• 기본간호학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.162-170
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• 2009

Purpose: To verify the usability of tympanic temperature measurement for adults, a comparison of tympanic and axillary temperatures was done. Method: The study was conducted during October 2008, and participants were 110 female nursing students. Axillary temperatures were taken with glass mercury thermometers for 5, 7 and 10 minutes. Tympanic temperatures were taken with Infrared Thermometer IRT 4520 on both ears, twice at a 5-second interval. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 12.0 program. Results: In the 1st measurement, the mean for right tympanic temperatures ($0.06^{\circ}C$) and for left ($0.03^{\circ}C$) were significantly higher than the 2nd. A comparison of mean temperatures for right and left, showed that the mean for the left side on the 1st measurement was significantly higher ($0.01^{\circ}C$) than the right. Also the temperature on left side in the 2nd measurement was higher ($0.04^{\circ}C$) than the right 2nd, but not significantly higher. The mean temperature for right and left tympanic on 1 st and 2nd measurements were significantly higher than axilla for 5 minutes ($0.58^{\circ}C$), for 7 minutes ($0.52^{\circ}C$), and for 10 minutes ($0.43^{\circ}C$). The tympanic temperature was the most closely correlated with the axillary temperature at 10 minutes. Conclusion: Findings indicate that measurement of tympanic temperature is a useful alternative to axillary temperature taken for 10 minutes.

• 환경생물
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.120-125
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• 2003

본 연구는 토지피복현황과 수림의 계층구조 등이 다양한 도시녹지를 대상으로 기온 및 급도에 미치는 영향물 점성 빛 정량적으로 파악하기 위해 녹지내의 기온 및 습도를 관측하였다. 그 데이터클 바탕으로 녹지내의 토지피복현황과 기온 및 습도분포, 녹지내의 수목그루와 녹적량및 습도와의 관련성을 회귀분석 둥에 의해 해석 하였다. 그 결과, 고온역은 인공구조물과 나지 주변에서, 저온역은 수림지와 수면 주변에서 형성되었다. 습도는 기온분포에 거의 대응하는 형태로 고온역이 저습역이고, 저온역이 고습역으로 나타났다. 또한, 수림의 계층구조가 2,3층으로 덮여 있는 구역과 수면을 핵으로 그 주변은 수림으로 둘러싸인 구역이 상대적으로 높은 습도를 나타냈다. 수루그루 빛 녹적량의 증가는 어떤 수고라도 습도의 상승에 효과적이고 그 효율은 교목, 소교목, 관루의 순이다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.194-204
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• 2015

This study analyzed a change trend of ambient temperature over the last sixty years in the largest industrial city in Korea, Ulsan. Linear warming rates in Ulsan over the last 25 (1985 to 2009), 40 (1970 to 2009), and 60 (1950 to 2009) years were 0.0507, 0.0416, and $0.0277^{\circ}C/yr$, respectively. The annual average temperature (AAT) and the annual average of the daily lowest temperature (AADLT) in Ulsan increased 1.3 and $2.9^{\circ}C$, respectively, over the last fifty years (1960 to 2009). The increasing slopes of the AAT and AADLT over the fifty years in Ulsan were higher or much higher than those in neighboring cities and on a global scale. In the comparison analysis of daily average temperature over the most recent ten years, the highest ($15.9^{\circ}C$) was observed in the industrial area followed by the downtown, coastal, suburban, and rural areas with 14.6, 14.5, 14.0, and $12.8^{\circ}C$, respectively. The number of cold days less than $5.0^{\circ}C$ decreased, while the number of hot days higher than $20.0^{\circ}C$ increased. The decreasing slopes in the cold days in lower latitude cities were steeper than those in higher latitude cities in Korea.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2009년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.107-110
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• 2009

After inquiring into physical characteristics of using fly ash and alkali solution, it was found that higher pH density is favorable to strength development at early age and the higher the age is, the higher the compressive strength gets. Also, it was found that when there is more addition of activator, the compressive strength is higher. I was shown that more than atmospheric curing, steam curing was favorable for development of compressive strength. When the temperature of curing temperature was higher, most of the compressive strengths were higher. Thus, based on this study, it was understood that environmental-friendly chemically combined concrete using fly ash and alkali solution can be utilized without using cement.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2005년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2005
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• pp.173-177
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to analyze the principal causes of increases in air temperature on platforms of railway station. We analyzed the distribution of air temperature on Shinkansen platforms at Station 'A' using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). We focused on the factors that influence the temperature dynamics associated with heat generated by trains and station buildings and their effect on the ambient temperature on platforms. In the case of heat generated by trains, air temperature on Shinkansen platforms increased by 4 to 7 degrees compared to when trains generated no heat. When a 50-m high station building was located on the windward side of the platforms, air temperature on Platform X was 2 degrees higher than when the station buildings were absent. Air? temperature on platforms VII to IX increased progressively, and the maximum air temperature on platform VIII was 3 K higher than if station buildings were absent.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.704-709
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• 2004

The effect of annealing temperature on microstructures and mechanical properties of the 5052 Al sheets rolled 88% reduction at cryogenic temperature was investigated for the annealing temperature of 150 ~ $300^{\circ}C$, in comparison with those rolled at room temperature. The presence of equiaxed grains, whose size is about 200nm in a diameter, was observed in the alloy deformed 88% and annealed $200^{\circ}C$ for an hour. When compared with the deformation at room temperature, the deformation at cryogenic temperature showed the higher strengths and equivalent elongation after annealing at the annealing temperature below $200^{\circ}C$. However, for annealing above $250^{\circ}C$ materials deformed at cryogenic temperature showed the lower strength than those deformed at room temperature. This behavior might be attributed to the higher rate of recrystallization and growth in materials deformed at cryogenic temperature during annealing, due to the lager density of dislocations accumulated during the deformation.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.389-395
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• 2017

In this paper, we investigate the characteristics of membrane fouling caused by water temperature in the Membrane bioreactor(MBR) process and try to derive the membrane fouling control by chemical enhanced backwashing(CEB). The extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) concentration was analyzed according to the water temperature in the MBR, and the membrane fouling characteristics were investigated according to the conditions, with sludge & without sludge, through a lab-scale reactor. As shown in the existing literature the fouling resistance rate was increased within sludge with the water temperature was lowered. However, in the lab-scale test using the synthetic wastewater, the fouling resistance increased with the water temperature. This is because that the protein of the EPS was more easily adsorbed on the membrane surface due to the increase of entropy due to the structural rearrangement of the protein inside the protein as the water temperature increases. In order to control membrane fouling, we tried to derive the cleaning characteristics of CEB by using sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl). We selected the condition with the chemicals and the retention time, and the higher the water temperature and the chemical concentration are the higher the efficiencies. It is considered that the increasing temperature accelerated the chemical reaction such as protein peptide binding and hydrolysis, so that the attached proteinaceous structure was dissolved and the frequency of the reaction collision with the protein with the chemical agent becomes higher. These results suggest that the MBRs operation focus on the fouling control of cake layer on membrane surface in low temperatures. On the other hand, the higher the water temperature is the more the operation strategies of fouling control by soluble EPS adsorption are needed.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2022

In this study, variations in the microstructure and hardness of a low-carbon SCM415 steel with austenitizing temperature and cooling rate are investigated. When the austenitizing temperature is lower than the A₁ temperature (738.8 ℃) of the SCM415 steel, the microstructures of both the air-cooled and water-cooled specimens consist of ferrite and pearlite, which are similar to the microstructure of the initial specimen. When heat treatment is conducted at temperatures ranging from the A₁ temperature to the A₃ temperature (822.4 ℃), the microstructure of the specimen changes depending on the temperature and cooling rate. The specimens air- and water-cooled from 750 ℃ consist of ferrite and pearlite, whereas the specimen water-cooled from 800 ℃ consists of ferrite and martensite. At a temperature higher than the A₃ temperature, the air-cooled specimens consist of ferrite and pearlite, whereas the water-cooled specimens consist of martensite. At 650 ℃ and 700 ℃, which are lower than the A₁ temperature, the hardness decreases irrespective of the cooling rate due to the ferrite coarsening and pearlite spheroidization. At 750 ℃ or higher, the air-cooled specimens have smaller grain sizes than the initial specimen, but they have lower hardness than the initial specimen owing to the increased interlamellar spacing of pearlite. At 800 ℃ or higher, martensitic transformation occurs during water cooling, which results in a significant increase in hardness. The specimens water-cooled from 850 ℃ and 950 ℃ have a complete martensite structure, and the specimen water-cooled from 850 ℃ has a higher hardness than that water-cooled from 950 ℃ because of the smaller size of prior austenite grains.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.9-13
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• 2007

소나무로 제조된 톱밥보드를 수지함치율을 달리하여 함침한 후 $650^{\circ}C$로 탄화하여 우드세라믹을 제조하고 통전하여 이들의 전기적 성질 및 표면온도를 측정하였다. 고정저항이 작을수록 낮은 전압으로 통전하여도 우드세라믹의 표면온도가 높음을 알 수 있었으며, 저항이 클수록 표면온도를 $70^{\circ}C$ 이상 올리기 위해서는 전압을 높게해야 할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 전압을 높게 했을 때 우드세라믹에 흐르는 전류, 전력 및 표면온도는 높게 나타났으며, 동일 전압 하에서는 목표온도가 높을수록 도달시간, 전류 및 전력을 증가하였다.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제62권5호
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• pp.649-656
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• 2013

A conventional epoxy-microsilica composite (EMC) and an epoxy-microsilica-nanosilicate composite (EMNC) were prepared in order to apply them to mold-type transformers, current transformers (CT) and potential transformers (PT). Nanosilicate was exfoliated in a epoxy resin using our electric field dispersion process and AC insulation breakdown strength at $30{\sim}150^{\circ}C$, glass transition temperature and viscoelasticity were studied. AC insulation breakdown strength of EMNC was higher than that of EMC and that value of EMNC was far higher at high temperature. Glass transition temperature and viscoelasticity property of EMNC was higher than those of EMC at high temperature. These results was due to the even dispersion of nanosilicates among the nanosilicas, which could be observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). That is, the nanosilicates interrupt the electron transfer and restrict the mobility of the epoxy chains.