• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2023

Knowledge of minimum horizontal stress (S_hmin) is a significant step in determining full stress tensor. It provides crucial information for the production of sand, hydraulic fracturing, determination of safe mud weight window, reservoir production behavior, and wellbore stability. Calculating the S_hmin using indirect methods has been proved to be awkward because a lot of data are required in all of these models. Also, direct techniques such as hydraulic fracturing are costly and time-consuming. To figure these problems out, this work aims to apply the long-short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm to S_hmin time-series prediction. 13956 datasets obtained from an oil well logging operation were applied in the models. 80% of the data were used for training, and 20% of the data were used for testing. In order to achieve the maximum accuracy of the LSTM model, its hyper-parameters were optimized significantly. Through different statistical indices, the LSTM model's performance was compared with with other machine learning methods. Finally, the optimized LSTM model was recommended for S_hmin prediction in the well logging operation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.275-275
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• 2022

Tsunamis triggered by undersea earthquakes have the characteristic of longer wavelengths and can propagate a very long distance. Although the occurrence frequency of tsunami is low, it can cause casualties and properties. Historically, tsunamis that occurred on the western coast of Japan attacked the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula and damaged the property and the loss of human life in 1983 and 1993. By tsunami in 1983 especially, 2 people were killed, and more than 200 casualties occurred. In addition, it caused 2 million dollars in property damage at Imwon Port. In 2011, The eastern cities of Japan: Iwate, Miyagi, Ibaraki, and Fukushima were damaged by a tsunami that occurred near onshore along the Pacific ocean and caused more than 300 billion dollars in property damage, and 20,000 casualties occurred. Moreover, those provoked nuclear power plant meltdown at Fukushima. In this study, it was carried out a relationship between maximum tsunami heights and fault parameters of earthquake: strike angle, dip angle, and slip angle at Imwon port. Those fault parameters are known that it does not relate to the magnitude of earthquake directly. Virtual tsunamis, which could be triggered by probable undersea earthquakes in the future, were investigated and mutual information based on probability and information theory was introduced to figure out the relationship between maximum tsunami height and fault parameters. Fault parameters were evaluated according to the strong relationship with maximum tsunami heights finally.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.88-89
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• 2013

A variety of influenza A viruses from animal hosts are continuously prevalent throughout the world which cause human epidemics resulting millions of human infections and enormous industrial and economic damages. Thus, early diagnosis of such pathogen is of paramount importance for biomedical examination and public healthcare screening. To approach this issue, here we propose a fully integrated Rotary genetic analysis system, called Rotary Genetic Analyzer, for on-site detection of influenza A viruses with high speed. The Rotary Genetic Analyzer is made up of four parts including a disposable microchip, a servo motor for precise and high rate spinning of the chip, thermal blocks for temperature control, and a miniaturized optical fluorescence detector as shown Fig. 1. A thermal block made from duralumin is integrated with a film heater at the bottom and a resistance temperature detector (RTD) in the middle. For the efficient performance of RT-PCR, three thermal blocks are placed on the Rotary stage and the temperature of each block is corresponded to the thermal cycling, namely $95^{\circ}C$ (denature), $58^{\circ}C$ (annealing), and $72^{\circ}C$ (extension). Rotary RT-PCR was performed to amplify the target gene which was monitored by an optical fluorescent detector above the extension block. A disposable microdevice (10 cm diameter) consists of a solid-phase extraction based sample pretreatment unit, bead chamber, and 4 ${\mu}L$ of the PCR chamber as shown Fig. 2. The microchip is fabricated using a patterned polycarbonate (PC) sheet with 1 mm thickness and a PC film with 130 ${\mu}m$ thickness, which layers are thermally bonded at $138^{\circ}C$ using acetone vapour. Silicatreated microglass beads with 150~212 ${\mu}L$ diameter are introduced into the sample pretreatment chambers and held in place by weir structure for construction of solid-phase extraction system. Fig. 3 shows strobed images of sequential loading of three samples. Three samples were loaded into the reservoir simultaneously (Fig. 3A), then the influenza A H3N2 viral RNA sample was loaded at 5000 RPM for 10 sec (Fig. 3B). Washing buffer was followed at 5000 RPM for 5 min (Fig. 3C), and angular frequency was decreased to 100 RPM for siphon priming of PCR cocktail to the channel as shown in Figure 3D. Finally the PCR cocktail was loaded to the bead chamber at 2000 RPM for 10 sec, and then RPM was increased up to 5000 RPM for 1 min to obtain the as much as PCR cocktail containing the RNA template (Fig. 3E). In this system, the wastes from RNA samples and washing buffer were transported to the waste chamber, which is fully filled to the chamber with precise optimization. Then, the PCR cocktail was able to transport to the PCR chamber. Fig. 3F shows the final image of the sample pretreatment. PCR cocktail containing RNA template is successfully isolated from waste. To detect the influenza A H3N2 virus, the purified RNA with PCR cocktail in the PCR chamber was amplified by using performed the RNA capture on the proposed microdevice. The fluorescence images were described in Figure 4A at the 0, 40 cycles. The fluorescence signal (40 cycle) was drastically increased confirming the influenza A H3N2 virus. The real-time profiles were successfully obtained using the optical fluorescence detector as shown in Figure 4B. The Rotary PCR and off-chip PCR were compared with same amount of influenza A H3N2 virus. The Ct value of Rotary PCR was smaller than the off-chip PCR without contamination. The whole process of the sample pretreatment and RT-PCR could be accomplished in 30 min on the fully integrated Rotary Genetic Analyzer system. We have demonstrated a fully integrated and portable Rotary Genetic Analyzer for detection of the gene expression of influenza A virus, which has 'Sample-in-answer-out' capability including sample pretreatment, rotary amplification, and optical detection. Target gene amplification was real-time monitored using the integrated Rotary Genetic Analyzer system.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.55
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• pp.59-84
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• 2014

This research is an attempt to newly interpret his academic evaluation and understand Seo Kye Bak Se-Dang's Sa Byeun Rok The Doctrine of the Mean. In academic world, his academic Characteristic was considered as anti-Neo-confucianism, out of Jung Ju Hak, out of Seong Ri Hak, and Sil Hak. His understanding of The Doctrine of the Mean was pretty critical, because he had unique academic characteristic to interpret Chinese classics rather than anti-Neo-confucianism, out of Jung Ju Hak, out of Seong Ri Hak, and Sil Hak. Especially, he took practical study with six Chinese classics as the central figure and it was a creative thing with philosophical method. He tried to find out original meaning which was essential thought of Confucianism, and pointed out disharmony for consistency about meaning of The Doctrine of the Mean when Jung Ja and Ju Ja interpreted The Doctrine of the Mean. It appeared as an effort of trying agreement between name and its duty, and role and function in things and act. In addition, he thought The Doctrine of the Mean as trying to follow nature, and it was the way of people to practice in bright side of mind. It is different from Ju Ja's thought which explains principle about people and things, and it has strong reality which is foundation of practice and allows dynamic energy of human life. Therefore, practice style of The Doctrine of the Mean develops filial duty as center of mass and appears manifestation of human's independence through how people pracice it. To sum up, he traced The Doctrine of the Mean as reality, practice, and physical science rather than ideal, theoretical, and metaphysical philosophy. It developed the spirit of study as understanding world as the center of human, thinking over the way of people, and studying the essence of Confucianism with practice of thought.

• Sim-seong Yeon-gu
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.45-111
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• 2023

This paper examines the apparition of the Virgin Mary revealed in Rue du Bac, Paris, France, in 1830, from a perspective of analytical psychology. To do so, it amplifies the archetypal motifs manifested in the images of the Virgin Mary of Rue du Bac by introducing the medieval alchemical picture titled "Glorification of the body portrayed as the coronation of the Virgin Mary" from Reusner's Pandora (1588). This image of the Virgin Mary is full of archetypal motifs that show the process and end result of individuation, which is the main idea of Jungian psychology. These symbols that depict the individuation process, both in Reusner's Pandora and in the Mary of Rue du Bac, are expressions of mythologems, constituent elements of the collective unconscious. Jung noted that these mythologems are the ultimate base and matrix of all religions. Through examining the archetypal motifs, which appear in the Mary of Rue du Bac, the apparition of the Mary turns out to be the revelation of the archetypal image of the Self in a space-time continuum, which is constellated in the collective unconscious. That is, an archetypal figure revealed itself to a witness' ego-consciousness to whom a space-time continuum functions as a cognitive category. The Mary of Rue du Bac represents the union of the opposites of divinity and humanity, which lacks in the symbolism of the Cross in Christianity. In this regard, she is an image of the new savior, who opens the new aeon of the Aquarius. The revealed image of Mary shows that divinity originates from the inner realm of the human psyche, that corporeal human beings are the matrix in which the divine incarnates, and that human being is the subject of psychological redemption. The image of Mary awakens us to the value of divinity in the human psyche in the times when the spiritual values Christianity has retained declines drastically.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.111-112
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• 2009

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) is a convenient term to indicate the compositions of the various forms of amorphous carbon (a-C), tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C), hydrogenated amorphous carbon and tetrahedral amorphous carbon (a-C:H and ta-C:H). The a-C film with disordered graphitic ordering, such as soot, chars, glassy carbon, and evaporated a-C, is shown in the lower left hand corner. If the fraction of sp3 bonding reaches a high degree, such an a-C is denoted as tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C), in order to distinguish it from sp2 a-C [2]. Two hydrocarbon polymers, that is, polyethylene (CH2)n and polyacetylene (CH)n, define the limits of the triangle in the right hand corner beyond which interconnecting C-C networks do not form, and only strait-chain molecules are formed. The DLC films, i.e. a-C, ta-C, a-C:H and ta-C:H, have some extreme properties similar to diamond, such as hardness, elastic modulus and chemical inertness. These films are great advantages for many applications. One of the most important applications of the carbon-based films is the coating for magnetic hard disk recording. The second successful application is wear protective and antireflective films for IR windows. The third application is wear protection of bearings and sliding friction parts. The fourth is precision gages for the automotive industry. Recently, exciting ongoing study [1] tries to deposit a carbon-based protective film on engine parts (e.g. engine cylinders and pistons) taking into account not only low friction and wear, but also self lubricating properties. Reduction of the oil consumption is expected. Currently, for an additional application field, the carbon-based films are extensively studied as excellent candidates for biocompatible films on biomedical implants. The carbon-based films consist of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, which are biologically harmless as well as the main elements of human body. Some in vitro and limited in vivo studies on the biological effects of carbon-based films have been studied [$2{\sim}5$].The carbon-based films have great potentials in many fields. However, a few technological issues for carbon-based film are still needed to be studied to improve the applicability. Aisenberg and Chabot [3] firstly prepared an amorphous carbon film on substrates remained at room temperature using a beam of carbon ions produced using argon plasma. Spencer et al. [4] had subsequently developed this field. Many deposition techniques for DLC films have been developed to increase the fraction of sp3 bonding in the films. The a-C films have been prepared by a variety of deposition methods such as ion plating, DC or RF sputtering, RF or DC plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition (ECR-CVD), ion implantation, ablation, pulsed laser deposition and cathodic arc deposition, from a variety of carbon target or gaseous sources materials [5]. Sputtering is the most common deposition method for a-C film. Deposited films by these plasma methods, such as plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) [6], are ranged into the interior of the triangle. Application fields of DLC films investigated from papers. Many papers purposed to apply for tribology due to the carbon-based films of low friction and wear resistance. Figure 1 shows the percentage of DLC research interest for application field. The biggest portion is tribology field. It is occupied 57%. Second, biomedical field hold 14%. Nowadays, biomedical field is took notice in many countries and significantly increased the research papers. DLC films actually applied to many industries in 2005 as shown figure 2. The most applied fields are mold and machinery industries. It took over 50%. The automobile industry is more and more increase application parts. In the near future, automobile industry is expected a big market for DLC coating. Figure 1 Research interests of carbon-based filmsFigure 2 Demand ratio of DLC coating for industry in 2005. In this presentation, I will introduce a trend of carbon-based coating research and applications.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.131
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• pp.165-197
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• 2014

In this paper, I investigate on the human nature in philosophy of Wang Yang-Ming and Buddhism from a Kantian point of view. The core argument of the philosophy of Wang Yang-Ming, Buddhism and Kant is that all human beings have the pure abilities a priori to overcome themselves, to realize their own potentialities. This is called immanent transcendence. At this time human beings can be free. Kant, Wang Yang-Ming and Buddhism claim that all human beings themselves will overcome their desires from their mind and body through the immanent transcendence, reflection and contemplation on their own. When we give up the external knowledges, throw away obsessions with the selfish desires and go back to our inside, we can see our original nature. To have an insight into this inner nature, to respect the moral law a priori, this is to overcome the ourselves, and to be a Grate Man(聖人) and a Buddha. This way is the only way to be a Grate Man and a Buddha. The main proposition of Wang Yang-Ming's philosophy is expressed 'There are no things without mind.'(心外無物) The core of Kant's transcendental philosophy is called the Copernican Revolution by himself. Copernican Revolution means the transition from the object-centered epistemology to the subject-centered epistemology. 'Innate Knowing'(良知) and 'Perform Innate Knowing'(致良知), 'All human beings have the mind of Buddha'(一切衆生悉有佛性) contain the apriority, immanence of Moral Law. In this respect, the theory of Innate Knowing in Wang Yang-Ming and mind of Buddha in Buddhism, pure Moral Law in Kant has the same structure grounded in subjectivity. Even if we have the mind of Buddha, innate Knowing, moral law a priori, the reason why we don't know our original nature is that we fall into the obsessions with selfish desires, and that we have inclination to external interests. So the moment you see our original nature, ordinary people themselves turn into a Buddha. These changes and transitions are immanent transcendence. All human beings have the ability to do this changes and transitions. Buddha does not exist outside of us, but it exists with our reflections on our human nature. Buddha can not existed without our insight into the our innate Ego. Where there is our original nature, there is a Buddha. So Buddha is called the another name of the original figure of human beings.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.4945-4953
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences in perception levels of goals and concepts of physical education by the body image and gender of middle school students. Among 461 middle students randomly selected by a multistaged cluster sampling technique, 433 students(boys 267, girls 166) filled out questionnaires consisted of Figure Rating Scale and modified ones. To know the differences in the perception levels of goal and concept of physical education by sex, t-test was utilized. In order to find out the differences in the perception levels of goal and concept of physical education by body image, ANOVA was performed using the SPSS Windows 12.0. The results of this study revealed that boys had higher level of goal and concept of physical education than girls. Second, middle school students classified into normal body image was higher level of goal and concept of physical education that other body images such as very thin, thin, very obese, and obese ones. The results of this study indicated that curriculum of physical education focused on fragmentation of health, psychomotor, cognitive, affective, leisure, holistic human should make girls understand thoroughly and deeply goals and concepts of physical education and ideal body image.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.220-226
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• 2007

For the analysis of hazard factors and the development of GAP (Good Agricultural Practices) Ginseng, 10 ginseng cultural farms wished certified GAP were selected at Geumsan-gun area, a representative site of ginseng cultivation in Korea. In order to verify the safety of GAP ginseng, possible contamination of pesticide and heavy metal residues, and microbial hazard were analyzed. Soil and water around ginseng cultivation field, and ginseng were investigated. Eighty-one pesticides including carbendazim were used as typical pesticide against plant pathogens and insect pests of ginseng plant and general crops. There was no excess the maximum residue limit (MRL) in residue figure of the soil. Including the residue figure of the arsenic (0.81 ml/kg) and 7 other heavy metals was also suitable to cultivate the ginseng plant. The irrigation water and dilution water for pesticide application were also safety level for GAP. Fresh ginsengs from the farms were sampled and investigated pesticide residues and contaminations of bacteria. Among 23 pesticides tested, we didn't detect any kinds of pesticide residues, but tolclofos-methyl was frequently found in the other ginseng field. On the investigation of microorganism hazards, 2 gram negative bacteria and 1 gram positive bacterium were found in the fresh ginseng. Number of total bacteria was $1.5{\times}10^3$ cfu/ml, which was less than the other agriculture products. At these results, 10 selected ginseng farms were good cultural places for GAP ginseng production and the ginseng cultured from Geumsan-gun area were a good safe far human.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.16-28
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate the content and changes of modern Korean men's wear advertisement from the 1960s to the 1990s by reviewing fashion magazines and pictorials. Research problems were as follows.; First, analyze the types and their units of measurement in men's fashion advertisements from 1962 to 1998. Second, examine the differences of quantitative change in men's fashion advertisements according to each period. The total 857 advertisements were selected from Shin Dong-A, Joongang Magazine, and Bokjangwolbo from 1972 to 1998. For analyze the result, frequency analysis and $x^2$-test were used. Results were as follows. First, through the review of literatures and pre-tests, 6 units of measurement were identified. They were product type(formal wear, casual wear, sports wear, dress shirts, accessory, inner wear, fabric and the others), brand type(national brand, licensed brand, imported brand, others), appeal type(image, product, others), representation type(photograph, illustration, others), medium type(man, product, others), and color type of advertisement(black & white picture, color picture). Second, for the types of advertisements, formal wear, national brand, image appeal, figure medium, photograph for presentation and color picture are the most frequently shown in men's fashion advertisements from 1962 to 1998. Third, for product, more accessory advertisements were found than the clothing in the 60s and the 70s, and casual wear advertisements in the 80s and formal wear advertisements in the 90s were dominated. National brand type was dominant through all four period. Product appeal type in the 60s and the 70s and image appeal type in the 80s and the 90s were prevailed. For medium, product type in the 60s and the 70s and figure type in the 80s and the 90s were dominated. Black & white picture in the 60s and the 70s and color picture in the 80s and the 90s were prevailed. Lastly, photograph was the most frequently used for presentation type through all periods.