• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.49-71
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• 1975

The importance of bamboo as raw material for bamboo wares and several kinds of industrial products is highly appreciated at home and abroad. But different kinds of bamboo-bundle systems have been traditionally used in the local areas. There being no reasonable bamboo-bundle system, we have a lot of difficulty in trading bamboo products and executing adrinistmative works. Therefore, a reasonable bamboo-bundle system based on scientific proofs needs to be tested and established for fair trade and administration. This study is carried out to solve the above difficulty with statistical investigation and analysis. The results obtained are as follows. 1. The larger the circles at eye-height become, the more the possibility of the largest internode covering the span between eye-height and 1/4 height increases. 2. The longest internodes are distributed according to a rule without relation to circles at eye-height. 3. The tapering grade of bamboo culms is very high and its form is almost the same without relation to its size. (Form exponent; 0.71-1.05, eye-height form factor; 0.60-0.66, 1/4 becomes, seeing that the circle grade and the percentage of actual volume height form factor; 0.61-0.69). 4. The larger the circles at eye-height are, the lower the percentage of actual volume have negative curve relation to each other. 5. It is considered that the numbers of bamboos bundled in a "Sok" is not decided according to the usefulness of bamboos, judging from the fact that the outputs of bamboo wares per "Sok" in every circle grade are not the same. 6. As the results of the regression analysis, the empirical formulae of several amounts to circles at eye-height and culm length are as follows; Volume, $${\hat{y}}_i=\bar{3}.821874+2.013181log\;C_i+0.839128log\;H_i$$ $$V=0.0066355\;C^{2.013181}\;H^{0.839128}$$ Actual volume, $${\hat{y}}_{ai}=3.915338+0.776549log\;C_i+1.857000log\;H_i$$ $$V_a=0.0082288\;C^{0.776549}\;H^{1.857000}$$ Weight, $$w_i=3.869148+1.936410log\;C_i+0.566904log\;H_i$$ $$W=0.0073986\;G^{1.936410}\;H^{0.565904}$$ 7. Korean Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. et Zucc. is almost the same as that of Japan in several amounts, just the same especially in the weight. 8. It is found that the bamboo-bundle systems of Korea and Japan have much closer relation to the weight than other amounts. So It is, therefore, considered that the weight is important factor in deciding bamboo-bundle system. 9. According to the item 8, I should like to propose the appropriate numbers per "Sok" adjusted on the basis of the weight in the Table 18.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.151-159
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• 2010

Currently, by using the Internet, We can do varius things such as Web surfing, email, on-line shopping, stock trading on your home or office. However, as being out of the concept of security from the beginning, it is the big social issues that malicious user intrudes into the system through the network, on purpose to steal personal information or to paralyze system. In addition, network intrusion by ordinary people using network attack tools is bringing about big worries, so that the need for effective and powerful intrusion detection system becomes very important issue in our Internet environment. However, it is very difficult to prevent this attack perfectly. In this paper we proposed the algorithm for the detection of DoS attacks, and developed attack detection tools. Through learning in a normal state on Step 1, we calculate thresholds, the number of packets that are coming to each port, the median and the average utilization of each port on Step 2. And we propose values to determine how to attack detection on Step 3. By programing proposed attack detection algorithm and by testing the results, we can see that the difference between the median of packet mounts for unit interval and the average utilization of each port number is effective in detecting attacks. Also, without the need to look into the network data, we can easily be implemented by only using the number of packets to detect attacks.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.271-321
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• 2002

Every year, many million of business transactions take place. Ocassionally, disagreements develop over these business transactions. Many of these disputes are resolved by mediation, arbitration and out-of-court settlement options. The American Arbitration Association(AAA) helps resolve a wide range of disputes through mediation, arbitration, elections and other out-of-court settlement procedures. The AAA offers a broad range of dispute resolution services to business executives, attorneys, individuals, trade associations, unions, management, consumers, families, communities, and all level of governments. The 198,491 cases composed of the 194,303 arbitration cases and the 4,188 mediation cases, were filed with the AAA in 2000. These case filings represent a full range of matters, including commercial finance, construction, labor and employment, environmental, health care, insurance, real state, securities, and technology disputes. The Korean Commercial Arbitration Board (KCAB) does more than render arbitration services. It helps facilitate settlements and guarantee implementation thereof between trading partners at home and abroad involving disputes related to such areas as the sale of commodities, construction, joint venture agreements, technical assistance, agency agreements, and maritime transport. The 643 cases composed of the the 197 arbitration cases and the 446 mediation cases, were filed with the KCAB in 2001. There are some differences between the AAA and the KCAB regarding the number and the area of mediation and arbitration case filings, the breath of service offerings, the scope of alternative dispute resolution, and the education and training. In order to apply to the proceedings of the commercial mediation and arbitration, the AAA has the Commercial Mediation Rules, the Commercial Arbitration Rules, the Expedited Procedures, the Optional Procedures for Large, Complex Commerical Dispute, and the Optional Rules for Emergency Measures of Protection as amended and effective on September 1, 2000. In order to apply to the proceedings of commercial arbitration, the KCAB has the Arbitration Rules as amended by the Supreme Court on April 27, 2000, which have been changed to incorporate the revisions of the Arbitration Act that went into effect on December 31, 1999. There are some differences between the AAA's commercial Arbitration Rules and the KCAB's Arbitration Rules regarding the clauses of jurisdiction and administrative conference, number of arbitrators, communication with arbitrator, vacancies, preliminary hearing, exchange of information, oaths, evidence by affidavit and posthearing filing of documents or others, interim measures, serving of notice, form of award, scope of award, delivery of award to parties, modification of award, release of liability, administrative fees, neutral arbitrator's compensation, and expedited procedures. In conclusion, for the vitalization of KCAB and its ADR system, the following measures should be taken : the effective case management, the development of on0-line ADR, the establishment of ADR system of electronic commerce disputes, and the variety of dispute resolution rules in each expert field.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.111-125
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• 1990

For the last several years, considerable criticism has been leveled against Korea's exchange rate management. While Korea was designated a currency manipulator by the U.S., domestically it is often complained that the won/dollar rate did not adequately reflect changes in Korea's export competitiveness and fluctuations in the exchange rates of major currencies. In view of this situation, Korea changed its exchange regime at the beginning of March this year from the dual currency basket system to a more flexible one, called a "market average rate regime". Under this new regime, the won rate is determined in the exchange market based upon the supply of and demand for foreign exchange and is allowed to freely fluctuate each day within a + 0.4 % range. This paper, first, seeks to evaluate Korea's exchange rate management under the dual basket regime of the 1980s, and then to construct an optimal currency basket for the won which could provide a proper indicator for exchange market intervention under the new market average rate regime. The analysis of fluctuations in the real effective exchange rate (REER) of the won indicates that the won rates in the 1980s failed not only to offset changes in relative prices between home and trading partner countries, but also to properly respond to variations in major exchange rates as further evidenced by sizable fluctuations in the nominal effective rates of the won. In other words, the currency basket regime which was adopted in 1980 for the stabilization of the REER of the won has not been operated properly, mainly because authorities often resorted to policy considerations in determining the won's rate. In the second part of the paper, an optimal currency basket for Korea is constructed, designed to minimize the fluctuations in the REER of the won without including policy considerations as a factor. It is recognized, however, that both domestic and foreign price data are not available immediately for the calculation of the REER. For this problem, the approach suggested by Lipschitz (1980) is followed, in which optimal weights for currencies in the basket are determined based upon the past correlation between price and exchange rates. When the optimal basket is applied to Korea since the mid-80s, it is found that the REER of the won could have been much more stable than it actually was. We also argue for the use of variable weights rather than fixed ones, which would be determined by the changing relationship between exchange rates and relative prices. The optimal basket, and the optimal basket exchange rate based on that basket, could provide an important medium- or long-term reference for proper exchange market intervention under the market average rate regime, together with other factors, such as developments in the current account balance and changes in productivity.