• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.227-234
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• 2004

The international government committee is progressing their agreements about intellectual property protection of traditional knowledge(TK), gene resource(GR), folklore(FL) in WIPO. It is in the course of selection with precedence of TK, GR, FL in WIPO, focused on discussions about listing of TK documents, standardization of DB construction, sharing and profit distribution of GR. There are disagreements between developed countries and developing countries about intellectual property protection agreements of TK, GR. The developed countries insist on using the existing intellectual property protection, but the developing countries ask new ones on character of TK, GR. It causes intangible assets to be valuable trade properties in future world trade. This research Groped for a summary program about intellectual property protection of traditional knowledge(TK) etc. debating in WIPO. This program confirms that such as TK, GR etc. not only to be the cultural property accumulated in human history, but also to be the original resource may be using at present. Therefore, we suggest that the focus of discussion should transfer to UNESCO instead of WIPO which only deal with the intellectual property protection. Besides, the main body which protecting and supporting TK should become its holding organization so as to achieve more effective management about it. In order to protect and support TK, the government should have firstly the recognition that TK is the property belongs to the country. By this viewpoint, it needs to setup DB through overall excavation of the unofficial knowledges in order to protect and support these TK, GR. Because the positive dealing with those WIPO's discussion means to support our TK, GR, so there should have some reorganization about existing related ones, and also needs systemic supporting policies & management' system.

• BMB Reports
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.178-183
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• 2009

Tyrosinase (TYR) plays a critical role in cellular melanogenesis and, thus, has been the major target of pharmacological approaches for the control of skin pigmentation. This study examined an alternative molecular approach using TYR-small interfering RNA (siRNA) to control melanogenesis in the human melanocytes. Both the mRNA and protein levels of TYR were significantly lowered by TYR-siRNA treatment, whereas TYR-related protein 1 and TYR-related protein 2 displayed no such changes. TYR-siRNA treatment inhibited the cellular melanin synthesis from the externally supplied TYR substrate L-tyrosine. TYR-siRNA also suppressed melanin synthesis and decreased the viability of cells exposed to ultraviolet radiation, supporting a critical role of melanin in protection against ultraviolet radiation. These results suggest that molecular approaches using siRNA targeted to the enzymes of melanogenic pathway may provide a novel strategy for the control of cell pigmentation.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.181-186
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• 2021

Among human intellectual creations, the right granted by law to what is worth protecting is defined as intellectual property rights. Copyright is a legal right to creative finished products made by individuals, and in recent years, this legal right has been recognized as very important. In other words, copyright is a system created to protect the rights of individuals who created creations and to recognize their efforts. Works subject to copyright vary from poetry, thesis, novels to designs, paintings, music, and architecture, and the scope of the subject is gradually expanding. Recently, research has begun on how far the Metaverse design area absorbed into the real world among works. Computer-generated video productions and software program works are also subject to digital copyright protection, but it is also true that the interpretation of the author protection law for works, designs, and trademarks in the virtual world is unclear. This study aims to analyze copyrights based on case studies and theoretical backgrounds on copyright protection and to discuss the protection limitations of Metaverse design in the virtual world. In other words, the direction for the protection of Metaverse design is presented through clear distinction and definition of copyright protection in the tertiary virtual world. This study aims to present methods for design copyright protection in the era of Metaverse, respect copyright holders' creative activities, and develop our culture through protection of creations.

• The Journal of KAIRB
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.6-22
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• 2020

Purpose: Clinical studies require institutional review board (IRB) approval based on the ethical principle and regulations. While the number of clinical studies has been increased and diversified, duplicated IRB review for multi-center studies has become a major issue. Therefore, single IRB system has been suggested in revised Common Rule. This study aimed to identify and assess the current status of single IRB in Korea and the anticipated needs of single IRB from researchers and IRB member or administrators. Methods: We developed 14 questions including perceived advantages and disadvantages of single IRB, and anticipated problems. The online survey collected opinions on single IRB from researchers, IRB members and IRB administrators. We also interviewed five IRB administrators who have an experience of single IRB. Results: A total of 80 responses were analyzed in this study. Although efficiencies were suggested for the advantages of single IRB in terms of reducing burden of duplicated review, respondents also perceived that the different review criteria between single IRB and each IRB would be a major hurdle for adopting single IRB system. Therefore, the standardization of standard of procedures (SOP) and the standardization of IRB submission materials should be preceded. According to the small group experiences of single IRB in Korea, we also observed the similar anticipated problems of single IRB. Conclusion: Single IRB system has many advantages for conducting multi-center trial. However, many specialists still have a lot of concerns about introducing a single IRB system in Korea. Therefore, a gradual, step-by-step process for conducting a single IRB system in Korea will be needed. Many studies for improving currently suggested single IRB system and the improvement of awareness about the essential of single IRB system would be needed.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.259-270
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to provide information to understand the context of the Antarctic Treaty System by looking back on its development process. It also aims to review the roles and activities of the CEP in the System in order to support the improvement of our Antarctic science policy. This study considered the developmental histories of independent conventions for Antarctic conservation and Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty under the system. CEP, established in accordance with the Protocol, has expanded its roles in the ATCM under the circumstances of climate change and increasing human activities in the treaty area. I examined CEP's functions, relationships with formal observers, and its activities along with CCRWP. In addition, I have estimated the contribution of the Parties to the CEP based on the documents submitted by the Parties. The leading Parties of the System have strengthened their initiatives to expand contributions to CEP with their output based on national Antarctic Program. However, Korea has not been able to take initiatives in the System even though Korea has invested considerable resources in its Antarctic program. To strengthen Korea's capability to instigate initiatives in the system, I suggest the following approaches: Firstly, Korea should improve its Antarctic science policy based on the newly established CEP five-year work plan; Secondly, Korea should organize a long-standing expert group to focus on Antarctic environmental policy and related scientific information; finally, Korea should intensify its collaboration with other Parties in developing Antarctic environmental priority issues.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.24 no.6 s.84
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• pp.95-116
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to validate a hypothetical path model of maternal childhood attachment, emotions, parenting behaviors, and child behavioral problems. The research was conducted with 240 sets or mothers and their children 70 mother-child teams from seven counseling organizations including the Children's Counseling Clinic, Community Social Welfare Service Center, and Welfare Service Center for the Disabled in Seoul, Incheon, and Pyeongtaek, and 170 elementary school children from Seoul and their mothers. Consequently, a total of 200 mother-child teams were selected for this study. The data in this study were analyzed with SPSS 12.0 program and LISREL 8.3 program. The result of this study is as follows: (1) Examining the path of paternal attachment and the internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems, it was noted that paternal attachment had the indirect effect of anxiety and over-protection on the path to internalizing problems and the indirect effect of anxiety also noted is that there is a full-mediation of anxiety and over-protection between paternal attachment and the internalizing problems. (2) Examining the path of maternal attachment and the internalizing problems, it was noted that maternal attachment has direct effect on the internalizing problems. Maternal attachment has the indirect effect of self-esteem depression, anxiety and over-protection on the Path, and the indirect effect of self-esteem, anxiety and over-protection. (3) Examining the path of maternal attachment and the externalizing problems, it was noted that maternal attachment has direct effect on the externalizing problems and on the path to the externalizing problems, and maternal attachment has the indirect effect of depression, the indirect effect of self-esteem and authoritarian control, and the indirect effect of self-esteem and depression.

• The Journal of KAIRB
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.36-41
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate how university hospital Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) in Korea classify risk when reviewing clinical trial protocols. Methods: IRB experts (IRB chairman, vice chairman, IRB administrator) in the university hospitals obtaining a Human research protection program (HRPP) or IRB accreditation in Korea were asked to fill out the Google Survey from September 1, 2020 to October 10, 2020. Result: Among the 23 responder hospitals, 8 were accredited by the American Association for Human Research Protection Program (AAHRPP) and 8 were accredited by the HRPP of Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS). Seven were accredited by Forum for Ethical Review Committees in Asia and the Western Pacific or Korea National Institution for Bioethics Policy. Thirteen of 23 hospitals (56.5%) had 4 levels (less than minimal, low, moderate, high risk), 4 hospitals had 3 levels (less than, slightly over, over than minimal risk), 1 hospital had 5 levels (4 levels plus required data safety monitoring board), and 1 hospital had 2 levels (less than, over than minimal risk) risk classification system. Thirteen of 23 hospitals (56.5%) had difficulty classifying the risk levels of research protocols. Fourteen hospitals (60.9%) responded that different standards among hospitals for risk level determination associated with clinical trials will affect the subject protection. Six hospitals (26.1%) responded that it will not. Three hospitals (13.0%) responded that it will affect the beginning of the clinical trial. To resolve differences in standards between hospitals, 14 hospitals (60.9%) responded that either the Korean Association of IRB or MFDS needs to provide a guideline for risk level determination in clinical trials: 5 hospitals (21.7%) responded education for IRB members and researchers is needed; 3 hospitals (13.0%) responded that difference among institutions needs to be acknowledged; and 1 hospital (4.3%) responded that there needs to be communication among IRB, investigator, and sponsor. Conclusion: After conducting a nationwide survey on how IRB in university hospital determines risk during review of clinical trials, it is reasonable to use 4-level risk classification (less than minimal, low, moderate, high risk); the most utilized method among hospitals. Moreover, personal information and conflict of interest associated with clinical trials have to be considered when reviewing clinical trial protocols.

• The Journal of KAIRB
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.37-48
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the operational status and level of understanding among IRB and HRPP staffs at a hospital or a research institute to the HRPP guideline set by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) and to provide recommendations. Methods: Online survey was distributed among members of Korean Association of IRB (KAIRB) through each IRB office. The result was separated according to topic and descriptive statistics was used for analysis. Result: Survey notification was sent out to 176 institutions and 65 (37.1%) institutions answered the survey by online. Of 65 institutions that answered the survey; 83.1% was hospital, 12.3% was university, 3.1% was medical college, 1.5% was research institution. 23 institutions (25.4%) established independent HRPP offices and 39 institutions (60.0%) did not. 12 institutions (18.5%) had separate IRB and HRPP heads, 21 (32.3%) institutions separated business reporting procedure and person in charge, 12 institutions separated the responsibility of IRB and HRPP among staff, and 45 institutions (69.2%) had audit & non-compliance managers. When asked about the most important basic task for HRPP, 23% answered self-audit. And according to 43.52%, self-audit was also the most by both institutions that operated HRPP and institutions that did not. When basic task performance status was analyzed, on average, the institutions that operated HRPP was 14% higher than institutions that only operated IRB. 9 (13.8%) institutions were evaluated and obtained HRPP accreditation from MFDS and the most common reason for obtaining the accreditation was to be selected as Institution for the education of persons conducting clinical trial (6 institutions). The most common reason for not obtaining HRPP accreditation was because of insufficient staff and limited capacity of the institution (28%). Institutions with and without a plan to be HRPP accredited by MFDS were 20 (37.7%) each. 34 institutions (52.3%) answered HRPP evaluation method and accreditation by MFDS was appropriate while 31 institutions (47.7%) answered otherwise. 36 institutions answered that HRPP evaluation and accreditation by MFDS was credible while 29 institutions (44.5%) answered that HRPP evaluation method and accreditation by MFDS was not credible. Conclusion: 1. MFDS's HRPP accreditation program can facilitate the main objective of HRPP and MFDS's HRPP accreditation program should be encouraged to non-tertiary hospitals by taking small staff size into consideration and issuing accreditation by segregating accreditation. 2. While issuing Institution for the education of persons conducting clinical trial status as a benefit of MFDS's HRPP accreditation program, it can also hinder access to MFDS's HRPP accreditation program. It should also be considered that the non-contact culture during COVID-19 pandemic eliminated time and space limitation for education. 3. For clinical research conducted internally by an institution, internal audit is the most effective and sole method of protecting safety and right of the test subjects and integrity for research in Korea. For this reason, regardless of the size of the institution, an internal audit should be enforced. 4. It is necessary for KAIRB and MFDSto improve HRPP awareness by advocating and educating the concept and necessity of HRPP in clinical research. 5. A new HRPP accreditation system should be setup for all clinical research with human subjects, including Investigational New Drug (IND) application in near future.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.113-124
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• 2004

A computer software program, called BIDAS (BIoassay Data Analysis Software) is developed to interpret the bioassay measurement data in terms of intakes and the committed effective dose using the human respiratory tract model (HRTM), gastrointestinal tract (GI-tract) model and biokinetic models currently recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) to describe the behavior of the radioactive materials within the body. The program consists of three modules; first, a database module to manage the bioassay data, second, another databasee module to store the predicted bioassay quantities of each radionuclide and finally, a computational module to estimate the intake and committed effective dose calculated with the bioassay quantity measurement values from either an acute or chronic exposure of the radionuclies within the body. This paper describes the features of the program as well as the quality assurance check results of the BIDAS software program.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.205-216
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• 1998

The objectives of this study were to investigate some problems related to health and to identify citizen's needs related to nutrition education program. The data were analyzed by using $x^2$-test, t-test, ANOVA and multiple range test. The food habits score was 70.0 of 100. The score of man was 69.0, while that of woman was 72.6. Since woman's food habit was better than man, education to man is more needed. Man's BMI was 22.5 and that of woman was 21.4. W/H ratio of man was 0.85 and that of woman was 0.80. BMI and W/H ratio increased as age increases. Systolic blood pressure was 123.5mmHg and diastolic blood pressure was 83.2mmHg. All age groups need the education of blood pressure control. Since subjects who did regular exercise were only 26.3%, these community people needed more regular exercise, specially woman. It turned out that subjects were afraid of cancer, hypertension, cerebral vascular diseases which are related with food habits. The disease or symptom having the highest mobility were dental disease, gastroenteric disorder, headache and constipation. They asked for counselling about health, diet therapy, protection methods of disease and menu planning etc. The program of education for health and good food habits should be developed according to subjects's age, sex, education etc. These results showed primary needs on the curriculum of citizen's education program for enhancing health. In addition, we suggest the research on the practical curriculum of nutrition education program.