• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.674-683
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 폐광산 주변 농경지 용도의 경작 적합성을 판단하고자 토양의 위해성을 정량적으로 측정할 수 있는 과학적 방법인 한국, 미국 및 영국의 위해성평가를 이용하였다. 예비위해성평가를 통하여 선택한 DM, MG 및 KS광산을 위해성평가 대상 지역으로 선택하여 토양 및 농작물 시료를 채취하였다. 이후 토양과 농작물 시료 중 중금속 분석을 통하여 위해성 평가 및 농경지 적합성 판단을 위한 변수를 확보하였다. 토양 중 중금속 분석결과, 환경부 보고서에 수록된 수치보다 토양 중 중금속의 함량이 낮은 것을 확인하였으며, 대상 광산지역 모두에서 토양 중 Cd의 함량이 토양 환경보전법의 1 지역 토양오염우려기준을 초과하고 있는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. S3와 S6지역은 As함량이 각각 1 지역의 대책기준과 우려기준을 초과하였다. 농작물 내 중금속 농도는 작물의 중금속 한계 농도를 근거로 DM광산주변에서 재배되고 있는 고추, 콩, 옥수수에서 Zn의 경우에만 오염식물의 범위로 판단되었으며, 이 외의 중금속 함량은 Kabata-pendias and Pendias의 일반적으로 오염되지 않은 식물의 배경농도 범위에 비교하여 안전한 수준을 보였다. 위해성평가 결과에 따르면 한국과 미국의 위해 성평가 모델의 경우, MG광산과 KS광산에서 농작물 내 Pb에 의한 인체 위해성이 나타날 것으로 예상되었고, 영국의 모델에서는 조사 전 지역에서 농작물의 Pb에 의한 독성이 나타날 것으로 예상되었다. 이 후 위해성평가 모델을 통한 토양 중 중금속의 오염기준을 한국의 정화목표치과 영국의 토양지침값으로 도출하고, 현재 토양 중 중금속 농도와 비교하였다. 그 결과 현재 토양 중 중금속의 농도가 영국의 토양지침값을 초과하여 MG광산, DM광산 및 KS광산지역에서 농경지 용도로 토지를 사용하는 데 문제가 있을 것으로 판단되었고, 오염물질에 대한 대책이 필요함을 알 수 있었다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2003

The causative role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in human carcinogenesis is undisputed. Measurements of PAH-DNA adduct levels in easily accessible white blood cells therefore represent useful early endpoints in exposure intervention of chemoprevention studies. The successful applicability of DNA adducts as early endpoints depends on several criteria:i.adduct levels in easily accessible surrogate tissues should reflect adduct levels in target-tissues, ii. toxicokinetics and the temporal relevance should be properly defined.iii. sources of inter- and intra-individual variability must be known and controllable, and finally iv. adduct analyses must have advantages as compared to other markers of PAH-exposure. In general, higher DNA adduct levels or a higher proportion of subjects with detectable DNA adduct levels were found in exposed individuals as compared with non-exposed subjects, but saturation may occur at high exposures. Furthermore, DNA adduct levels varied according to changes in exposure, for example smoking cessation resulted in lower DNA adduct levels and adduct levels paralleled seasonal variations of air-pollution. Intra-individual variation during continuous exposure was low over a short period of time (weeks), but varied significantly when longer time periods (months) were investigated. Inter-individual variation is currently only partly explained by genetic polymorphisms in genes involved in PAH-metabolism and deserves further investigation. DNA adduct measurement may have three advantages over traditional exposure assessment: i. they can smooth the extreme variability in exposure which is typical for environmental toxicants and may integrate exposure over a longer period of time. Therefore, DNA adduct assessment may reduce the monitoring effort. ii. Biological monitoring of DNA adducts accounts for all exposure routes. iii. DNA adducts may account for inter-individual differences in uptake, elimination, distribution, metabolism and repair amongst exposed individuals. In conclusion, there is now a sufficiently large scientific basis to justify the application of DNA adduct measurement as biomarkers in exposure assessment and intervention studies. Their use in risk-assessment, however, requires further investigation.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.107-111
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• 2008

Water quality contamination issues are of critical concern to human health, whilst pesticide release generated from irrigated land should be considered for protecting natural habitats and human health. This paper suggests new method for evaluation and analysis using the GIS technique based on integrated spatial modeling framework. The pesticide use on irrigated land is a subset of the larger spectrum of industrial chemicals used in modern society. The behavior of a pesticide is affected by the natural affinity of the chemical for one of four environmental compartments; solid matter, liquid, gaseous form, and biota. However, the major movements are a physical transport over the ground surface by rainfall-runoff and irrigation-runoff. The irrigated water carries out with the transporting sediments and makes contaminated water by pesticide. This paper focuses on risk impact identification and assessment using GIS technique. Also, generated data on pesticide residues on farmland and surface water through GIS simulation will be reflected to environmental research programs. Finally, this study indicates that GIS application is a beneficial tool for spatial pesticide impact analysis as well as environmental risk assessment.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2012

While the ability to develop nanomaterials and incorporate them into products is advancing rapidly worldwide, understanding of the potential health safety effects of nanomaterials has proceeded at a much slower pace. Since 2008, Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) started an investigation to prepare "Strategic Action Plan" to evaluate safety and nano risk management associated with foods, drugs, medical devices and cosmetics using nano-scale materials. Although there are some studies related to potential risk of nanomaterials, physical-chemical characterization of nanomaterials is not clear yet and these do not offer enough information due to their limitations. Their uncertainties make it impossible to determine whether nanomaterials are actually hazardous to human. According to the above mention, we have some problems to conduct the human exposure risk assessment currently. On the other hand, uncertainty about safety may lead to polarized public debate and to businesses unwillingness for further nanotechnology investigation. Therefore, the criteria and methods to assess possible adverse effects of nanomaterials have been vigorously taken into consideration by many international organizations: the World Health Organization, the Organization for Economic and Commercial Development and the European Commission. The object of this study was to develop risk assessment principles for safety management of future nanoproducts and also to identify areas of research to strengthen risk assessment for nanomaterials. The research roadmaps which were proposed in this study will be helpful to fill up the current gaps in knowledge relevant nano risk assessment.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2007

Biological monitoring, analyses of internal dose for exposure to toxicants, has been thought as one of the belt approaches for risk assessment. As the amount detected in human samples is generally very low, typically in the parts-per-bilion (ppb) or parts-per-trillion (ppt) range, analytic technologies such at HPLC, GC/MS, LC/MS, and LC/MS/MS have been continuously developed. In addition, route specific and sensitive exposure biomarkers have been developed for proper biological monitoring. PBPK modeling, particularly reverse dosimetry, has been emphasized as an useful method via interpretation of biological monitoring results for regulation of toxicants. Thus, this review is focused on the use of PBPK dosimetry models for toxicology research and risk assessment in Korea.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2013

화학공장은 다량의 화학물질을 사용하기 때문에 사고가 발생하면, 많은 피해가 발생한다. 따라서 사고를 예방하기 위하여 위험성평가를 실시하고 있다. 화학공정은 HAZOP 기법을 이용하여 위험성평가를 실시하고 그 결과를 많이 활용하고 있다. 이 연구에서는 HAZOP 기법과 Bow-Tie 기법을 분석하고, Bow-Tie 위험성평가를 수행하였으며, 그 결과 다른 위험성평가에서 발견할 수 없었던 위험성이 도출되었고, 그 위험성을 제거하기 위한 14개의 개선사항이 도출되었다. Bow-Tie 위험성평가가 현장의 적용성과 위험요인을 도출하고 개선대책을 수립하는데 적합하다는 것을 확인하였다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.47-60
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• 1996

지하수를 음용수로 공급시 질산오염문제는 한국을 포함한 세계의 여러나라에서 보고되어 왔다. 질산($NO_3$)은 청색증 유발물짙로서 뿐만 아니라 발암물질일 가능성도 동물실험을 통해 제기되고 있는 실정이다. 질산에 오염된 지하수로 인한 인체의 위해성을 감소시키기 위하여 여러 가지의 질산 위해성 관리 대책들은 개발될 수 있다. 이러한 여러가지의 대책들을 비교 평가할 때 기준이 되는 항목으로는 (1) 허용할 수 있는 인체의 위해도(Risk Level), (2) 비용, 그리고 (3) 적용하는 방법의 기술적 타당성을 들 수 있다. 그러나 불충분한 자료와 인간지식의 한계 때문에 각 기준항목을 대표하는 값의 대부분은 불확실성을 내포하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 의사결정권자들이 불확실성을 고려하면서 여러가지 대책들 중에서 최적의 대책을 선정하는데 이용하기 위한 다기준의사결정기법은 보여진다. 그리고 각 기준값의 불확실성을 표현하고 다기준의사결정기법과 불확실성을 결합시키기 위하여 퍼지집합이론(Fuzzy Set Theory)은 응용되어 진다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.174-183
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• 2021

Background: Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is a highly reactive chemical that causes sensitization and has also been associated with increased lung cancer. A risk assessment was conducted based on occupational epidemiologic estimates for several health outcomes. Methods: Exposure and outcome details were extracted from published studies and a NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation for new onset asthma, pulmonary function measurements, symptom prevalence, and mortality from lung cancer and respiratory disease. Summary exposure-response estimates were calculated taking into account relative precision and possible survivor selection effects. Attributable incidence of sensitization was estimated as were annual proportional losses of pulmonary function. Excess lifetime risks and benchmark doses were calculated. Results: Respiratory outcomes exhibited strong survivor bias. Asthma/sensitization exposure response decreased with increasing facility-average TDI air concentration as did TDI-associated pulmonary impairment. In a mortality cohort where mean employment duration was less than 1 year, survivor bias pre-empted estimation of lung cancer and respiratory disease exposure response. Conclusion: Controlling for survivor bias and assuming a linear dose-response with facility-average TDI concentrations, excess lifetime risks exceeding one per thousand occurred at about 2 ppt TDI for sensitization and respiratory impairment. Under alternate assumptions regarding stationary and cumulative effects, one per thousand excess risks were estimated at TDI concentrations of 10 - 30 ppt. The unexplained reported excess mortality from lung cancer and other lung diseases, if attributable to TDI or associated emissions, could represent a lifetime risk comparable to that of sensitization.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.7-17
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• 2014

Risk assessment considers the situations and characteristics of the exposure environment and host. Various physiological variables of the human body reflects the characteristics of the population that can directly influence risk exposure. Therefore, identification of exposure factors based on the Korean population is required for appropriate risk assessment. It is expected that a handbook about general exposure factors will be used by professionals in many fields as well as the risk assessors of the health department. The process of developing the exposure factors handbook for the Korean population will be introduced in this article, with a specific focus on the general exposure factors including life expectancy, body weight, surface area, inhalation rates, amount of water intake, and soil ingestion targeting the Korean population. The researchers used national databases including the Life Table and the 2005 Time Use Survey from the National Statistical Office. The anthropometric study of size in Korea used the resources provided by the Korean Agency for Technology and Standards. In addition, direct measurement and questionnaire surveys of representative samples were performed to calculate the inhalation rate, drinking water intake, and soil ingestion.

• 분석과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.1079-1087
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• 1995

The quality of human life is directly related to the quality of the environment. To assess environmental quality we must first determine the MCLG(Maximum Contaminant Level Goal), MCL(Maximum Contaminant Level), environmental impact and so on. The MCLG is the concentration at which no known adverse health effects occur. The MCLG is determined by risk assessment identifying which process is hazardous assessing, dose-response, human exposure, and characteristics of risk. With consideration of analytical methods, treatment technology, cost and regulatory impact, the MCL is set as close to the MCLG as possible. In this way, determination of the concentration and national distribution of contaminants is important for assessment of environmental quality The analytical sciences pose potential problems in assessing environmental quality. Continuing improvement in the performance of analytical instruments and operating technique has been lowering the limits of detectability. Contaminant concentration below the detection limit has usually been reported as ND(Not-Detected) and this has often been misunderstood as equivalent to zero. Because of this, more the contaminant concentration in the past was below the detection limit, whereas contaminants can be quantified now even though the contaminant concentration might remain the same or may even have decreased. In addition, environmental sampling has various components due to heterogeneous matrices. These samples are used to overestimate the concentration of the contaminant due to large variability, resulting in excess readings for MCL. In this paper, the significance of the analytical sciences is emphasized in both a conceptual and a technical approach to environmental assessment.