• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.502-506
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• 2000

Effects of powdered siho(bupleuri radix) on serum and liver lipid composition and antioxidative capacity were investigated in rat fed high oxidized fat. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 161.25$\pm$2.51g were blocked into four groups according to body weight and raised seven weeks with basal diet(normal group), basal diet and 10% oxidized fat(control group), basal diet, 10% oxidized fat and 2% powdered siho(2% powdered siho group) and basal diet, 10% oxidized fat and 3% powdered siho(3% powdered siho group). Feed intake, body weight gain and feed efficiency were not significantly different among oxidized fat diet groups. The values of total cholesterol and triglyceride in plasma and liver showed no significantly different(p>0.05) in the oxidized fat diet groups. Plasma HDL-cholesterol showed atendency to increase in powdered siho diet groups. The values of thiobarbituric acid in plasma and liver were lower in the powdered siho diet groups than control group. Plasma GOT and GPT activity showed a tendence to decrease in powdered siho groups. Liver glutathione peroxidase activity showed a tendence to increase in powdered siho diet groups. Thus, it seems that powdered siho had some antioxidative elements.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.7-13
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• 2012

Objective : This study was conducted to observe the anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as the metabolic benefits, of pear extract and herbal drug mixture (Lycii Fructus, Coicis Semen, Alimatis Rhizoma, and Astragali Radix) on rats fed with a high fat diet. Methods : The animals used were male rats and the control group was fed a high fat diet only. The experimental groups were divided into four. Exp I group was fed a high fat diet with a mixture of pear extract and 3% Lycii Fructus; Exp II group was fed a high fat diet with a mixture of pear extract and 3% Coicis Semen; Exp III group was fed a high fat diet with a mixture of pear extract and 3% Alimatis Rhizoma; and Exp IV group was fed a high fat diet with a mixture of pear extract and 3% Astragali Radix for 4 weeks. Results : The body weight gain increased in all groups, but attenuated gradually in the experimental groups compared to the control group. The food intakes were significantly lower in Exp I and Exp III groups than the control group. The concentrations of serum total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) were significantly higher in Exp II than in the control group, and lower in Exp III group than in the control group. Also the concentration of serum free fatty acid was significantly lower in the Exp III group than in the control group. In inflammatory activities, the Exp II group was significantly lower than the control group. Conclusion : The results indicated that Exp III group (administered a mixture of pear extract and Alimatis Rhizoma) most efficiently reduced fat accumulation and body weight, while the Exp II group (administered the mixture of pear extract and Coicis Semen) had the highest elevated lipid metabolism and immune activity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.308-314
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• 2011

In the present study, we investigate anti-diabetic effect of pectinase-processed ginseng radix (GINST) in high fat diet-fed ICR mice. The ICR mice were divided into three groups: regular diet group, high fat diet control group (HFD), and GINSTtreated group. To induce hyperglycemia, mice were fed a high fat diet for 10 weeks, and mice were administered with 300 mg/kg of GINST once a day for 5 weeks. Oral glucose tolerance test revealed that GINST improved glucose tolerance after glucose challenge. Compared to the HFD control group, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels were decreased by 57.8% (p<0.05) and 30.9% (p<0.01) in GINST-treated group, respectively. With decreased plasma glucose and insulin levels, the insulin resistance index of the GINST-treated group was reduced by 68.1% (p<0.01) compared to the HFD control group. Pancreas of GINST-treated mice preserved a morphological integrity of islets and consequently having more insulin contents. In addition, GINST up-regulated the levels of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its target molecule, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein expression in the skeletal muscle. Our results suggest that GINST ameliorates a hyperglycemia through activation of AMPK/GLUT4 signaling pathway, and has a therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.992-1001
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• 1996

Radix sort scans the data twice in a pass, to search bit 0s of the items being sorted and store them into the lowest address, and to search bit 1s and st ore them into the following addresses. This doubles the sorting time. In this paper, we introduce Reverse Radix Sort Algorithm, in which the data being sorted are sacnned just once and write upward from the lowest address if it is 0 and downward from the highest address if it is 1. The algorithm is simple and the hardware sorter implemented by this method shows very high sorting sped. Hardware implementation requires two separate pocket memories, register, an upward increasing address counter, a downward decreasing address counter, and comparator. The software simulation of Reverse Radix Sor Algorithm performs sorting in the speed of 54.9ms per 10 thousand of 8 bit digit data, but the hardware sorter spends 5.3ms to sort the same number of data.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.2637-2642
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• 2011

A new ultrasonic-assisted micellar extraction and cloud-point pre-concentration method was developed for the determination of major saikosaponins, namely saikosaponins -A, -C and -D, in Radix Bupleuri by high performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD). The non-ionic surfactant Genapol X-080 (oligoethylene glycol monoalkyl ether) was chosen as the extraction additive and parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized. The highest yield was obtained with 10% (w/v) Genapol X-080, a liquid/solid ratio of 200:1 (mL/g) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction for 40 min. In addition, the optimum cloud-point pre-concentration was reached with 10% sodium sulfate and equilibration at $60^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. Separation was achieved on an Ascentis Express C18 column (100 ${\times}$ 4.6 mm i.d., 2.7 ${\mu}M$) using a binary mobile phase composed of 0.1% acetic acid and acetonitrile. Saikosaponins were detected by ELSD, which was operated at a $50^{\circ}C$ drift tube temperature and 3.0 bar nebulizer gas ($N_2$) pressure. The water-based solvent modified with Genapol X-080 showed better extraction efficiency compared to that of the conventional solvent methanol. Recovery of saikosaponins ranged from 93.1 to 101.9%. An environmentally-friendly extraction method was successfully applied to extract and enrich major saikosaponins in Radix Bupleuri.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.45-54
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• 2004

Objectives : This study was aimed to evaluate marker substances in Gami-Honghwa-Tang (KH-19) by high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Gami-Honghwa-Tang is composed of nine crude herbs, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Cnidii Rhizoma, Paeoniae Radix, Corni Fructus, Moutan Cortex Radicis, Lycii Fructus, Carthami Flos and Glycyrrhizae Radix. Methods : The separation was performed on an Aquasil C18 (4.6×250mm) column by gradient elution with 0.05% TFA in H2O - 0.05% TFA in acetonitrile (0 min 100:0, 20 min 90:10, 40 min 70:30, 60 min 50:50, 80 min 0:100, 90 min 100:0) as the mobile phase at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min with detection at 190-800nm. Also we examined the contents for bacteria, pesticide residue and harmful heavy metals. Results : HPLC-DAD was employed to determine the quantities and the qualities of several marker substances such as 5­hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (5-HMF), paeonol, loganin, paeoniflorin, glycyrrhizin, and decursin in the KH-19. There were no bacterial contents, pesticide residues, or harmful heavy metals. Conclusions : We suggest these results could be a useful evidence for quality control of KH-19. This method permits fingerprints of selected individual marker substances from herbal prescriptions without derivatization, multiple purification steps, or lengthy separation times.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics C
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• v.35C no.9
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• pp.11-20
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• 1998

High-speed complex-number arithmetic units are essential to baseband signal processing of modern digital communication systems such as channel equalization, timing recovery, modulation and demodulation. In this paper, a new complex-number multiplication algorithm is proposed, which is based on redundant binary (RB) arithmetic combined with radix-4 Booth recoding scheme. The proposed algorithm reduces the number of partial product by one-half as compared with the conventional direct method using real-number multipliers and adders. It also leads to a highly parallel architecture and simplified circuit, resulting in high-speed operation and low power dissipation. To demonstrate the proposed algorithm, a prototype complex-number multiplier-accumulator (CMAC) core with 10-bit operands has been designed using 0.8-$\mu\textrm{m}$ N-Well CMOS technology. The designed CMAC core contains about 18,000 transistors on the area of about 1.60 ${\times}$ 1.93 $\textrm{mm}^2$. The functional and speed test results show that it can operate with 120-MHz clock at V$\sub$DD/=3.3-V, and its power consumption is given to about 63-mW.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.11-18
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• 2015

Objectives : Polygoni Multiflori Radix (Jeokhasuo in Korean) is a Oriental traditional herbs widely used in East Asian countries. Overconsumption of fructose results in hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity and impaired glucose tolerance which have documented as a risk of cardiovascular diseases. This experimental study was designed to investigate the beneficial effects of an ethanol extract from Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) in high-fructose (HF) diet-induced metabolic syndrome rat model. Methods : Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into three groups; Control group, receiving regular diet and tap water, HF group, and HF + PMR group both receiving supplemented with 65% fructose (n=10), respectively. The HF + PMR group initially received HF diet with PMR (100 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks. Results : PMR significantly prevented the metabolic disturbances such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension and impaired glucose tolerance. Chronic treatment with PMR significantly decreased body weight, fat weight and adipocyte size, suggesting a role of anti-obesity effect. PMR led to improve the hyperlipidemia through the increase in HDL cholesterol level as well as the decrease in triglyceride and LDL cholesterol level. In addition, PMR suppressed adhesion molecules and endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression in aorta resulting in the decrease of hypertension. In muscle tissue, PMR significantly recovered the HF-induced insulin resistance through increase of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), p-$AMPK{\alpha}1/2$, and p-Akt expression. PMR improved HF-induced metabolic disorders and its action was caused by energy metabolism-mediated insulin signaling activation. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that PMR may be a beneficial therapeutic for metabolic syndrome through the improvement of hyperlipidemia, obesity, insulin resistance and hypertension.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.261-270
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• 2007

Objective : The 5-HMF was not index material suitable to do the quality control of Rehmanniae Radix Preparata. In this study, We estimated the changes of oligosaccharide contents in Rehmanniae Radix Preparata using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection(HPAEC-PAD). Methods : The analysis of oligosaccharide was conducted by HPAEC-PAD with Carbopac PA1, $250{\times}4mm$, 5um, and Carbopac PA1 guard column. Column temperature was kept at $30^{\circ}C$. Elution was carried out at 1000 ${\mu}l/min$ with 70mM NaOH and the injection volume was $10{\mu}l$. Each component was detected by PAD. Results : Nine constituents were found from merchandising Rehmanniae Radix Preparata(MR), while seven constituents were found in various processed Rehmanniae Radix Preparata. Not all constituents were defined but stachyose and raffinose were found in all cases. And The most common constituents of Rehmanniae radix was stachyose. In the course of processing, most of stachyose and raffinose were decreased. Stachyose was decreased slowly in the course of processing with rice wine(RR), amomi and rice wine(AR), and crataegi and rice wine(CR). However stachyose was decreased rapidly in the course of processing with fresh rehmannia juice(FR). The method with crataegi and rice wine(CR) showed the smallest decrease of stachyose. And processing method with crataegi and rice wine(CR) showed the most abundant amount for stachyose after the nineth processing. Conclusion : The changes of oligosaccharides in the course of processing were a very important direct barometers to do the quality control and set up a standard of Rehmanniae Radix Preparata.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.109-116
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the discriminative criteria of 6 kinds of Achyranthis Radix by HPLC/DAD. Methods : 20-hydroxyecdysone is isolated by silica gel column chromatography ($CHCl_3$:MeOH, 7:1-1:1 v/v) and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance, A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with diode array detection was used to identify 20-hydroxyecdysone in A. japonica. The analysis was performed using $C_{18}$ column with isocratic elution consisted of 18% acetonitrile and 82% water and the detection was carried out by DAD at 254 nm. 6 kinds of Achyranthis Radix from different locations were extracted in MeOH. Each extracts was analyzed by HPLC in same condition as used in analysis of 20-hydroxyecdysone. The identities of each extracts were determined by comparing the retention time and UV spectrum with that of reference compound. Results : 1. A. japonica and A. bidentata showed the similar patterns of HPLC chromatogram and 20-hydroxycedysone was present in both of them because the peaks having the same retention time and UV spectrum as 20-hydroxyecdysone were shown in the HPLC chromatograms of A. japonica and A. bidentata 2. Cyathula officinalis and C. capitata showed the similar patterns of HPLC chromatogram. The peak having the same retention time and UV spectrum as 20-hydroxyecdysone was shown in the HPLC chromatogram of C. capitata but not shown in the HPLC chromatogram of C. officinalis. 3. Two species of medicinal drugs from Sacheon province showed similar patterns of HPLC chromatogram. Achyranthis Radix from Sacheon(wild) did not have 20-hydroxycedysone but Achyranthis Radix from Sacheon(cultivated) showed the peak having the same retention time as 20-hydroxyecdysone but UV spectrum of the peak was different from that of 20-hydroxyecdysone. Conclusions : These results suggested that 20-hydroxyecdysone could be the discriminative criteria for Achyranthis Radix contain 20-hydroxyecdysone though they belong to different genus and species. And the patterns of HPLC chromatogram also could be the discriminative criteria as the different species of Achyranthis Radix belonging to the same genus showed similar patterns of HPLC chromatogram.