• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.155-193
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• 2012

From the part "歷代醫學姓氏(Historic Doctors)" in "醫林撮要(Uirimchualyo)", the following has been noticed and concluded. 1. Because acupuncture was originated from stony needle, the word "石(sok)" contains the meaning of needle, and from this point on, words like 石(sok), 砭石(pyumsok), 箴石(Jamsok), 鑱石(Chamsok) had been derived. 2. The word 砭石(pyumsok) used in "Hwangjenaekyong(Yellow Emperor's Canon of Medicine or Hwangdineijing)" should be interpreted as acupuncture in a verb form, not a noun form. 3. 鑱石(Chamsok) or 鑱鍼(Chamchim) was used for surgical treatment for tumor, by cutting open tumors and pressing the pus out. Therefore, 砭石(pyumsok), 鑱石(Chamsok) are the same kind of needles, and 鑱鍼(Chamchim) is the tool improved from 鑱石(Chamsok) used in the Bronze Age. 4. Kwakpak put a note on 鑱石(Chamsok) in "山海經(Sanhaekyong)" that reads "it is defined as 砥鍼(Jichim) and treats tumor." This let us know the shape of 石(sok), 砭石(pyumsok), 鑱(Chamsok), 鑱鍼(Chamchim), and the stone that can be used as a surgical tool with slim & sharp shape is obsidian. 5. Because obsidian is only found around Mt. Baekdu and limited area in South Korea & Japan in Asia, it is closely related with the life & medical environment of the tribe "Mt. Baekdu". 6. The development of 鑱鍼(Chamchim) was influenced by surgical treatment used in early stage of civilization, and its origin is traced upto Gochosun dynasty. Korea's own traditional medical knowledge is derived from this surgical treatment skill. 7. Because the acupuncture is originated from Gochosun dynasty, 鍼(chim) was derived from 箴(Jam) of 箴石(Jamsok), 䥠(Chim) & 䥠(Chim) both were used for a time being, and finally settled into 鍼(Chim). 8. The word 針(Chim) showed up at Myung dynasty, and started to be used in Korea from early Chosun dynasty. 9. In the early Chosun dynasty, 鍼(Chim) was used for medical term, and 針(Chim) for non-medical term. In the mid Chosun dynasty, 針(Chim) was used as a term for tool, and 鍼(Chim) as a term for acupunctural medical treatment. 10. Under the order of King Sunjo, Dr. Yesoo Yang published "醫林撮要(Uirimchualyo)", added "醫林撮要續集(Sequel to Uirimchualyo)", and added "歷代醫學姓氏(Historic Doctors)" again which eventually made totally 13 books of "醫林撮要(Uirimchualyo)". In addition, many parts of "醫林撮要續集(Sequel to Uirimchualyo)" were quoted in "東醫寶鑑(Donguibogam)", and influenced much in publishing "Donguibogam". 11. In "歷代醫學姓氏(Historic Doctors)" of "醫林撮要(Uirimchualyo)", the same way in "Donguibogam", referred to 針(Chim) as a term for a needle, and 鍼(Chim) as a term for Acupuncture. 12. From the usage of 針(Chim) & 鍼(Chim), shown in "鄕藥集成方(Hyangyakjipsungbang)", "醫林撮要(Uirimchualyo)" and "東醫寶鑑(Donguibogam)", we can notice the spirit of doctors who tried to take over the legitimacy of Korean tradition, and their elaboration & historical view that expresses confidence on our own medical technology, through the wording 鍼(Chim).

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.592-600
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• 2004

A recommendation system, which is an application area of e-CRM in e-commerce environment, provides individualized goods recommendation service that meets the demand of individual users. In general, existing recommendation systems require extensive historic user information in application domains. However, the method of recommendation based on static historic user information needs to respond flexibly to users'demand that changes rapidly and sensitively over time and in domains including a variety of users. In addition, it is difficult to recommend for new users who are not fall into any of existing domains. To overcome such limitations and provide flexible recommendation service, this study designed and implemented CPAR (Customer Preference Analysis Recommender) system that supports customer preference analysis and filter management. The filtering management capacity of the present system eases the necessity of extensive information about new users. In addition, CPAR system was implemented in XML-based wireless Internet environment for recommendation service independent from platforms and not limited by time and place.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.33-45
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• 1987

The Seonjeong royal tomb is one of many historic sites in and around Seoul city and its natural environment and landscape have born damaged seriously by heavy use. So conservation planning with an estimation of reasonable carrying capacity shall be required In aspect of not only historic site conservation, but also urban forest and nature park management. Eight sites were sampled with clumped sampling method during July of 1986 and five quadrats were examined in each site. Environmental factors, actual vegetation, and environmental impact grade were investigated in field and vegetational structure was analyzed by estimation of importance value, species diversity, similarity index, DBH class distribution, etc. The result of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. Damage on soil and vegetation of middle and lower layer increased according to amount of users'impact. 2. Semi - natural vegetation covered 63% of the total area(22.2 ha) and its major species were Pinus densiflora, Quercus aliena, Q mongolica, Sorbus alnifolia, etc. Pinus densiflora was a dominant species in heavy impact area. 3. Environmental impact grade 3, 4 and 5 area covered 51% of the seminatural vegetation, Especially, the area of impact grade 4 and 5 should be restored because self-refair seemed to be impossible. 4. The semi-natural vegetation was classified with four plant communities; two P.densiflora comm., Q. mongolica-P. densiflora comm. and Q. aliena comm. One of the P. densifolra comm. was destroyed seriously with no younger trees in middle and lower layer by overuse impact and would be bareland soon. But Q. aliena comm.in light impact area showed just completion of plant succession from P. densiflora comm.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.60-67
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• 2014

In this study, four methods for calculation of continuous daily flow was suggested using short-term or partial recording station of streamflow including missing data. Using these methods, standard flows at the outlet of unit/small basins for the management of total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) in Namgang dam basin were estimated from full-period flow duration curve (FDC). Four methods of extension are described, and their properties are explored. The methods are regression (REG), regression plus noise (RPN), and maintenance of variance extension types 1 and 2 (MOVE.1, MOVE.2). In these methods, the continuous daily flow was calculated using extension equation based on correlation analysis, after conducting the correlation analysis between historic record of streamflow and long-term recording station (a base station). Finally the best optimal method was selected as the MOVE.2, and the standard flows in the abundant, ordinary, low and drought flow estimated from FDC was evaluated using MOVE.2 in unit/small basins.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.6 s.119
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• pp.101-110
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• 2007

This study is a base research for the restoration of village landscape of the Namhan-Sansung. The Namhan-Sansung has been recognized as a top destination for dining places. However, there have been increasing concerns about the village landscape and its rich historic and cultural heritages transformed into dining places. The village landscape of Namhan-Sansung should be reconstructed as a setting for education and loaming of Korean history and culture forgotten for a long time. The landscape also should be a space where resolute resistance and spirit of Korean people and a futuristic village space where environment friendly community environment harmonizes with daily lives. Restoration efforts of village landscape of the Namhan-Sansung can get to start from exploring the prototype of the village. In order to restore the prototype, it is important to review potential elements and setbacks. Based on the prototype of the Namhan-Sansung village, transitions of village landscape were reviewed and directions of restoration were proposed. Also, an improvement plan was proposed after reviewing problems in system and planning.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1464-1468
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• 2007

The restoration project of Cheonggyecheon was conducted to creates the refreshing water-friendly environment in the downtown Seoul. It already have passed almost 2 years after restoration. This project changed environment of Cheonggyecheon dramatically, so historic hydrological data became useless. There are not so many hydrological data to manage and control this newly restored urban stream. The main purpose of this study is collecting and analysing the hydrological data of Cheonggyecheon. At first, we analysed the mechanism of Cheonggyecheon discharge using the sewage design maps and some GIS data. We also monitored the water levels and discharges of 5 main points of Cheonggyecheon. Rating curves of these 5 points were derived. There were 249 blocks of water gates which were located at both sides of bank. We also monitored the behaviors of these water gates. Through the these monitorings, some equations were derived to give useful information to the manager of Cheonggyecheon.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.88-103
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to excavate the items of the comprehensive maintenance plan for scenic sites considering sustainability and analyze the needs of them. In this sense, based on 35 reports of the comprehensive maintenance plan established between 2006, when scenic sites started to be designated, and 2017, the items used in 'investigation field' and 'planning field' were examined, and then a survey regarding the needs of the items was conducted using a "5-point Likert Scale", targeting officials at 60 local governments in the whole country. Of 60 local governments, opinions from 48 officials at 45 local governments were analyzed. In order to verify the consistency of their opinions, "Reliability Analysis" was conducted, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.968 and 0.970 for 'investigation field' and 'planning field', respectively, showing high reliability. As a result of the survey, most opinions generally expressed the needs of 6 items of 'investigation field' of the comprehensive maintenance plan. Especially, the needs to investigate 'historical environment', 'natural environment', 'humanistic environment', and 'landscape' turned out to be high. In addition, as for 'general environment' and 'users', the needs of specific items such as 'distribution of main cultural properties and historic sites' (4.04) and 'acceptance of opinions from local residents and interested parties' (4.15) were found to be high. Besides, the items of 'planning field' also turned out to be needed in general (4.0). Particularly, the needs of 'enhancement of designated value and status' (4.26) and 'the comprehensive maintenance plan for designated areas of cultural properties and historic and cultural environment preservation areas' (4.25) in 'historical environment', 'maintenance of historic buildings at scenic sites' (4.28) in 'humanistic environment', and 'landscape trail planning' (4.28) in 'landscape' were found to be high. In conclusion, the practical items related to investigation and planning of the comprehensive maintenance plan for scenic sites are expected to contribute to effective conservation and management of scenic sites in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.34-49
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• 1993

This research aimed to analize the cognitive intensity of valuation(C.I.V) on urban environment as a first stage of the works on evaluative urban image under the hypothesis that it could be interpreted with a correlation analysis between the C.I.V and attitude(Satisfaction of unsatisfaction Intensity) toward urban environment. As a method of a study, 118 cognitive elements were selected representing an urban environment, and each of elements was suggested to citizens of Kyungju with 7 point Likert Scale. The analysis of C.I.V was operated under the three criteria: The first, three of urban space scale(urban scale, neighborhood scale, and housing scale), the second, four elements of urban living environment(safety, amenity, healthfulness, and effectiveness), and the last, thirteen urban unit environment(housing, traffic, education, tourism, medical/health, culture, etc.). The results were as follows: C.I.V to each of 118 elements was cleary defined, showing the possibilities of being applied to a method for subjective, or cognitive evaluation on urban environment: It was revealed that citizens'C.I.V was rather higher in non-physical, qualitative elements than in physical and quantitative ones. This shows well the limitation of the objective method of evaluation of urban environment: The results of the others' studies on the image of Kyungju based on the cognitive approach, being focused on the analysis of the visual aspects of urban structure, cultural assets, historic site and tourism, were almost same as this study but it was quite different for this research to reveal well the citizens' cognition on their living environment of traffic, education, medical, etc..

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to identify changes in the sleeve patterns of women's jackets from the end of the 19th century to the early 20th century. To meet this purpose, we analyzed nine sets of historic sleeve patterns. The experimental sleeve patterns were selected from the English costume source books that provided women's costume patterns from the 1890s and 1900s. These experimental sleeve patterns were drafted on the basis of the directions given in the source books. The sleeve lengths, widths, and angles of each sleeve pattern were measured. The results of this study showed that the silhouette of the two-piece sleeves of women's jackets in the 1890s had a tight fit; further, they had a sharper elbow curve than that of 1900s' sleeves. The sleeves of the 1890s' women's jackets were 6-11 cm shorter or narrower than the sleeves of the 1900s' jackets. The under-sleeve inseam angle of the 1890s' sleeve was greater than that of the 1900s' sleeve. The outseam angle of the upper sleeve was greater than the under-sleeve angle of the 1900s' sleeve pattern. The elbow curve of the women's jacket sleeve pattern appeared to be a sluggish silhouette. This change happened as the outseam angle of the under sleeve was reduced. This shows that the elbow curve silhouette of the women's jacket sleeves of the 1890s and 1900s has controlled the change in the under-sleeve outseam angle.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.15 no.3 s.47
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• pp.202-208
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• 2006

Although the importance of good conservation of historic sites including ancient royal tombs is well aware, still not much attention has been paid for the facilities and systems to preserve those historic sites, which includes precious artifacts as wall paints and carved works, etc. Even the general understanding about the environment of the underground space or tombs is not satisfactory. In the present study, vibration levels due to the operation of an HVAC system to maintain the desired indoor temperature and humidity are investigated experimentally. According to the measured data, the level of vibration inside the present model tomb with the indoor unit inside, showed order of magnitude less values than the Swiss Standards, but still higher than the value suggested by German standards, which is, zero. Further study will be pursued for cases including different ways of installation, because the vibration level depends not only on the system design, but also on the installation methods.