였다. NES 713 시험장비 및 규격에 의거하여 비노화, 20년, 40년으로 가속열화한 케이블에 대해 피복재 및 절연재로 구분하여 시험하였다. 시험결과 20년, 40년 가속열화 케이블의 독성지수가 비노화 케이블의 독성지수보다 높았으며 A, B사 케이블 공통적으로 20년 가속열화 케이블에서의 독성지수가 높게 산출되었다. 이는 급증한 일산화탄소의 방출량과 더불어 염화수소와 브롬화수소의 할로겐계 가스 방출량이 높은 것이 주된 원인으로 파악되었다. 또한, 피복재와 절연재를 구분하여 분석 시 A, B사 케이블 일부 피복재의 독성지수가 높게 나타났다. 또한, 피복재와 절연재의 독성지수를 구체적으로 분석하고자 미국 국방성 규격인 MIL-DTL을 적용하여 독성지수 허용치 초과 여부를 판단하였으며, 이 중 절연재의 경우 상당량 초과하여 방출되는 결과를 보였다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.60-70
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• 2011

본고에서는 현재 시행중인 해양오염퇴적물질 관리용 유해화학물질 정화지수($CI_{HC}$)를 대상으로, $CI_{HC}$은 동일하나 유해 물질별 함량이 다른 해저퇴적물들이 같은 생물위험을 보이는가를 판단하려 하였다. 이를 위해 5개의 가상 오염퇴적물을 설정하고, 퇴적물 위험평가를 위한 트로픽트레이스 모형($TrophicTrace^{(R)}$ model)을 이용하여, 이 가상 퇴적물이 쥐노래미(Hexagrammos otakii)에 대해 미치는 생물위험을 최대무작용량에 기반한 독성지수(NOAEL TQ)와 최소작용량에 기반한 독성지수(LOAEL TQ)로 평가하였다. 쥐노래미에 대한 NOAEL TQ의 합계는 5개 가상 오염퇴적물에서 0.69~1.54의 범위였고, LOAEL TQ의 합계는 0.111~0.261로 약 2배 이상의 차이가 났다. 이는 퇴적물 유해물질 환경기준이 해양저서무척추동물군집에 대한 영향만을 고려하고 사람으로 연결되는 식용의 쥐노래미에 대한 영향을 반영하지 않기 때문으로 사료된다. 인체에 대한 비발암위험지수(HI) 값은 PCB의 경우 9.8~47.1로 매우 위험한 것으로 나타났다. PCB의 발암위험도는 5개 퇴적물에서 $39{\sim}190{\times}10^{-5}$으로 높게 나타났으며 As의 경우에도 $8.1{\sim}18.0{\times}10^{-5}$으로 높게 나타났다. 유해화학물질정화지수가 8로 동일한 5개 가상 오염퇴적물에서 비발암위험지수(HI) 및 발암위험도가 서로 매우 다르게 나타난 것은 각 오염물질별로 인체에 악영향을 미치는 정도가 다르기 때문이다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.831-836
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• 2015

Tumor fluid accumulation occurs in both human cancer and experimental tumor models. Solid tumors show a tendency to tumor fluid accumulation because of their anatomical and physiological features and this may be influenced by molecular factors. Fluid accumulation in the peri-tumor area also occurs in the Dunning model of rat prostate cancer as the tumor grows. In this study, the effects of tumor fluids that were obtained from Dunning prostate tumor-bearing Copenhagen rats on the strongly metastatic MAT-LyLu cell line were investigatedby examining the cell's migration and tumor fluid's toxicity and the kinetic parameters such as cell proliferation, mitotic index, and labelling index. In this research, tumor fluids were obtained from rats injected with $2{\times}10^5$ MAT-LyLu cells and treated with saline solution, and 200 nM tetrodotoxin (TTX), highly specific sodium channel blocker was used. Sterilized tumor fluids were added to medium of MAT-LyLu cells with the proportion of 20% in vitro. Consequently, it was demonstrated that Dunning rat prostate tumor fluid significantly inhibited proliferation (up to 50%), mitotic index, and labeling index of MAT-LyLu cells (up to 75%) (p<0.05) but stimulated the motility of the cells in vitro.

• 대한한방종양학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.199-209
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• 1998

In order to find antiviral effect against Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV), Herpes simplex virus type I(HSV-1) and II(HSV-2) from herb medicines, publicated 29 paters on anti-viral effect of herbal medicines and a convenient virus-induced cytopathic effect (CEP) inhibition assay was introduced. The major virus on experiment are HIV, Hepatitis B virus and HSV-1,2. Those of other studies showed inhibition of infected virus DNA replication and screening test of herbal medicines. More than 15 extractions were prepared by pure water boiling from herbal medicines, and their toxicity of infected cell and anti-viral activities were evaluated. Among them, the major part of herbal medicines showed cell stability compared with the contrast. Cytotoxic concentration (CC) of the $H_2O$ extracts of Padoo against HIV was <4.0, Hyungbangpaedoksan against HIV was 9.3, Whangyonhaedoktang against HIV-1 and HSV-2 was 15.3. These are high level cytotoxic concentration compared with the contrast. But antiviral effect was unable to figure out for selective $index(SI)=CC_{50}/EC_{50}$. The other herbal medicines were unable to showed potent anti-HIV and anti-HSV activity. The antiviral activation using herbs in this thesis have unlimited objects, to select research object will help to show the direction of antiviral drug development that have less side effect and more excellent efficiency.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2005

건축물, 운송수단에 많이 사용되는 고분자재료는 화재에 노출되면 다량의 열 및 연소가스를 발생시켜 피해를 야기시키는데 특히 유독성 연소가스는 인명피해의 주된 원인이 된다. 본 연구에서는 화재시 발생되는 다양한 종류의 연소가스를 동시에 연속적으로 분석할 수 있는 새로운 분석방법인 FTIR(Fourier Transform Infrared) 분석방법을 이용하여 ASTM E 1678 실험장치에서 발생시킨 PVC, FRP, SMC 및 Ureathane foam 4종의 고분자재료 연소가스를 분석하였고, 분석된 연소가스 데이터를 NIST에서 개발한 FED 독성 모델에 적용하여 연소가스 유해성을 정량적으로 제시하였다. 또한 현재 우리나라에서 사용되고 있는 마우스를 사용한 KS F 2271 가스유해성 실험결과와 비교분석을 하였으며, FTIR 연소가스 분석방법을 이용하면 동물을 사용하지 않고서도 연소가스 유해성을 정량적이고 정확하게 평가할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.284-290
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• 2016

Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology can be used to assess impacts on the environment that might be generated during treatment of wastewater and sludge treatment. In this work, LCA methodology was suggested to evaluate monthly environmental impact of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Two field scale WWTPs, A2/O process and conventional activated sludge process (CAS), were selected as target plants and the operational data were collected from those plants. As the function units, the unit volume of treated wastewater of $1m^3$ and 1 kg T-N eq. removed were selected. The environmental effect of target WWTPs operation were assessed as impact categories such as global warming potential, eutrophication potential, and so on. From monthly profiles of each index, it was shown that the environmental impact of WWTPs has seasonal patterns influenced by the influent flow rate variation causing higher impacts in winter than summer. This is due to the fact that there were no significant increase in the electricity consumption and chemical usage during the summer while the treated volume of wastewater was increased.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.91-98
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• 2004

Although 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD) is a powerful carcinogen in several species, limited model system exist to study carcinogenicity of this compound at cellular level. To enhance our under-standing of carcinogenicity of TCDD at cellular level, we investigated micronucleus (MN) frequency as a index of genetic toxicity and whether TCDD can transform the human cells in culture. Normal human cell lines, skin keratinocyte HaCaT, Chang liver and breast MCF10A cells were used. TCDD did not affect the cell viability of the Chang liver, HaCaT and MCF10A cells. The frequency of micronucleus was increased after treatment of TCDD for 24hr in Chang liver and HaCaT cells, but not changed in MCF10A cells. And we observed putative transformed cells in Chang liver cells exposed to 1 $\mu$M TCDD for 2 weeks. The putative transformed cells were also observed in HaCaT cells with subsequent exposure to TCDD (0.1, 1, 10, 100 nM) for 2 weeks after initial exposure to MNNG, but not observed in MCF10A cells. Collectively, these results indicate that the ability of TCDD to induce micronuclei may be involved in cellular transformation of Chang liver and HaCaT cells. Our putative TCDD-transformed cells of Chang liver and HaCaT are expected to provide a clue to the elucidation of TCDD-induced transformation pathway.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.141-158
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• 2019

Objectives: An adverse outcome pathway is a biological pathway that disturbs homeostasis and causes toxicity. It is a conceptual framework for organizing existing biological knowledge and consists of the molecular initiating event, key event, and adverse output. The AOP concept provides intuitive risk identification that can be helpful in evaluating the carcinogenicity of chemicals and in the prevention of cancer through the assessment of chemical carcinogenicity predictions. Methods: We reviewed various papers and books related to the application of AOPs for the prevention of occupational cancer. We mainly used the internet to search for the necessary research data and information, such as via Google scholar(http://scholar.google.com), ScienceDirect(www.sciencedirect.com), Scopus(www.scopus. com), NDSL(http: //www.ndsl.kr/index.do) and PubMed(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed). The key terms searched were "adverse outcome pathway," "toxicology," "risk assessment," "human exposure," "worker," "nanoparticle," "applications," and "occupational safety and health," among others. Results: Since it focused on the current state of AOP for the prediction of toxicity from chemical exposure at work and prospects for industrial health in the context of the AOP concept, respiratory and nanomaterial hazard assessments. AOP provides an intuitive understanding of the toxicity of chemicals as a conceptual means, and it works toward accurately predicting chemical toxicity. The AOP technique has emerged as a future-oriented alternative to the existing paradigm of chemical hazard and risk assessment. AOP can be applied to the assessment of chemical carcinogenicity along with efforts to understand the effects of chronic toxic chemicals in workplaces. Based on these predictive tools, it could be possible to bring about a breakthrough in the prevention of occupational and environmental cancer. Conclusions: The AOP tool has emerged as a future-oriented alternative to the existing paradigm of chemical hazard and risk assessment and has been widely used in the field of chemical risk assessment and the evaluation of carcinogenicity at work. It will be a useful tool for prediction, and it is possible that it can help bring about a breakthrough in the prevention of occupational and environmental cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권17호
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• pp.7129-7135
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• 2014

Background: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the growth inhibitory effect of the combination of ethaselen (BBSKE) and low fixed dose of selenite against A549 human non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro. Materials and Methods: Growth inhibitory effects against A549 cells were determined by SRB assay. Combination index (CI) values were calculated based on Chou-Talalay median-effect analyses. Dose reduction index (DRI) values were applied to calculate dose reduction of selenite. Contents of free thiols and GSH were determined by DTNB assay and intracellular ROS levels by DCFH-DA fluorescence labeling. Results: Compared with BBSKE or selenite single treatment, the combined application of ethaselen and a low fixed dose of selenite shortened the onset time of sodium selenite, reduced $IC_{50}$ values, and increased the maximum inhibition rates, suggesting a possible molecular mechanism of the synergism. Obvious synergistic effects were observed after different times of combination treatment, especially after 24 h. Compared with selenite single treatment, dosage of selenite could be remarkably reduced in combination therapy to gain the same inhibitory effect on cell proliferation. Compared with BBSKE single treatment, the content of free thiols and GSH were significantly reduced and ROS levels greatly elevated in the combination group. For the combination treatment, cell viability increased as greater concentrations of GSH were added. Conclusions: All these results indicate that the combination treatment of BBSKE and selenite showed synergism to inhibit A549 cell proliferation in vitro, and also reduced the selenite dosage to mitigate its toxicity which is very meaningful for combination chemotherapy of lung cancer. The synergism was probably caused by the accelerated exhaustion of intracellular reductive substances, such as free thiols and GSH, which ultimately leads to enhanced oxidative stress and apoptosis.