• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.5_3
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• pp.809-820
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• 2017

Efficient management of large-size wastes generated from disasters etc. is always in demand. Large-size wastes are closely connected to the environment, producing adverse effects on the air quality, water quality, living environment and so on. When large-size wastes are generated, we must be able to estimate the generated amount in order to transfer them to a temporary trans-shipment site, or to properly treat them. Currently, we estimate the amount of generated large-size wastes by using satellite images or unit measure for wastes; however, the accuracy of such estimations have been constantly questioned. Therefore, the present study was performed to establish three-dimensional spatial information based on UAS, to measure the amount of waste, and to evaluate the accuracy of the measurement. A measurement was made at a waste site by using UAS, and the X, Y, Z RMSE values of the three-dimensional spatial information were found to be 0.022 m, 0.023 m, and 0.14 m, all of which show relatively high accuracy. The amount of waste measured using these values was computed to be approximately $4,273,400m^3$. In addition, the amount of waste at the same site was measured by using Terrestrial LiDAR, which is used for the precise measurement of geographical features, cultural properties and the like. The resulting value was $4,274,188m^3$, which is not significantly different from the amount of waste computed by using UAS. Thus, the possibility of measuring the amount of waste using UAS was confirmed, and UAS-based measurement is believed to be useful for environmental control with respect to disaster wastes, large-size wastes, and the like.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.114-118
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• 2006

A study on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of florfenicol was conducted in broilers following a single intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) doses of 20 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Florfenicol concentrations in plasma were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Plasma concentration-time data after i.v. administration were analyzed by a non-compartmental analysis. Following i.v. injection, the total body clearance was $0.74{\pm}0.25L/kg/h$ and the volume of distribution at steady-state was $1.16{\pm}0.19L/kg$. Florfenicol was rapidly distributed and eliminated following i.v. injection with $1.15{\pm}1.06h$ of elimination half-life. After oral administration, the calculated $C_{max}$ values ($8.18{\pm}0.97{\mu}g/mL$) were reached at $1.33{\pm}0.29h$ in broilers. The elimination half-life of florfenicol was $1.31{\pm}0.27h$ and the absolute bioavailability (F) was 75.46% after oral administration of florfenicol. Florfenicol amine, a major metabolite of florfenicol, was detected in all broilers after i.v. and p.o. administration of florfenicol. The observed $C_{max}$ values of florfenicol amine ($3.96{\pm}2.60\;and\;2.22{\pm}1.71{\mu}g/mL$) were reached at $0.16{\pm}0.19\;and\;1.61{\pm}1.02h$ after i.v. and p.o. administration of florfenicol, respectively. Florfenicol amine was eliminated with $1.88{\pm}0.39\;and\;2.64{\pm}1.39h$ of the elimination half-life after i.v. and p.o. administration of florfenicol, respectively.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.335-373
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• 2014

According to one Medicare report, in the US, total federal spending on health care expends almost 18 percent of the nation's GDP, about double what most industrialized nations spend on health care. And in 2011, Medicare spending reached close to $554 billion, which amounted to 21 percent of the total spent on U.S. health care in that year. Of that $554 billion, Medicare spent 28 percent, or about $170 billion, on patients' last six months of life. So what are the reasons of this high cost in EOL care and its possible solutions? Much spendings of Medicare on End-of-Life care for the terminally ill/chronically ill in the US has led health economics experts to assess the characteristics of the care. Decades of study shows that EOL care is usually supply-sensitive and poor in cost-effectiveness. The volume of care is sensitively depending on the supply of resources, rather than the severity of illness or preferences of patients. This means at the End-of-Life care, the medical resources are being overused. On the other hand, opposed to the common assumption, "The more care the better utility", the study shows that the outcome is very poor. Actually the patient preference and concerns are quite the opposite from what intense EOL care would bring about. This study analyzes the reasons for the supply-sensitiveness of EOL care. It can be resulted from the common misconception about the intense care and the outcome, physicians' mission for patients, lack of End-of-Life Care Decision which helps the patients choose their own preferred treatment intensity. It also could be resulted from physicians' fear of legal liabilities, and the management strategy since the hospitals are also seeking for financial benefits. This study suggests the possible solutions for over-treatment at the End-of-Life resulting from supply-sensitiveness. Solutions can be sought in two aspects, legal implementation and management strategy. In order to implement advance directive properly, active ethics education for physicians to change their attitude toward EOL care and more conversations about end-of-life care between physicians and patients is crucial, and incentive system for the physicians who actively have the conversations with patients will also help. Also, the general education towards the public is also important in the long run, and easy and official advance directive registry system-such as online registry-has to be built and utilized more widely. Alternative strategies in management are also needed. For example, the new strategic cost management and management education, such as cutting unnecessary costs and resetting values as medical providers have to be considered. In order to effectively resolve the problem in EOL care for the terminally ill/chronically ill and provide better experience to the patients, first of all, the misconception and the wrong conventional wisdom among doctors, patients, and the government have to be overcome. And then there should be improvements in systems and cultures of the EOL care.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.65-70
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• 1985

To recover proteins from antarctic krill(Euphausia superba) for the use of food material, some factors affecting the extraction of protein were investigated. The protein solubility profile showed a minimum solubility level(33.2-38.8%) within the range of pH4.0-4.5 and very high solubility levels as 56.8% at pH2.0 and 80.7% at pH11.0. The extraction yield increased as the solvent-to-krill ratios increase in which a ratio of 5:1(volume of solvent/weight of krill) was found to be preferable from the point of handling convenience and extraction yield. The extraction temperatures did not seem to be important variables on extraction of protein. The extraction of krill protein occurred fairly rapidly with little further extraction of protein after 30 minutes. The extraction of protein was slightly decreased at both acidic(pH2.0) and alkaline(pH11.0) conditions with the increasing concentration of sodium chloride. The extractibility of krill protein at strong alkaline condition(pH11.0) was higher than at strong acidic condition(pH2.0) under the same concentration range as 1-6% of sodium chloride. In phosphate treatments, the extraction of protein was slightly influenced by presence of sodium chloride as the concentration range of 3-4% in the aqueous solvent by which maximize the extraction yield as over 80%.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.275-281
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• 2016

This study was conducted to analyze the runoff characteristics of the highway depending on the number of vehicles and to provide the installation proposal of an NPS pollution reduction facility. There were a total of 5 monitoring sites used for the study namely, Gyeongbu, Seohaean, Honam and Tongyeoung Dageon highway. Monitoring events started from 2006 until 2015 having a total of 44 storm events. According to monitoring statistics, the average antecedent dry days (ADD) and rainfall was 6.2 days and 19.2 mm, respectively. The Gyeongbu Highway (H-4) was recorded having the highest Average Daily Traffic and Catchment Area (ADT/CA) with $49.4car/day{\cdot}m^2$ while other site were less than $10car/day{\cdot}m^2$. The average concentration of the NPS pollutants generated from monitoring sites were 63.5 mg/L(TSS), 24.9 mg/L(BOD), 3.35 mg/L(TN), 0.63 mg/L(TP) and 298 ug/L(Total Zn). This exhibited lower values in comparison to the remarks of highway related runoff EMC values published in Korea. Moreover, through the results of the correlation analysis between the contaminant concentration and ADT/CA, $R^2$ value of SS showed the highest correlation with 585. Through the correlation equation between ADT/CA and EMC of TSS, when there is 73.7 mg/L of TSS EMC found from a domestic highway, ADT/CA ratio is normally $13car/day{\cdot}m^2$. Therefore, in a case of more than 13 cars passing through a certain area, the area can be considered and present as the point of generation of nonpoint source pollutants. Also, in this study, since it considered a unit area ADT indicated in previous studies, it was determined that it has a high applicability and utilization in generalized units than conventional study which were conventionally done.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2000

Because the household garbage had high water contents, it is difficult to compost it without an additive. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate possibility of using the waste newspapers as a humidity conditioner for the household garbage composting. The maximum temperature was $66.0^{\circ}C$ in spring, $69.2^{\circ}C$ in summer, $60.9^{\circ}C$ in fall and $56.0^{\circ}C$ in winter for composting periods. The seasonal pH value reached around 8.5 after 1 week and then repeated fluctuation at the narrow range in spring and fall, while it was stabilized at the range of $8{\sim}9$ after increasing to 8.5 after 1 week in winter. The water content was reduced little in winter, while decreased significantly in the other seasons. The water content after 8 weeks was 22.2% in spring, 47.6% in summer, 25.5% in fall and 72.5% in winter. The mass was reduced rapidly during the first week of each season, but it did not show much decrease. The volume reduced after 8 weeks to 59%, 32%, 27%, and 34% in spring, summer, fall and winter respectively. Organic matter content decreased over the four seasons. Nitrogen contents were in the range of 0.7% to 2.2% during the four seasons. The contents of inorganic compounds based on dry matyter were in the range of $0.94{\sim}2.59%\;P_2O_5$, $1.23{\sim}1.87%\;CaO$, $0.37{\sim}0.46%\;MgO$, $0.55{\sim}1.98%\;K_2O$. Concentration of heavy metals(Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn, As) based on dry matter were less than the limiting value of the by-product compost.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.spc
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• pp.77-85
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• 2008

Grazing rates (GR) and pseudofaeces production (PFP) of native snail, Chinese mystery snail (Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata Reeve) on natural colonial morphs of Microcystis aeruginosa was measured. C. chinensis was collected from the upstream of the Geum River (Boryeong, Korea), where they co-habituated with Unio douglasiae and Lanceolaria acrorhyncha. The experiments were performed to evaluate the GR and PFP at different conditions such as; incubation time (1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 hr), body size (3 to 6.1 cm, n=28), snail density (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2.0 ind. $L^{-1}$) and prey concentration (168.3, 336.7, 505.0 and $673.0{\mu}g\;Chl-{\alpha}L^{-1}$). All experiments were triplicated, and conducted in transparent acrylic vessel (3L in volume). Regarding feeding time, a highest GR (0.538L $gAFDW^{-1}h^{-1}$) and PFP $(7.18mgAFDW^{-1})$ appeared at 1hr and 7hr after snail stocking, respectively. Interestingly, the snail, smaller than 4.5cm in body size, showed a wide range of GR ($-4.173{\sim}1.087L\;gAFDW^{-1}h^{-1}$) for the initial period (1 and 4hrs of stocking), compared to those greater than 4.5cm, which showed a stable FR, higher than 0.5L $gAFDW^{-1}h^{-1}$. Upon density effect, the density of 1.5 ind. $L^{-1}$ induced the most effective inhibition on Microcystis biomass with highest PFP. On the prey concentration, highest GR (0.897L $gAFDW^{-1}h^{-1}$) and PFP (3.67 mg $gAFDW^{-1}h^{-1}$) were induced at the level of $168.3{\mu}g\;Chl-{\alpha}L^{-1}$ and $673{\mu}g\;Chl-{\alpha}L^{-1}$, respectively. GR and PFP of this freshwater snail on the cyanobacterial bloom (M. aeruginosa) varied with the feeding conditions, and they were comparatively high for a short period of time less than 7hrs regardless of the stocking condition. Our results suggest that this freshwater snail has a potential to control cyanobacterial bloom when provided with suitable condition.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2011

Animal manure is produced annually 43.7 million tonnes in Korea. Among them, about 85.6 % are used as compost or liquid fertilizer to the agricultural land. The animal manure can be effectively utilized by mixing with organic byproducts that result in generation of biogas from anaerobic co-digestion process. This study aimed to optimize the content of total solid materials (TS) and determine the effect of organic byproduct on the co-digestion process. Prior to the byproduct treatments, determination of proper content of TS was conducted by controlling at 5 or 10 %. For the byproduct treatments, swine manure without adding the byproduct was used for control treatment, and swine manure mixed with either corn silage or kitchen waste was used for other treatments. Volume of biomethane ($CH_4$) generated from digested materials was quantified before and after byproduct treatments. In result, a 1.4-fold higher biomethane, about 0.556 L/$L{\cdot}d$, was produced when the content of TS was controlled at 10 %, compared at 5 %, about 0.389 L/$L{\cdot}d$. When the swine manure was mixed with the corn silage or kitchen waste, a two-fold higher biomethane was produced, about 1.theand 1.0heL/$L{\cdot}d$, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Biogas production from organic dry matter (odm) was a3, 362eand 2h6 L/kg odm${\cdot}$d for control, corn silage, and kitchen waste treatment, respectively. The lower biogas production in the treatment of kitchen waste than that of corn silage is associated with its relatively high odm contents. The methane concentration during the whole process ranged from 40 at the beginning to 70 % at the end of process for both the control and kitchen waste treatments, and ranged from 52 to 70 % for the corn silage treatment. Hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) concentration ranged between 350 and 500 ppm. All the integrated results indicate that addition of organic byproduct into animal manure can double the generation of biogas from anaerobic fermentation process.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2011

When we bury the infected poultry into the ground, we have many problems such as the difficulty of making sufficient area for burying, environmental contamination by the leachate, unpleasant ordor. Also, in case of burning the carcass of the infected poultry, there are some problems such as high cost, dust, unpleasant odor, etc. It could cause environmental contamination which many peoples and environmental organization complains about. In this study, we develop a treating system which treats the infected poultry carcass in a environmental method preventing the environment contamination. This system is composed of many processes. The euthanasia system uses rigid vinyl to trap and to do a euthanasia the infected poultry with lethal gas, carbon dioxide. And then, with the tractor attached grappler infected poultry carcass could be put into the carcass treating system. The euthanasia system uses rigid vinyl to trap the infected birds and to confine lethal gas, carbon dioxide. Infected poultry carcass are moved to carcass disposal system by collecting device which is attached at tractor. The carcass treatment system (capacity of disposal : 6.3 $m^3$) is installed on a truck and do one pass work, which is input, crush, stir, sterilize, and discharge treated carcass. 1,000 chickens was killed within 9.7min by $CO_2$ (300L/min) in the tent (10 $m^3$). The collecting device could carry 142 chickens at a time, and the movable carcass treatment system could sterilize 2 tons carcass per hour (at one time). This treatment systems was eco-friendly because it reduced the volume of carcass by 31.9% with no wastewater generation.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.259-264
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• 2015

For this experiment, specimen was manufactured by injecting polymer and monomer into silicon mold with volume ratio of 2.5:1 based on ISO 20795-2 so that average thickness, width and length of specimen would be maintained as 3.3 mm, 10.0 mm and 65.0 mm, respectively depending on spray on technique. Specimen was divided into 3 groups ($25^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$, $70^{\circ}C$) depending on polymerization temperature and 10 specimen was manufactured for each group and it was polymerized in water tank of ${\pm}1^{\circ}C$ under the setting condition of polymerization time of 15 minutes and pressure of 3 bar. After keeping specimen in distilled water of $37^{\circ}C$ for over 48 hours before experiment, flexural strength (FS) and elasticity modulus (EM) of specimen being tested by using Intron (3344; Instron; Instron). SPSS ver. 16.0 was used for analysis and post-hoc test of Scheffe was performed after using one-way ANOVA. When comparing mean value of FS of resin for orthodontics, it was represented in the range of 71.500 MPa for $25^{\circ}C$ group, 74.920 MPa for $40^{\circ}C$ group and 76.880 MPa for $70^{\circ}C$ group and difference was shown in the order of $25^{\circ}C$ group <$40^{\circ}C$ group <$70^{\circ}C$ group but such difference was not significant statistically (p=0.052). Result of EM mean value of resin for orthodontics was more polymerization temperature was high, the more was significant difference represented in the order of $25^{\circ}C$ group <$40^{\circ}C$ group <$70^{\circ}C$ group (p<0.039).