• 제목/요약/키워드: High-level Waste

검색결과 617건 처리시간 0.032초

대전 일부 지역 치과종사자의 화학소독제에 관한 지식도 연구 (Knowledge on the chemical disinfectants among dental workers in some Daejeon region)

  • 민희홍;안권숙
    • 한국치위생학회지
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    • 제7권4호
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    • pp.455-470
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    • 2007
  • The usage of appropriate disinfectants is essential for infection control in dental hospitals, dental clinics. Inadequate use of disinfectants is the cause of human or environmental toxicity and is a waste of cost. This study was aimed to assess the level of knowledge on the disinfection and chemical disinfectants among dental workers in dental hospitals, dental clinics. It's ultimately intended to serve as a basis for the preparation of more effective, appropriate educational programs on the disinfection and manuals on the use of disinfectants for dental workers. This study enforced a questionnaire with 184 dental workers employed in dental hospitals, dental clinics from 15 Aug. to 15 Sep. 2007, in the area of Daejeon. The obtained result were as follows; 1. The population sociological feature of dental hospital and dental clinic showed that significant differences of dental service career(pM0.039). Dental service career of dental workers shows; below 3 years 42.9%, 4~6 years 34.7%, more than 7 years 22.4% in dental hospitals, below 3 years 30.4%, 4~6 years 26.7%, more than 7 years 43.0% in dental clinics(pM0.039). 2. The average score of dental workers knowledge in 'Critical item soaks in high-level disinfectants for 20minutes was 2.73V0.49 point, got from knowledge of dental instrument is appropriate to immerse before sterilization in the dental device disinfection(pM0.002). 3. In the general disinfection which it follows in education experience of chemical disinfectants direction for use, 'Direction for use by Spaulding process classification' responded that the correct answer was the education experience dental workers 60.0%, the education non-experience dental workers 39.5%(p=0.026). 4. In the dental device disinfection which it follows in education experience of chemical disinfectants direction for use. 'High level disinfection is not applied for the non-critical items and equipment' responded that the education experience dental workers 49.2%, the education non-experience dental workers 31.9%(pM0.045), 'Semi-critical items is applied same method in presence of the infection disease which it acts responded that the education experience dental workers 44.6% answer back, the education non-experience dental workers 24.4%(pM0.017). 5. 'A hand disinfectants of anticeptics have effect' the education experience dental workers 78.5% answer back, the education non-experience dental workers 52.9%(pM0.003). 1t uses with hand disinfectants when the instruments which be imbrued and patient contact', the education experience dental workers 78.5% answer back, the education non-experience dental workers 62.2%(pM0.026), 'Boric acid solution uses for the skin disinfectants the education experience dental workers 52.3% answer back, the education non-experience dental workers is 37.0%(pM0.016), 'Gluconate have effective difference which it follows in chemical disinfectant consistency and the solution type' education experience dental workers 72.3% answer back, education non-experience dental workers 47.9%(pM0.004). 6. The education experience dental workers were appeared higher than the education non-experience dental workers in knowledge of the disinfection and chemical disinfectants. Consequently system and the specialty education which is standardized continuously must be provided to all dental workers.

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음식물 쓰레기를 먹이로 한 지렁이분립이 채소류(열무와 엇갈이배추) 생육에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Vermicast Application of Earthworm Feeding Food Waste in Vegetable Plants (Radish and Chinese Cabbage) Growth)

  • 최이진;권혁현;이한호;손형기;홍상길;박유순;강종운
    • 한국유기농업학회지
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    • 제20권4호
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    • pp.715-725
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    • 2012
  • 본 연구는 공동생활주택에서 발생하는 음식물 쓰레기를 지렁이먹이로 공급하기 위하여 먹이로 조제하는 방법을 제시하고 생산한 분변토를 텃밭이나 옥상 농원 등에 채소 재배 용도로 사용하기 위해 지렁이 분변토 적정 혼합비율을 규명하였다. 음식물쓰레기는 수거 후 kg 당 수돗물 15L로 세척하여 햇빛에 물기가 제거될 정도로 건조하여 달걀껍질을 혼합하여 65~70%로 수분을 조절한 것을 지렁이 먹이로 사용하였다. 처리는 무처리(일반 채소재배용 상토, 서울바이오), 100% 지렁이 분립, 지렁이 분립을 상토(서울바이오상토)에 30, 50, 70%를 혼합하여 재배토양을 조제하였다. 각 처리구에 열무(청농춘하열무, 청농(주))와 엇갈이배추(대농, 대농종묘(주))를 공시하여 2012년 6월 4일부터 9월 15일까지 서울시 서초구 내곡동 서울특별시 농업기술센터 플라스틱하우스 내에서 재배하였다. 수확 후 생육특성 조사결과 열무의 경우 지렁이 분립 70% 혼합 처리구에서 엽폭은 7.85cm로 고도로 유의성이 있었고, 지상부 생체중을 조사한 결과 지렁이 분립 혼합비율 70% 처리구는 중량이 식물체당 129.92mg로 높았고, 지상부 건조중도 지렁이 분립 혼합비율 70%처리구가 10.25mg으로 유의성이 있었다. 열무의 생육특성 조사결과 지렁이 분립 70%처리구가 생육이 가장 적합했다. 엇갈이 배추의 생육특성 조사결과 초장은 지렁이 분립 50% 처리구에서 24.32cm로 가장 길게 나타났고 고도의 유의성이 있었다. 엽폭은 지렁이 분립 50% 처리구에서 9.79cm로 유의하였다. 지상부 생체중은 지렁이분립 50% 처리구에서 식물체당 185.08mg으로 무거웠으며, 지하부 생체중은 30, 70% 처리구가 각각 24.09mg, 23.96mg으로 높게 조사되었다. 지상부 및 지하부 건조중은 50% 처리구가 각각 15.63mg, 7.03mg으로 가장 높게 측정되었다. 엇갈이배추의 생육 특성 조사 결과 지렁이 분립 50% 처리구가 생육에 효과적이었다. 본 연구 결과 음식물 쓰레기를 지렁이 먹이로 공급하여 생산한 분변토를 텃밭이나 옥상 농원 등에 봄, 가을철 주요 채소인 열무와 엇갈이배추의 재배 용토에 혼합하여 활용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

Glass Dissolution Rates From MCC-1 and Flow-Through Tests

  • Jeong, Seung-Young
    • 한국방사성폐기물학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국방사성폐기물학회 2004년도 학술논문집
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    • pp.257-258
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    • 2004
  • The dose from radionuclides released from high-level radioactive waste (HLW) glasses as they corrode must be taken into account when assessing the performance of a disposal system. In the performance assessment (PA) calculations conducted for the proposed Yucca Mountain, Nevada, disposal system, the release of radionuclides is conservatively assumed to occur at the same rate the glass matrix dissolves. A simple model was developed to calculate the glass dissolution rate of HLW glasses in these PA calculations [1]. For the PA calculations that were conducted for Site Recommendation, it was necessary to identify ranges of parameter values that bounded the dissolution rates of the wide range of HLW glass compositions that will be disposed. The values and ranges of the model parameters for the pH and temperature dependencies were extracted from the results of SPFT, static leach tests, and Soxhlet tests available in the literature. Static leach tests were conducted with a range of glass compositions to measure values for the glass composition parameter. The glass dissolution rate depends on temperature, pH, and the compositions of the glass and solution, The dissolution rate is calculated using Eq. 1: $rate{\;}={\;}k_{o}10^{(ph){\eta})}{\cdot}e^{(-Ea/RT)}{\cdot}(1-Q/K){\;}+{\;}k_{long}$ where $k_{0},\;{\eta}$ and Eaare the parameters for glass composition, pH, $\eta$ and temperature dependence, respectively, and R is the gas constant. The term (1-Q/K) is the affinity term, where Q is the ion activity product of the solution and K is the pseudo-equilibrium constant for the glass. Values of the parameters $k_{0},\;{\eta}\;and\;E_{a}$ are the parameters for glass composition, pH, and temperature dependence, respectively, and R is the gas constant. The term (1-Q/C) is the affinity term, where Q is the ion activity product of the solution and K is the pseudo-equilibrium constant for the glass. Values of the parameters $k_0$, and Ea are determined under test conditions where the value of Q is maintained near zero, so that the value of the affinity term remains near 1. The dissolution rate under conditions in which the value of the affinity term is near 1 is referred to as the forward rate. This is the highest dissolution rate that can occur at a particular pH and temperature. The value of the parameter K is determined from experiments in which the value of the ion activity product approaches the value of K. This results in a decrease in the value of the affinity term and the dissolution rate. The highly dilute solutions required to measure the forward rate and extract values for $k_0$, $\eta$, and Ea can be maintained by conducting dynamic tests in which the test solution is removed from the reaction cell and replaced with fresh solution. In the single-pass flow-through (PFT) test method, this is done by continuously pumping the test solution through the reaction cell. Alternatively, static tests can be conducted with sufficient solution volume that the solution concentrations of dissolved glass components do not increase significantly during the test. Both the SPFT and static tests can ve conducted for a wide range of pH values and temperatures. Both static and SPFt tests have short-comings. the SPFT test requires analysis of several solutions (typically 6-10) at each of several flow rates to determine the glass dissolution rate at each pH and temperature. As will be shown, the rate measured in an SPFt test depends on the solution flow rate. The solutions in static tests will eventually become concentrated enough to affect the dissolution rate. In both the SPFt and static test methods. a compromise is required between the need to minimize the effects of dissolved components on the dissolution rate and the need to attain solution concentrations that are high enough to analyze. In the paper, we compare the results of static leach tests and SPFT tests conducted with simple 5-component glass to confirm the equivalence of SPFT tests and static tests conducted with pH buffer solutions. Tests were conducted over the range pH values that are most relevant for waste glass disssolution in a disposal system. The glass and temperature used in the tests were selected to allow direct comparison with SPFT tests conducted previously. The ability to measure parameter values with more than one test method and an understanding of how the rate measured in each test is affected by various test parameters provides added confidence to the measured values. The dissolution rate of a simple 5-component glass was measured at pH values of 6.2, 8.3, and 9.6 and $70^{\circ}C$ using static tests and single-pass flow-through (SPFT) tests. Similar rates were measured with the two methods. However, the measured rates are about 10X higher than the rates measured previously for a glass having the same composition using an SPFT test method. Differences are attributed to effects of the solution flow rate on the glass dissolution reate and how the specific surface area of crushed glass is estimated. This comparison indicates the need to standardize the SPFT test procedure.

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Performance of Magnesia Cement Using MgCO3 and Serpentine

  • Lee, Jong-Kyu;Soh, Jung-Sub
    • 한국세라믹학회지
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    • 제53권1호
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    • pp.116-121
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    • 2016
  • The amount of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) released while producing building materials is substantial and has been targeted as a leading contributor to global climate change. One of the most typical methods of reducing $CO_2$ in building materials is the addition of slag and fly ash, like pozzolan material another method is to reduce $CO_2$ production by developing carbon negative cement. MgO-based cement from the low-temperature calcination of magnesite required less energy and emitted less $CO_2$ than the manufacturing of Portland cements. It is also believed that adding reactive MgO to Portland-pozzolan cements can improve their performance and also increase their capacity to absorb atmospheric $CO_2$. In this study, basic research on magnesia cement using $MgCO_3$ and magnesium silicate ore (serpentine) as the main starting materials, as well as blast furnace slag for the mineral admixture, was carried out for industrial waste material recycling. In order to increase the overall hydration activity, $MgCl_2$ was also added. In the case of the addition of $MgCl_2$as accelerating admixture, there was a promoting effect on the compressive strength. This was found to be due to the production of needle-like dense Mg-Cl hydrates. Mgnesia cement has a high viscosity due to its high specific surface area therefore, when the PC-based dispersing agent was added at a level of more than 1.0%, it had the effect of improving fluidity. In particular, the addition of $MgCl_2$ in magnesia cement using $MgCO_3$and magnesium silicate ore (serpentine) as main starting materials led to a lower expansion ratio and an increase in the freeze-thaw resistance finally, the addition of $MgCl_2$ as accelerating admixture led to good overall durability.

토양측정망에 의한 충북지역 토양오염도 (A Study on Soil Pollution Quality of Chungbuk Province by Soil Network)

  • 김재용;박선희
    • 환경위생공학
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    • 제16권4호
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    • pp.77-89
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    • 2001
  • The research is intended to evaluate the soil pollution quality of Chungbuk province with Soil Network which is executed every year. The survey executed with Soil Network in 1999 represented that the soil quality of Chungbuk province was relatively good as the average concentrations of contaminants in soil were Cd: 0.146 mg/17g, Cu: 3.143 mgHg, As: 0.636 mg/kg, Hg: 0.012 mg/kg, Pb): 4.505 mg/kg, $Cr^{+6}$ not detected, and the average pH was 6.1. The reckoned soil Pollution score (SPS) of Chungbuk province has been shown much low SPS distribution in the range from 1.6 to 141.7, average 31.0. However, it has been represented relatively high SPS distribution at Chungju, Tanyang, and Chinchon, respectively, It also huts represented high SPS distribution not only at agricultural area and waste area for the Pollution sources but at a paddy field and dry field for land use. The classification of soil pollution class(SPC) based on soil pollution score(SPS) was SPC 1 under 100 of SPS at 212 areas which were 98.6% of total 215 areas and SPC 2 over 100 of SPS at only three area left. There was no area exceeding soil pollution value among the whole Soil Network areas investigated, and the whole average for each items was much lower level th퍼n soil Pollution value was. When the average concentration of heavy metals and the average pH in soil of Chungbuk province are compared with the natural contents of that in Korea, the research is concluded that the average concentration of heavy met is relatively similar to the natural contents of that and the average pH in soil of Chungbuk province is a little higher than the natural contents of that. From this method, soil quality of most of the Soil Network area was estimated to be healthy.

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소금 첨가량에 따른 갈색 육수의 이화학적 및 관능적 특성 (Physiological and Sensory Characteristics of Brown Stock Depending on Salt Content)

  • 최수근;김동석
    • 한국식품조리과학회지
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    • 제26권5호
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    • pp.665-675
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    • 2010
  • This study applied high-pressure extraction cooking, which has been proven superior in processibility and stock extraction, for the preparation of stock, which is widely used as a basic material of dishes, and examined the physicochemical and sensory properties of the extracted stock by adding salt. We observed changes in the chromaticity of brown stock according to salt content, and pH decreased with increased the salt content, suggesting that stock was acidified. Regarding the mineral content, Na was the highest, followed by K and P. Regarding total free amino acid content, the content of essential amino acids, enhancing free amino acids, and other amino acids also showed the highest level in S2, which contented 0.3% salt. In the sensory test, saltiness grew stronger with an increase in salt content, and overall palatability was highest in S2. Regarding ranking, preference was highest for S2. Utilize to data that study finding of above is actual in development for mass production of brown stock product licensed cooks' traditional mesh dipper technology quality that make mass production direction that change and normalizes product that can keep excellent taste and improve conservative property develop. Culture formation and our country foodservice industry development that reduce damage of informed people ashes through development of brown stock product that is changed in large quantity, and improve quality of food more positively contributing to reappear diversification of menu, systematization and taste of specialty store as well as can contribute in rationalization of informed people ashes purchase, personnel expense (labor power) curtailment, waste decrease etc. but is developed still more being utilized.

Assessment of Water Pollution by the discharged water of the Abandended Mine

  • Kim, Hee-Joung;Yang, Jae-E.;Lee, Jai-Young;Park, Beang-Kil;Choi, Sang-Il;Jun, Sang-Ho
    • 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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    • pp.167-174
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    • 2004
  • Several metalliferous and coal mines, including Myungjin, Seojin and Okdong located at the upper watershed of Okdong stream, were abandoned or closed since 1988 due to the mining industry promotion policy and thus disposed an enormous amount of mining wastes without a proper treatment facilities, resulting in water pollution in the downstream areas. AMD and waste effluents from the closed coal mines were very strongly acidic showing pH ranges of 2.7 to 4.5 and had a high level of total dissolved solid (TDS) showing the ranges of 1,030 to 1,947 mg/L. Also heavy metal concentrations in these samples such as Fe, Cu, Cd and anion such as sulfate were very high. These parameters of AMD and effluents were considered to be highly polluted as compared to those in the main stream area of the Okdong river and be major pollutants for water and soil in tile downstream area. Pollution indices of the surface water at the upper stream of Okdong river where AMD of the abandoned coal mines was flowed into main stream were in the ranges of 16.3 to 47.1. On the other hand, those at the mid stream where effluents from tailing dams and coal mines flowed into main stream were in tile ranges of 10.6 to 19.5. However, those at the lower stream were ranged from 10.6 to 14.9 These results indicated that mining wastes such as AMD and effluents from the closed mines were tile major source to water pollution at the Okdong stream areas.

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대구시 아파트지역의 분리수거 및 재활용에 관한 연구 (A Study on Separated Collection and Recycling in Apartment Housing Areas in Taegu Metropolitan City)

  • 우형택;곽형숙
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제4권3호
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    • pp.153-167
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    • 1995
  • Recycling is receiving increasing social attention today as our nation begins to grapple with the significant problems caused by huge amount of municipal solid waste. The topic of recycling is not simple but extremely complicated. This study attempts to provide basic data and policy options for expanding and improving separated collection and recycling in public residential areas, through three case study of apartment housing areas in Taegu Metropolitan City. The main results of this study are summarized as follows. For the significant period of time, all three case areas had in common the extreme difficulty in establishing and operating the system of connecting public participation, collection and storage, transportation, and actual recycling of materials because of a variety of problems involved in this process. Both amounts of and prices for collected materials fluctuated considerably over time mainly due to monthly changes in recyclable home materials and the dynamic nature of recycling markets. Public questionnaire survey revealed the very high level of participation in separated collection, not only because almost all respondents well understood the necessity and importance of recycling, but because they also knew how to do separated collection. But overall activities were rated low and most respondents suggested the enlargement of public participation, the improvement of collection and storage facilities, and collection transportation networks. In particular, most respondents had little experience of using recycled Products and used mainly reproduced soap and bathroom tissue. Furthermore, they were considerably unsatisfied with low variety and quality of recycled products, their high prices and low availability in the market. Finally potential policy options and activities for improving separated collection and recycling are suggested.

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Arsenic environmental contamination, chemical speciation and its behaviour in the water system from some abandoned Au-Ag mines, Korea

  • Yi Ji-Min;Chon Hyo-Taek;Lee Jin-Soo
    • 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국지구물리탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the international symposium on the fusion technology
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    • pp.522-525
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    • 2003
  • Mine waters, surface waters and groundwaters were sampled around seven Au-Ag mine areas (Dongil, Okdong, Dongjung, Songcheon, Ssangjeon, Dogok and Gubong Au-Ag mines). The main contamination sources of As in these abandoned Au-Ag mines can be suggested as mine tailings and waste rocks including the sulfide gangue minerals (arsenopyrite). The relatively high concentration of As in mine waters was shown in the Dongil (524 ${\mu}g/L$) and the Dogok (56 ${\mu}g/L$) mine areas. Arsenic concentrations in stream waters from the Dongil ($0.9\~118{\mu}g/L$), the Songchon ($0.8\~63{\mu}g/L$), the Ssangjeon ($1.6\~109{\mu}g/L$) and the Gubong ($3.6\~63{\mu}g/L$) mine areas exceeded the permissible level for stream water in Korea. Groundwaters collected from the Dongil ($0.9\~64{\mu}g/L$ ), the Okdong ($0.2\~69{\mu}g/L$) and the Gubong ($0.5\~101{\mu}g/L$) mine areas contained high As concentration to cause the arsenicosis in these areas. In As speciation, the concentration ratios of As(III) to As(total) present up to $75\%$ and $100\%$ in stream waters from the Okdong and the Songcheon mines, and $70\%$ in groundwaters from the Okdong and the Dongjung mines. Arsenic concentration decreases downstream from the tailing dump correlatively with pH and Fe concentration. Highly elevated As concentrations are found in the dry season (such as April and March) than in the wet season (September) due to the dilution effect by heavy rain during summer in stream waters from the Dongil and the Songcheon mine areas.

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사용후 핵연료의 제처리와 직접 처분의 경제성 비교 연구 (A Comparative Study on the Economics of Reprocessing and Direct Disposal of Nuclear Spent Fuel)

  • 강성구;송종순
    • Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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    • 제25권2호
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    • pp.89-96
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    • 2000
  • 원자력 정책에서 안전성과 운영실적, 환경보전, 경제성 등은 매우 중요한 인자이다. 핵주기의 선택은 에너지정책, 연료의 다양성, 공급의 안정과 관련된 모든 사회적, 환경적 영향에 있어 매우 중요하다. 특히, 원전의 고준위 방사성폐기물인 사용후 핵연료 관리는 높은 방사선준위 뿐만 아니라 장기적인 관리기간이 소요되는 어려운 사업이다. 본 연구는 사용후 핵연료 관리방안인 재처리와 직접 처분의 비용분석, 안전성, 대국민 용인 측면을 살펴보았다. 직접 처분이 재처리에 비해 약 7%정도의 경제성이 있고, 직접 처분의 사용후 핵연료는 재처리폐기물보다 높은 위험도를 갖는다. 대국민 용인측면에서는 두 가지 처리방법 모두 찬성하지 않는다. 결론적으로, 사용후 핵연료관리는 모든 사회/환경적 영향과 경제성을 고려한 핵주기 정책과 병행하여 지속적인 기술개발을 통한 안전성확보가 필요하다.

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