• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.579-587
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study is to measure the workload of Korea coastal ship crew members, to investigate whether they are following work-break time regulations and to identify the main causes of their workload. Background: According to the US Coast Guard, about 33% of human casualties are reported to be due to fatigue, and 30% of marine casualties reported by the British Marine Accident Investigation Agency (MAIB) are attributed to crew fatigue. But the coastal ship are not managed for business hours and breaks despite the harsh environment. Method: The workload of duty crew members on the 100 domestic coastal vessels was measured. It was also investigated whether they are following domestic and international work-break time regulations. Finally, the marine accidents resulted from the fatigue of the crew was analyzed. Results: As a result of workload analysis, the workload on the 42~62% of the vessels exceeded the standard of working time on the related regulation. The workload increased with the number of inbound and outbound ports. Especially, in the system where there are two seafarers, the workload exceeded the working time requirement. As a result of the marine accidents analysis on 100 vessels, it was found that collision and grounding occurred due to fatigue, workload and drowsiness in 7 marine accidents out of 30 marine accidents. Conclusion: It is necessary for the shipping companies to introduce an operation management manual for the management of the crews' workload and reasonable crew arrangement. It is also required for crew members to easily record work times and for shipping companies to manage the record. It would be possible to prevent many marine accidents by providing adequate rest to the crews and flexibly adjusting their working hours. Application: The results of this study can be used as fundamental data to manage crews' fatigue and to make job management manuals.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 1997

Mammalian ovary consists of various growing stages of follicles. Ovarian follicular growth and differentiation, however, can be distinguished into recruitment, growth, selectiona nd ovulation. while only minute of the selected follicles ovulate their oocytes, all the rest follicles disappear by atresia. this atresia is an important event of which physiological mechanism must be resolved. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of various doses of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) on the oocyte quality, ovulation rate, and the early embryonic development in immature mice. Immature mice were administrated with 5, 20, or 40 IU PMSG. At every 12 hour up to 72 hour after treatment, body and ovary weights were measured. Oocytes were flushed from the oviducts under the dissecting microscope and observed under the inverted microscope. Late 2-cell embryos were collected from the mice which were superovulated by the same dosage of PMSG followed by 5 IU hCG 47 hours after PMSG-treatment. The percentage of abnormal oocytes was higher in 20 or 40 IU PMSG-treated animals than 5 IU PMSG-treated ones. Ovulation occured at 12 hours afger PMSG injection in all experimental groups. The percentage of retrieved abnormal oocytes increased in the 20 or 40 IU PMSG-treated goups but not in 5 IU PMSG-treated group. There was no significant difference in the mating rate among the groups [52.6% (10/19), 66.7% (10/15), 44.0% (11/25) : 5, 20, 40 IU group respectively] ; however, ther was a significant (p<0.01) increase of embryo retrieval rates in 5 and 20 IU-treated groups compared with that in 40 IU-treated group [89.2% (239-268), 85.5% (224/262), 40.0% (18/45)]. There was significant (p<0.01) increase of embryo development rates in 5 IU-treated group compared with that in 20 and 40 IU-treated group [231/239(96.7), 179/224(79.9), 77.8(14/18)]. In conclusion, higher doses of PMSG injection increased the occurrence of abnormal oocytes ovulation in immature mice. The most of oocytes collected from 5 or 20 IU-PMSG-treated group has fertilizabioity. But in mice injected iwth higher doses of PMSG, their oocytes exhibit less fertilizability and, even fertilized, all oocytes are not fully capable of development.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.121-129
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• 1976

A high concentration of myo-Inositol in rat's milk was observed (61-91mg. of myo-Inositol per 100g of milk) by gas-liquid chromatographic method, using a 3% SE-52 column. Feeding experiments showed that approximately 85% of myo-Inositol in milk was from dietary origin: the rest was considered to be synthesized by 1L-myo-Inositol-1-phosphate lyase. Results suggested that the biosynthesis was not sufficiently high to permit the maintenance of its myo-Inositol level in milk. However, study $using(^{14}C)-glucose$ injection into lactating female rats confirmed biosynthesis of myo-Inositol from glucose in mammary gland. This biosynthesis reached a maximum within an hour after $(^{14}C)-glucose$ injection intraperitoneally as lactose biosynthesis did. Study using $(^3H)-myo-Inositol$ confirmed that most of the myo-Inositol in milk was transported from blood plasma myo-Inositol against a concentration gradient. About four hours after the beginning of the injection of $(^{14}C)-glucose$, the specific radioactivity of myo-Inositol in milk was 8% of that of glucose in the blood. When $(^3H)-myo-Inositol$ was injected, the specific radioactivity of myo-Inositol in milk was about 26% of that of blood six hours after injection.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.193-200
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• 2021

Background: Local anesthetic infiltration at the site of a surgical wound is commonly used to control postoperative pain. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of continuous local infiltration at an abdominal surgical site in patients undergoing anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) surgery. Methods: Sixty-one patients who underwent ALIF surgery were enrolled. For thirtyone of them, a continuous local anesthetics infiltration system was used at the abdominal site. We collected data regarding the patients' sleep quality; satisfaction with pain control after surgery; abilities to perform physical tasks and the additional application of opioids in the postoperative 48 hours. Results: The On-Q system group showed reduced visual analogue scale scores for pain at the surgical site during rest and movement at 0, 12, 24, and 48 hours; and more was satisfied with pain control management at the first postoperative day (7.0 ± 1.2 vs. 6.0 ± 1.4; P = 0.003) and week (8.1 ± 1.6 vs. 7.0 ± 1.8; P = 0.010) than the control group. The number of additional patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) bolus and pethidine injections was lower in the On-Q group (PCA: 3.67 ± 1.35 vs. 4.60 ± 1.88; P = 0.049 and pethidine: 2.09 ± 1.07 vs. 2.73 ± 1.38; P = 0.032). Patients who used the On-Q system performed more diverse activity and achieved earlier ambulation than those in the control group. Conclusions: Continuous wound infiltration with ropivacaine using an On-Q system may be effective for controlling postoperative pain after ALIF surgery.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.234-240
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• 2021

Background: Various truncal block techniques with ultrasonography (USG) are becoming widespread to reduce postoperative pain and opioid requirements in video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). The primary aim of our study was to determine whether the USG-guided serratus anterior plane block (SAPB) is as effective as the thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB) in VATS. Our secondary aim was to evaluate patient and surgeon satisfaction, block application time, first analgesic time, and length of hospital stay. Methods: Patients in Group SAPB received 0.4 mL/kg bupivacaine with a USG-guided SAPB, and patients in Group TPVB received 0.4 mL/kg bupivacaine with a USG-guided TPVB. We recorded the pain scores, the timing of the first analgesic requirement, the amount of tramadol consumption, and postoperative complications for 24 hours. We also recorded the block application time and length of hospital stay. Results: A total of 62 patients, with 31 in each group (Group SAPB and Group TPVB) completed the study. Between the two groups, there were no significant differences in rest and dynamic pain visual analog scale scores at 0, 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery. The total consumption of tramadol was significantly lower in the TPVB group (P = 0.026). The block application time was significantly shorter in Group SAPB (P < 0.001). Conclusions: An SAPB that is applied safely and rapidly as a part of multimodal analgesia in patients who undergo VATS is not inferior to the TPVB and can be an alternative to it.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate correlations in vital sign changes, the severity of pain, signs of complications, and the duration of sandbag management in order to suggest a standardized practice related to sandbag management in children with Nephrotic Syndrome(NS). Method: From October 2000 to May 2001, seventy children with NS who underwent kidney biopsy were interviewed at one hospital in Seoul Korea, and participated in this study. Result: 1) The average sandbag applying time after kidney biopsy was 18.1 hours. 2) Systolic blood pressure and respiration increased until 15 minutes after kidney biopsy, after then, they decreased signifi- cantly (systolic BP, p= .006; respiration, p= .029). However, no significant changes were noted in diastolic blood pressure and pulse. 3) Pain was reported minimal for 1 hour after kidney biopsy. The severity of pain increased until 12 hours after the procedure, then, decreased significantly(p= .0001). 4) Reported complications were hematuria (74.7％) and abnormal sonogram (32.9％). No apparent bleeding on the biopsy region was reported in any children. Conclusion: From these findings, it is possible to change the protocols of the duration of absolute bed rest time and sandbag application management shortly after kidney biopsy. But it is needed to study the fit protocols for kidney biopsy. Several implications in nursing practice are suggested. 1) Replicated studies for more participants are needed. 2) Further research on the effect of sandbag application after kidney biopsy is required. 3) The best duration of sandbag application management after kidney biopsy need to be investigated.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.45-59
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• 2023

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyze the various methods of sound therapy(ST) applied to tinnitus patients and their effectiveness, and to suggest an effective method that can be applied in clinical settings. Methods : Studies published from January 2018 to March 2023 were searched on 5 databases(Pubmed, RISS, OASIS, KISS, KCI). All RCTs that applied sound therapy as a main treatment method were included. Results : 14 studies were included. In 13 studies, sound therapy was statistically significant in improving tinnitus. Basic sound therapy was used in 6 studies(42%), followed by tinnitus rehabilitation therapy(TRT)(n=5, 35%). White noise(n=11, 75%) and nature sound(n=4, 28%) were the most frequently used sound sources. In the case of intensity, mixing point were the most common with 6 studies(42%). The mobile application(n=4) was the most frequently used implement. The application time of sound therapy per day was more than 3 hours(n=7), and the total treatment period was more than 3 months(n=9). Conclusions : Our findings indicate that sound therapy could be considered as an intervention for tinnitus patients. For better use, we suggest a basic type of sound therapy or TRT using white noise or nature sound at the mixing point level provided as a mobile phone application. In addition, the treatment period is recommended to be more than 3 hours/day for 3 months.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of position change from supine to Fowler's on back pain and discomfort in patients who remained on bed rest after undergoing PCIs with a vascular closure device. Methods: Data was collected from 35 inpatients who were hospitalized in coronary-care unit to perform PCIs with a vascular closure device at S hospital in Seoul from December, 2006 to May, 2007. Back pain, discomfort, presence and grade of bleeding and hematoma from femoral arterial puncture site and blood pressure/pulse rate were measured prior to, 10 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours after position change. Data was analyzed with descriptive statistics, $x^2$ tests and t-tests using SPSS/WIN 12.0 for Windows program. The level of significance (${\alpha}$) was set at 0.05 for this study. Results: We found that there was no significant difference in back pain and discomfort in 10 minutes after position change between the two groups. However, the experimental group reported significantly less back pain and discomfort than the control group in 1 hour (p<.01, respectively) and 2 hour (p<.01, respectively) after position change. There was no significant difference in the presence and grade of bleeding and hematoma at the puncture site, blood pressure, and pulse rate in 10 minutes, 1hour and 2hours after position change between the two groups. Conclusion: Fowler's position change after PCIs in, therefore, safe and effective method of reducing back pain and physical discomfort without causing additional bleeding and changes in blood pressure and pulse rate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.415-424
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• 2014

PURPOSE: This study examined the effect of high-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and San-Yin-Jiao (SP6) acupressure on primary dysmenorrhea. Furthermore, the difference in effectiveness between the two methods were compared. METHODS: Twenty-six students participated in this study, and were randomly assigned to a high-frequency TENS group(experimental 1, n=9), a San-Yin-Jiao (SP6) acupressure group(experimental 2, n=9), and no treatment group(control, n=8). They were assessed and treated on the first day of their menstruation. The TENS protocol included applying 20 minutes of stimulation with a frequency of 100Hz, $100{\mu}sec$ pulse width. Four electrodes were placed on the skin 3 cm from midline at T12-L1 and S2-3 paravertebral muscles. San-Yin-Jiao (SP6) acupressure should be applied with the thumb for 10 minutes(8 seconds pressure and 2 seconds rest) on the SP6 acupoint. This procedure should be repeated for the other foot. Dysmenorrheal pain measured two pain assessment tools (VAS, DPT) pre-treatment; immediate post-treatment; 30minutes, 1, 2hours; and 3, 4, 5, 6, 24 hours after the VAS test were added. RESULTS: The results showed significant differences in pain assessments (VAS, DPT) after treatment for subjects of experimental group1 (p<.05) and experimental group2 (p<.05), whereas the between-group comparison found no statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION: This result supports the idea that using two methods could be effective in pain reduction among students who suffered from primary dysmenorrhea.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.18-25
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• 2019

In order to recover the cerium contained in the spent nickel metal hydride batteries (NiMH battery), the recovered rare earth complex precipitates from NIMH were converted into rare earth hydroxides through ion exchange reaction to react with NaOH aqueous solution at a reaction temperature of 70 ℃, for 4 hours. Rare earth hydroxides were oxidized by injecting air at 80 ℃ for 4 hours to oxidize Ce³⁺ to Ce⁴⁺. The oxidation rate of cerium was confirmed to be about 25 % through XPS, and the oxidized powder was separated from the rest of the rare earth using the difference in solubility in dilute sulfuric acid. The finally recovered powder has a crystal phase of cerium hydroxide (Ce(OH)₄). The cerium purity of the final product was about 94.6 %, and the recovery rate was 97.3 %.