• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 2013

The present study is aimed to evaluate forest health in a fragmented urban forest using characteristics of insect communities. Ants (Formicidae) and ground beetles (Carabidae) surveyed by pitfall trap method in the Hongneung forest located in the urban area of Seoul were compared with those in the Gwangneung forest. The Gwangneung forest is supposed to be health due to its high biodiversity and well-conserved nature. Ants of the Hongneung forest was much more abundant compared with those of the Gwangneung forest. However, ground beetles showed the opposite patterns; much more abundant in the Gwangneung forest than in the Hongneung forest. Species richness was higher in the Gwangneung forest than in the Hongneung forest, but species diversity was higher in the Hongneung forest. In the Hongneung forest, forest specialist species and generalist species were balanced, whereas few forest specialists dominated in the Gwangneung forest. This dominance decreased species diversity in those Gwangneung forest. Thus, characteristics of insect community in the Hongneung forest were greatly different with those in the Gwangneung forest.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.48-56
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the 'identity' found in constructional characteristics of Geumgok Hongneung, the first imperial tomb of Korean empire. In terms of "sameness", which states for internal self-cognition among ambivalent situations while consisting identity, Hongneung inherited the prosperity of the Chosun dynasty, possessed 'sustainability' related to Cheongryangri Hongneung of Empress Myeongseong, as well as revealed various 'identitification' of situations in order to expose self-esteem as emperor and imperial nations. On the other hand, in terms of "individuality" as an external self-cognition, the opposite phase of sameness, Hongneung is a mixture of the will of Emperor Gojong and Japanese intervention hence formed 5th styles of royal tombs through 'peculiarity' which distinguishes it from the original tradition. In addition, the value of Hongneung is that it actually reflects the confusing and difficult times of the old ages, and it also involves 'excellence' as the place of the according a state funeral of Emperor Gojong and provoking March First Independence Movement. Thus, Geumgok Hongneung is a recorded landscape that clearly reflects the times of royal tombs of the Chosun dynasty, the world cultural heritage, and also the historic landscape showing extraordinary landscape of unique characteristics, 'Hwangjereung'.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.3
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• pp.443-453
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• 2015

In 1922, Hongneung forest was established to support the study of Korean forestry. Nowadays the forest also plays a role as urban forest which provides a green space for local people. This paper proposes the better management plan of Hongneung forest based on visitor monitoring. On-site surveys with a structured questionnaire were carried out from August to November in 2014 and total 750 data were analyzed. The survey results are as follows: 1) Visitors were inclusive of all age groups and most of them lived nearby Hongneung forest, 2) Visitors used the forest mainly for recreational purposes and recognized the forest as 'Green space' rather than 'experimental forest', 3) Visitors had great satisfaction from the forest visit and raised the necessity of more environment education and promotion of the program. Based on the results, the following solutions have been suggested: 1) Environment education will help visitors to raise awareness on the importance of Hongneung forest which plays a role as both experimental and urban forest, 2) Systematic visitor monitoring can contribute to efficient visitor management and administration of the areas. In conclusion, it is necessary to establish a visitor management system that enable to achieve a harmonization between nature conservation and recreational demands as well as to improve management of natural resource and service.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.330-339
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• 2018

Objectives: The occurrence characteristics of BTEXS and phytoncides were investigated by type of urban forest. Methods: Four types of urban green space (Hongneung Forest, Mt. Chunjang, residential park, and traffic island) and Gwangneung Forest were selected. Monitoring of phytoncides and BTEXS was conducted considering the activity times of urban residents (five times per day) using a Tenax TA tube and suction pump in June 2017 (one day). Results: Phytoncide concentrations were ranked as Gwangneung Forest>Hongneung Forest>Mt. Cheonjang>traffic island>residential park. Relatively high concentrations of phytoncides were also identified in the urban forest. There was no significant difference between Gwangneung Forest and the urban forest. BTEXS concentrations were ranked as traffic island>residential park>Hongneung Forest>Gwangneung Forest>Mt. Cheonjang. Traffic island and residential park showed high levels of BTEXS depending on the inflow of vehicles. The difference in concentration by time was significant for the traffic island in particular. Pollutant levels in Hongneung Forest were as low as in Gwangneung Forest. Conclusion: The concentrations of phytoncides and BTEXS were different by types of urban green space, and the potential for health and hygiene of urban forests were able to be investigated. This study is expected to provide as basic data for the creation of urban forest spaces in the future.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.317-323
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• 2012

Fragmented urban forests, as green islands within urban area, are the primary habitats for a vast number of different organisms inhabiting large cities. The areas of the urban forests are usually small, and hence, the proportion of the forest edge is relatively high. It is therefore expected that overall butterfly diversity may be lower than that of suburban or rural forests, and that those of grassland species, forest edge species, and generalist species with a wider niche breadth may be richer. Butterflies were surveyed weekly by the line transact method in order to characterize the butterfly community of the Hongneung Forest, a fragmented urban forest in Seoul. Butterfly richness of the study forest is much lower than those of main forests around or in Seoul. Grassland species, forest edge species, and generalist species were found to be richer, which was in agreement with the expected patterns of urban butterfly communities. Also, an endangered species, Spindasis takanonis, was observed in the Hongneung Forest, showing that urban forests play important roles for conservation of rare species.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.525-539
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• 2019

Much research has been conducted on user behavior by taking surveys and interviews to plan the green space effectively. However, there is a limitation in understanding detailed user characteristics such as personalities and values. This study applied the Persona-based Scenario Method (PSM) to Hongneung Experimental Forest to understand the detailed needs and behaviors of the users in the forest recreation area. The PSM is a user experience modeling technique, which tries to understand the users by describing the type of users as real people. This study 1) extracts the factors of visitor recreation activities in Hongneung Experimental Forest based on the results of the survey, 2) develops user personas based on the results of survey and comes up with activity factors, and 3) designs user scenarios. As a result of applying the PSM, 64 factors of visitor activities were derived from the observation survey in 14 sites of Hongneung Experimental Forest and 25 key factors of visitor activities were chosen through observer's brainstorming. Second, three types of personas were developed considering the key factors and the results of user characteristics with quantitative and qualitative analysis. Lastly, context scenarios were designed by applying the key factors of visitor recreation activities to the persona model. We identified the design problems of the space and design requirements through the scenarios. This study has significance in that it takes an approach from the user perspective and was applied to the forest recreation area, which was mainly used in product design. The developed personas could be used for deriving design elements and setting the direction for planning considering detailed needs, behaviors and characteristics of users.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.398-403
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• 1980

Carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene was prepared by free-radical polymerization using 4,4'-azobis-[4-cyano valeric acid] as an initiator and the effect of initiator concentration on polymer properties was investigated. Polymerization of the carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene was carried out varying the initiator concentration reacting with a constant butadiene concentration. The carboxyl weight percent decreased with increasing initiator concentration. The conversion was proportional to the square root of initiator concentration, giving a functionality greater than 2.0 which is consistent with the general tendency of free radical polymerization.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.126-131
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• 1980

Seventeen new $N^{6}$-aminoalkyl derivatives of 5'-adenylic acid and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (Compound I-XVII) were synthesized from 6-chloropurine ribonucleoside by reaction with appropriate diamines. This paper discusses the procedure of synthesis and the identification of the derivatives by ultraviolet spectra, high voltage electrophoresis, paper chromatography, elemental analyses, and other chemical methods.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.92-104
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• 2007

This paper aims to discussion the characteristics of location and spatial organization on Hongneung and Yureung(royal tomb) in Namyangju through the interpretation of traditional oriental philosophy including Feng-Shui theory. To do this, we studied in two ways; analysis of the present conditions and photographing research materials about the form of physical structure and review of historical document. The result of analysis in sight of the location and spatial structure was good matched. Main finding of this paper are as follows: The location and landscape structure was characterized by the harmony with natural following traditional thinking and the Korean view of nature, while maintaining the dignity of the King. The spatial organization were placed in a straight line following the hierarchy of metaphysics by order of Neungchim(Tombs Vicinity) - Changmyungdeung(Stone Lantern) - Chungjakak(Pavilion) - Hongsalmun(Gate for Heavenly Gods) and was based on the Confucianism value, the natural contour and inner value. Through this study, we find the principles made it possibles to re-evaluate nature in modem society and provided us with new ways to conserve nature with the help of environmental theory.

• Mycobiology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.54-56
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• 2004

During the study of mushroom flora in Hongneung Arboretum, Ileodictyon gracile was confirmed as new to Korea and described based on morphological and microscopic characteristics in here. This species has subhypogeous, clathrate structure, and obovoid spores. The clathrate structures have $4{\sim}12$ polygonal meshes.