• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.281-313
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• 2011

67.82% of domestic hot springs are in rural areas. (Ministry of Public Administration and Security statistics, 2010) Most of hot spring's facilities are aging and inability to accommodate the current changes of leisure patterns. So, a decrease of the number of visitor to the hot spring resulted in economic decline of rural areas. Hot spring has been studied, but Architecture of Hot Springs has never been interested in and research. Therefore, Nation architecture of Hot spring and foreign architecture was compared and analyzed. Then, Architectural characteristics of Hot spring in rural areas was identify. The architecture of Hot spring type of foreign and images are routinely burned, the organic form and old-fashioned adrift. However, our country found in Hot spring architecturally and daily life had any features. Thus, the country's hot springs spa area for construction of the architecture design should be characterized. And, through institutional guidelines and deliberations should be provided in the right direction.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.5 s.118
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• pp.24-31
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• 2006

The tourism sites and attractions of South Korea in many ways have little specialties in their image due to the local development plan's uniformed way of designing and improving landscape. The lack of specialties in tourist sites and attractions have caused displeasure from the local residents, as the sites don't characterize the locals as attractively and appealingly as is the potential. There have been no research or studies on the scenic effect on tourism or resort development thus producing an urgent call for local authorities to develop planned landscapes of local sites. This study compares Bugok Onchon (hot spring), whose image hardly differentiates itself from the others, with Kinosaki Onsen (hot spring). Bugok Hot Spring, which is the case study of this report, has recorded a steady decline of visitors due to a result of uniformed development planning. In the case of Kinosaki Hot Spring, scenery development, however, has made a breakthrough in tourist increase despite its no-so-easily-accessible location. The study assumes that scenery effects changes in promoting local tourism, thus analyzing and comparing the two hot springs to unearth critical factors in tourist site development, as well as viewing the present state of Bugok Hot Spring for further study. Furthermore, the study provides tourist site developers with a guideline of the two comparative Hot Spring cases. Investigations and analyses are mainly focused on colors, which are important factors in making underlying images of tourist sites, and the comparison of Bugok Hot Spring with Kinosaki Hot Suing. Bugok Hot Spring shows the influences of accent colors as well as a variety of color combinations and similarities of color tones. Kinosaki Hot Spring shows a combination of naturally-generated colors its own scenic beauty by trimming the landscape. Through the comparative study of the two hot springs, Bugok (boulevard) uncovers a typical case of Korean local landscape planning, even with the well-known tourist attraction 'Bugok-Hawaii', and calls upon a new, serious landscape-improvement plan to increase visitors.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.77-84
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the effect of hot spring therapy on children weight, body composition and heart rate variability. Methods: The study was carried out from 30 children who visited the spa from August 1, 2011 to August 31, 2011. We measured the change of weight, body composition, and heart rate variability after hot spring therapy for an hour per day. Results: The subject was consisted of 13 boys and 17 girls. This study revealed that their weight got lost from a hot spring therapy, which was statistically significant. Their body mass index(BMI) was decreased in from a hot spring therapy, which was not statistically significant. Total body water, muscle, protein, and mineral were decreased from a hot spring therapy, which was statistically significant. We measured HRV(heart rate variability) before and after the hot spring therapy. The mean HRT was increased, which was statistically insignificant. SDNN(standard deviation of the NN interval) and RMSSD(square root of the mean of the sum of the square of differences) were not different before and after the hot spring therapy. ln TP was decreased insignificantly. ln VLF was not affected before and after hot spring therapy. ln LF and ln HF was decreased, LF norm was increased, and HF norm was decreased, which were not statistically significant. Also, LF/HF ratio was increased insignificantly. Conclusions: From these results, we concluded that the weight, total body water, muscle, protein, and mineral got lost from the hot spring therapy. However, the HRV was not affected from the hot spring therapy.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.189-198
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the preferences of hot spring users regarding the utilization of Asan's hot springs after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A survey was conducted on 340 hot spring users visiting hot spring resorts in the Onyang, Dogo, and Asan hot spring districts. The survey was conducted twice from November 5th to November 7th, 2021, and from May 25th to 26th, 2022. The survey included general questions, such as the frequency of hot spring usage, the purpose of visits, and the intention for future visits. Specific questions were related to Asan hot springs, focusing on the reasons for choosing Asan, its perceived advantages, and improvement suggestions. Results: The survey revealed that the average number of visits to hot springs was less than five in the past five years, and the main reason for visiting was to recover from fatigue. A percentage of respondents said they would use hot springs more often when the COVID-19 pandemic ends. When asked about their reasons for visiting Asan hot springs, responses varied by age. However, across all groups, the majority considered "good water" as an advantage of Asan hot springs, while improvements to "hot spring facilities" was the highest response among all age groups. Thus, despite the decline in the number of customers due to COVID-19, the overall perception of hot springs remains positive. This suggests a promising future for the hot spring industry, with the potential for a return to pre-pandemic usage levels. Conclusion: These results provide valuable foundational data for informing policy development aimed at revitalizing the hot spring industry in the post-COVID-19 era.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.161-176
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• 1995

Leisure motivation is an important concept in the study of leisure behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine visitors' motivations for hot spring resorts in Korea. The data were collected by questionnaires survey in three hot spring resorts in 1994:Suanbo, Paikam, and Chuksan. The findings of this study are summarized as follows: The eight motivation factors extracted by factor analysis such as; 1)"intellectual needs", 2)'escaping everyday life', 3)'closing nature', 4)'recognition or status', 5)'interaction with others', 6)'health', 7)'family vacation', 8)'hot spring bathing'. The three resorts showed significant deferences in the motivation of visitors. Visitors of Suanbo have high motivation for 'intellectual needs', 'interaction with others', and 'thealth', and visitors of Chuksan for 'closing nature', 'family vacation', and 'hot spring bathing'. This study has proved first, psychological(pushing) factors are more important than pulling factors of resorts, second, in pulling factors, natural sceneries were more important than medicinal properties of the hot springs. And this study found several important implications for predicting visitors' demand in hot spring resorts.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.621-625
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• 2008

There are nine hot spring wells at Icheon hot spring area, hot springs are pumped by submersible motor. Drilling depths of hot spring wells is about 166-294 m, piezometric heads of hot springs is about 50 m below the surface. The geothermal gradient of SB-2 is about $64.00^{\circ}C$/km from the surface to depth within 300 m which is the highest value, that of SB-1 is about $45^{\circ}C$/km which is the lowest value. In addition, the average geothermal gradient of the region is calculated at approximately $54.28^{\circ}C$/km. However, it is analysed that this area has highly irregular temperature distribution because the groundwater penetrated to the depth of 720 m through the fracture rise to the surface according to the results of the data after drilling well to the depth of 996 m.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.41-47
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• 2006

The evaluations of daily safe yield and reciprocal influence of hot spring wells are important subjects that the specialized agencies of hot spring has to survey. The survey of hot spring had been executed by Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) prior to 1996. However, as of 2006, eight specialized agencies of hot spring are working on it and so the survey of hot spring is not consistent now. This study was carried out to analyze data from hot spring in the same way by every specialized agency. The time of residual drawdown was applied to evaluate daily safe yield because some of wells have slow recovery of drawdown. The reciprocal influence between hot spring wells was evaluated by drawdown of observation wells when a new well was pumped.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.1467-1478
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• 2008

This paper is to suggest a concrete way about imperiled domestic hot spring tourism and then provide some ideas to solve the problems related to public health promotion, aging society. In this paper, the author proposes the healthy tourism formation to solve such above problems. The author also proposes Asan Hot spring areas as the most healthy places for tourists. Therefore, this paper introduces that Asan Hot Spring Areas will contribute to the economic development in Korea. There will contribute to improve the nation's image and produce much more benefits by hot spring resources develop of the A-San springs area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.13 no.1 s.34
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• pp.85-95
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• 2007

Hot springs development will be more activated with the five-day work week system than before. Nevertheless, investment and development achievement of hot springs has not resulted in a successful performance to foster townships, and this calls upon locals to build a guideline to develop hot springs. This study intends to analyze laws on hot springs, which influence mostly on the hot spring development, to gather up the information on the present state of the development, and to suggest considerations for further development plans. Features of the hot spring development are as follows: One is that metropolitan cities will discover hot spring resources more than small cities. Therefore the development will be twofold : one for resort tour and the other for one-day rest and recreation. In addition, Korean laws on hot springs are more site development-oriented to support tourism and recreation than to protect environment and discover unused resources. This makes hot spring development easier and efficient being supported by hot spring law, law on territory development and use, and tourism promotion law. On the other side, planned landscape trimming can be uniformized and unharmonized in terms of local identity and environment-friendliness. This is why careful considerations such as goods and bads of the local resources, local history and culture are needed in hot spring development. A long-term development project should include remodeling based on local identity and development trends. The third point indicates that Korean hot springs development has recorded relatively low performance due to difficult private capital attraction, and a high fence on land purchase and development approval. It is essential to release restrictions on the hot spring development-especially on those whose development performance has not been successful so that best practice can be supported by the government in remodeling and marketing. New plans on hot spring development should be also examined based on developer's capacity and local authorities' volition on the plan. Last point shows that most hot springs development plans have been designed only based on territory utilizing plan and facilities arrangement, not considering much on fund-raising, operational plan or feasibility analysis. Therefore the tourism promotion law should reinforce guidelines on tourist site approval system by supplementing criteria. At the same time, an education on tourism development planning is necessary to deepen developers' understanding, since most developers are experts more on city development, landscape architecture, designing, constructing and engineering than tourism development.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to characterize the hydrogeochemical characteristics of hot spring waters and to interpret the source of noble gases and the geochemical environment of the hot spring waters distributed along the eastern area of the Korean peninsula. For this purpose, We carried out the chemical, stable isotopic and noble gas isotopic analyses for eleven hot spring water and fourteen hot spring gas samples collected from six hot spring sites. The hot spring waters except the Osaek hot spring water show the pH range of 7.0 to 9.1. However, the Osaek $CO_2$-rich hot spring water shows a weak acid of pH 5.7. The temperature of hot spring waters in the study area ranges from $25.7^{\circ}C$ to $68.3^{\circ}C$. Electrical conductivity of hot spring waters varies widely from 202 to $7,130{\mu}S/cm$. High electrical conductivity (av., $3,890{\mu}S/sm$) by high Na and Cl contents of the Haeundae and the Dongrae hot spring waters indicates that the hot spring waters were mixed with seawater in the subsurface thermal system. The type of hot springs in the viewpoint of dissolved components can be grouped into three types: (1) alkaline Na-$HCO_3$ type including sulfur gas of the Osaek, Baekam, Dukgu and Chuksan hot springs, and (2) saline Na-Cl type of the Haeundae and Dongrae hot springs, and (3) weak acid $CO_2$-rich Na-$HCO_3$ type of Osaek hot spring. Tritium ratios of the Haeundae and the Dongrae hot springs indicate different residence time in their aquifers of older water of $0.0{\sim}0.3$ TU and younger water of $5.9{\sim}8.8$ TU. The ${\delta}^{18}O$ and ${\delta}D$ values of hot spring waters indicate that they originate from the meteoric water, and that the values also reflect a latitude effect according to their locations. $^3He/^4He$ ratios of the hot spring waters except Osaek $CO_2$-rich hot spring water range from $0.1{\times}10^{-6}$ to $1.1{\times}10^{-6}$ which are plotted above the mixing line between air and crustal components. It means that the He gas in hot spring waters was originated mainly from atmosphere and crust sources, and partly from mantle sources. The Osaek $CO_2$-rich hot spring water shows $3.3{\times}10^{-6}$ in $^3He/^4He$ ratio that is 2.4 times higher than those of atmosphere. It provides clearly a helium source from the deep mantle. $^{40}Ar/^{36}Ar$ ratios of hot spring water are in the range of an atmosphere source.