• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.323-328
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• 1986

This paper describes on the distribution of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in various size of atmospheric particulate matter (A.P.M.). A.P.M. in Seoul city were collected on guartz fiber filter according to particle size using an Andersen high volume air sampler from Feb. 1983 to March 1984. And 7 PAHs [benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(ghi)perylene, benzo(e) pyrene, perylene, chrysene, and pyrene] were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The concentration of A.P.M. showed spring-winter maxima and summer-autumn minia. The A.P.M. was lowest in the concentration at the 1.1~3.3$\mu\textrm{m}$ particulates, and the concentration increased as the particle size increased or decreased. But the concentrations of PAHs increased with the decrease in the particle size, and were predominant in winter. The correlations among the PAHs were high. And there fore, benzo(a)pyrene concentration could be considered as the representive of PAHs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.227-239
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• 1993

The author selected 77 dust emissing processes from 71 types of industries which placed in Sasang Industrial Complex in Pusan. The level of total dust was measured as areal concentration and personal exposure concentration by low volume air sampler and personal air sampler, respectively. Collected samples were classified into 5 groups (chemicals and rubber product, metal product, sawmills and wood, foundries and others). Respirable particulate and total dust of areal and personal exposure were analyzed. The results were as follows; 1. All of the respirable dust concentration and total dust of areal and personal concentration were log-normally distributed. 2. Geometric mean of respirable particulate of personal exposure concentration measured $0.55mg/m^3$ in the first group, $0.86mg/m^3$ in the second group, $0.39mg/m^3$ in the third group, $0.81mg/m^3$ in the forth group and $0.52mg/m^3$ in the fifith group. The exceed rates over TLV (thehold limit values) of total dust were 31.3% in the first group, 31.3% in the second group, 70% in the third group, 80% in the forth group and 13.3% in the fifth group. 3. There were singnificant difference between areal and personal exposure concentration and personal exposure concentration was higher than that of area. 4. In the case of high ratio of respirable particulate to total dust, pneumoconiosis incidence was high even though the workshop was opened and emissing dust concentration was low. These findings suggest that it is desirable to measure respirable particulate in environmental assessment of dust emissing workshops.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.269-278
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• 1996

Airborne suspended particulates were collected by an Andersen high volume air sampler in a traffic area of Seoul from September 1990 to August 1991. Origanic matter extracted from particulates, their fractions, namely acidic, basic, neutral and carcinogenic subfractions (PAHs, nitroarenes) in neutral fractions were assayed for mutagenicity on TA98, TA100 and TA98NR deficient Salmonella strains, use of the pre-incubation method. The relative contribution to total mutanenicity of organic matters was highest in neutral fraction and was lowest in basic fraction. Among subfractions, that of neutral fraction was higher nitroarenes subfraction compared to PAHs subfraction. While the carcinogenic effect of benzo[a]pyrene was calculated as 0.96 persons/million persons based on unit risk estimates by extrapolation method, life time excess cancer risk estimate of EOM, neutral, PAH fraction based on their mutagenicity was calculated as 52, 42, 3.8 persons/million persons, respectively. These findings indicate that the mutagenic hazard of the partciculate, air organic complex mixture, may be dependent upon the mutagen composition in the particulate and interactions each of them. Therfore, health risk from air organic complex mixtures based on mutagenicity might be useful indicator for evaluation of actual risk.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 1979

In order to investigate air pollution by heavy metals in Seoul city, the suspended particulates in the atmosphere were sampled with high volume air sampler in industrial area(Ku Ro Dong), commerical(Kwang Hwa Moon) and residential(Shin Chon Dong) from January to November, 1977. The sampled suspended particulates were digested and extracted from suspended particulates with the acidic solution by reflux-extraction technique, and were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. And mercury was measured by mercury analyzer applying the reducing sublimation technique. Among heavy metals analyzed, the iron was identified at the highest level in the suspended particulates and the chromium was the least. Through the surveyed area, the concentration of heavy metals of the industrial area was comparatively high among others and the commercial was the second. It was detected that lead was the most concentrated in the suspended particulate of the commercial area, that might be caused of the traffic emissions. The seasonal variations were analyzed and the correlations among heavy metals and total suspended particulate were also calculated. Especially, the iron was highly correlated with total suspended particulate in all the surveyed areas.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.297-305
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• 1996

Aerosol measurements were carried out at Kosan, Cheju Island, Korea for the period from July 20 to August 10, 1994. Total suspended particles were collected by high volume samplers and PM 2.5 particles with gaseous volatile species were collected by a filter pack sampler and their ionic composition are analyzed. The average mass concentration of PM 2.5 particles was comparable to that of PM 3 particles collected during March, 1994 at the same site but the average non sea-salt sulfate concentration was higher that that of PM 3 particles, implying the fraction of anthropogenic air apllutants during this period is higher than that during March, 1994. During the measurement period, two distincitive patterns were observed, high concentrations of mass and water soluble ions were observed between July 20 and August 1 while those during after August 2 were low. Back trajectory analysis results show that air masses arriving at Kosan during the earlier period were mainly from Korea and Japan while those during the later period were from the North Pacific Ocean. It is suggested that the particle ion concentrations during the later period are marine background concentrations at Kosan during the summertime.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.457-465
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• 2007

This study was performed to estimate the gas-particle partitioning of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in atmosphere, the samples were collected by PUF high volume air sampler for two years from June, 2000 to June, 2002. The gas phase fraction of ${\alpha/\gamma}-HCH$, heptachlor epoxide, ${\alpha/\gamma}-chlordane$ and trans-nonachlor was over 90%. But the gas phase fraction of ${\beta}-HCH$, p,p'-DDE, endosulfan sulfate, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDT was range of 20% through 80%, which means the gas phase fraction of OCPs components described above is sensitive to temperature. The correlation between the gas phase fraction and molecular weight of each OCPs component was not found in this research. The slope of regression line between gas-particle partitioning coefficient(${\log}K_p$) and subcooled liquid vapor(${\log}{P^o}_L$), gal-particle partitioning coefficient(${\log}K_p$) and octanol-air partitioning coefficient(${\log}K_{oa}$) which show -0.54 and 0.43 was not steep. So the equilibrium state between gas and particle was not reached and in this state the particulate fraction was low.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.229-236
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• 1998

Visibility is a good indicator of comprehensive alto quality. The prevailing visibility in Seoul is no better than the past although the average concentration of SO2 and TSP (total suspended particulate) has decreased quite significantly in the past decade, owing to the government efforts to reduce the emission. Then, a question arises why visibility has not been improved. In order to answer this question we have investigated which components of air pollutants are most responsible for the visibility degradation in Seoul. Analysis on the visibility vs the aerosol sixte distribution measured by an optical particle counter shows that the particles of the size interval between 0.5mm and 2.5mm are most responsible for the visibility degradation. Among the criteria air Pollutants, NOB concentration is found to be moot responsible, rather than PM10. ton analysis of the particulate collected by a high volume sampler shows that the nitrate component increases more significantly than other ions when visibility becomes very poor. Therefore, we conclude that the major causes of visibility degradation in Seoul are the increase of NOB, nitrates and the particles of the size range between 0.5mm and 2.5mm.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.206-211
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• 1990

Total suspended particles were collected and size-fractionated by an Andersen high-volume air sampler at Chungang University located near the Han River, Seoul, Korea, during the period form March, 1986 to August, 1986 and from March, 1987 to February, 1988. The concentrations and the particle size distributions of anions such as chloride, nitrate and sulfate were determined by ion chromatography. The averages of concentrations were $125.43\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in 1986 and $189.19\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in 1987 for total suspended particles (TSP), $2.12\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in 1986 and $4.14\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in 1987 for chloride, $4.39\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in 1986 and $5.95\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in 1987 for nitrate and $11.98\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in 1986 and $19.29\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in 1987 for sulfate. Size distribution of TSP was found to be generally bimodal. Chloride exhibited a seasonal variation in the distribution; fine particles were predominant in the winter whereas the concentration of coarse ones was almost same through four seasons. Nitrate showed a distribution similar to that of chloride. Such variation was less significant for sulfate. For chloride and nitrate, the relationship between the monthly averaged distribution pattern and air temperature was analyzed in terms of fine fraction (FF). The FF decreased with increasing air temperature.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.72-83
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• 1989

Twenty-five atmospheric particulates were collected using a high volume aerosol sampler from Septermber to December, 1988 on a site located on the West coast of Korea and analysed for twelve elements (Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Ag, Cd, and Pb) by AAS. The particles being mainly crustal minerals, large quantity of spherical fly ashes were also observed. In order to identify the origin of trace metals in atmospheric particulates, enrichment factor, interelemental correlation and factor analysis were performed. Based upon these analysis, the twelve elements can be classified into three groups; the elements dominantly present in soil particles (Al, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni), those in sea salt aerosols (Na and Mg), and those in air pollution-derived particles (Cu, Cd, Pb, Ag and Zn).

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 1992

The influence of soil particles on TSP transported from China contient to Seoul by the Yellow sand phenomenon was investigated from the analytical results of TSP during three years, April 1988 through May 1991. The TSP was collected by a high volume air sampler abour five times a month, and then analyzed by A.A.S. and UV-Visible spectrophotometry. During the Yellow sand phenomenon, the mean concentration of TSP at Seoul was about 578 $\mug/m^3$ and three times higher than that in the ordinary time which was about 194 $\mug/m^3$. The mean contribution of soil particles calculated by Al content to TSP was 28% in the ordinary time, but the degree of contribution jumped to about 60% during the Yellow sand phenomena. The concentration of soil particles transported from China continent to Seoul was estimated to be 175.1 $\mug/m^3$ on an average(104 $\mug/m^3-231 \mug/m^3$).