• 대한약침학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.336-343
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was conducted to analyze the single-dose toxicity and the safety of Mahwangcheonoh pharmacopuncture extracts. Methods: Six-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. Doses of Mahwangcheonoh pharmacopuncture extracts were set at 0.25 mL (low-dose), 0.5 mL (medium-dose) and 1.0 mL (high-dose) for the test groups. A dose of 1.0 mL of normal saline solution was set for the control group. During 14 days, general symptoms, mortalities, and changes in hematology, blood biochemistry and histopathology of all rats were observed. Results: No death was observed in all test groups. Any abnormal symptom was not observed in all of the groups. No significant changes in weight between the control group and the test groups were observed. In addition, no significant differences in the hematology signs, the blood biochemistry levels and the histopathological signs related to the Mahwangcheonoh pharmacopuncture extracts injection were observed. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that Mahwangcheonoh pharmacopuncture at doses of 1.0 mL or less may be consider safe and non-toxic. So, it can be used for therapy of obesity sufficiently. But further studies on this subject must be performed to confirm and verify this conclusion.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.89-97
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• 1992

X-ray quality is identified numerically by half value layer(H.V.L) and the HVL is affected by the kVp and the amount of filtration in the useful beam. X-ray quality evaluated by H.L.D is influenced by kVp and filtration. Author had several experiments with phantom in diameter of 8 cm normal adult chest, for reduction of radiation dose of the patients in diagnostic radiology and got some results. 1. H.V.L is increased the thicker the filter and the higher the kVp. 2. If the kVp is increased from 60 to 120, the skin dose can be reduced as 34%(Skin dose of 60 kVp with 4 mmAl filter : 100%). 3. If the 4 mmAl filter with 60 kVp is added to x-ray tube, skin dose can be reduced as 23% than no filter. 4. Therefore high kVp and filtration can increase output to input dose ratio and 120 kVp and 4 mmAl filter were most effective for reduction of patient dose in chest radiography.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.125-130
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• 2015

Techniques, using physical wedge filter and using dynamic wedge filter and FIF(Field in Field) and ISCT(Irregular Surface Compensating Technique), have been developed according to progress of radiation therapy of breast cancer. Measurement of dose was done to judge the usefulness of technique using three cases, non tissue loss after breast conserving operating and tissue loss after breast conserving operating and mastectomy. Dose indexes of breast tissue, CI (Conformity Index), HI (Homogeneity Index) and QOC (Quality of Coverage), dose index of skin, or dose indexes of lung, volume of 50 percent dose and 20 percent dose were estimated and compared. Using dynamic wedge filter is useful plan at non tissue loss allowing for high dose of lung. FIF and ISCT are useful plan at tissue loss. ISCT is useful plan at mastectomy. Henceforth, we need to apply to valid plan and body type and thorax size.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.259-279
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• 2009

Radioiodine ablation therapy has been considered to be a standard treatment for patient with differentiated thyroid cancer after total thyroidectomy. Patients may need to be hospitalized to reduce radiation exposure of other people and relatives from radioactive patients receiving radioiodine therapy. Medical staffs, nursing staffs and technologists sometimes hesitate to contact patients in radioiodine therapy ward. The purpose of this paper is to introduce radiation dosimetry, estimate radiation dose from patients and emphasize the safety of radiation exposure from patients treated with high dose radioiodine in therapy ward. The major component of radiation dose from patient is external exposure. However external radiation dose from these patients treated with typical therapeutic dose of 4 to 8 GBq have a very low risk of cancer induction compared with other various risks occurring in daily life. The typical annual radiation dose without shielding received by patient is estimated to be 5 to 10 mSv, which is comparable with 100 to 200 times effective dose received by chest PA examination. Therefore, when we should keep in mind the general principle of radiation protection, the risks of radiation exposure from patients are low and the medical personnel are considered to be safe from radiation exposure.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.519-525
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• 2018

Obtaining knowledge of the absorbed dose up-taken by a certain material when it is exposed to a specific ionizing radiation field is a very important task. Even though there are a plenitude of methods for determining the absorbed dose, each one has its own strong points and also drawbacks. In this article, an innovative idea for the development of a new gamma-ray dosimetry system is proposed. The method described in this article is based on optical colorimetry techniques. A color standard is fixed to the back of a BK-7 glass plate and then placed in a point in space where the absorbed dose needs to be determined. Gamma-ray-induced defects (color centers) in the glass plate start occurring, leading to a degree of saturation of the standard color, which is proportional, on a certain interval, to the absorbed dose. After the exposure, a high-quality digital image of the sample is taken, which is then processed (MATLAB), and its equivalent $I_{RGB}$ intensity value is determined. After a prior corroboration between various well-known absorbed dose values and their corresponding $I_{RGB}$ values, a calibration function is obtained. By using this calibration function, an "unknown" up-taken dose value can be determined.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.161-172
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• 1994

This study was conducted to examine DA-3002, a biosynthetic human growth hormone, for its acute and subacute toxicities in mice and rats. The drug was administered subcutaneously and orally at a dose level of 1.0, 3.0, 8.9, 26.7 or 80.0 lU/kg once for single dose toxicity and given subcutaneously at a dose level of 0.34, 1.7 or 8.4 lU/kg daily for 13 weeks to investigate repeated dose toxicity. In the acute toxicity study, doses up to 80 lU/kg had no adverse effect on the behavior or body weight gain. Pathological examinations revealed no abnormal changes which could be attributed to toxic effect of DA-3002. In the subacute toxicity study, the growth hormone was tolerated well in broth mice and rats. No drug related deaths occurred and all animals appeared to be normal throughout the dosing period. Increases in body weight gain, food utilisation and absolute organ weights were observed in the rats in the high dose group. Mild changes in the blood chemical parameters were also seen in the treated groups. Histopathologically, however, no abnormal changes were observed in any organ. The changes noted during the treatment periods presumably represent exaggerated pharmacological effects of the growth hormone, and no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was considered to be more than 8.4 lu/kg/day.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.32-36
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• 2016

핵의학검사에서 $^{131}I$은 갑상선암 및 질환의 진단, 치료등 핵의학 검사에서 많이 사용되고 있다. $^{131}I$은 ${\gamma}$선과 ${\beta}^-$선을 방출하여 검사와 치료를 할 수 있고, 높은 집적율과 신장을 통한 빠른 배설이 용이 하지만, $^{131}I$(364 keV)은 $^{99m}Tc$(140 keV)보다 고에너지이기 때문에 작업을 수행 시 조작 및 투여 과정에서 $^{99m}Tc$보다 술자의 피폭을 줄이기 위해 외부피폭 방어의 3요소인 거리, 시간, 차폐 중에 차폐에 주안점을 두어 $^{131}I$ 조작 시 차 폐체 착용 전과 후의 피폭선량의 차이를 비교하고자 한다. Apron(보통 Pb 0.5 mm) 착용 시 $^{99m}Tc$은 90%이상이 차폐가 되지만, $^{131}I$은 고에너지이기 때문에 차폐효과가 비교적 낮고, 고용량의 경우 산란선(2차) 및 제동방사선의 영향으로 오히려 더 피폭을 받을 수 있다. 하지만 저용량(74 MBq) 고에너지의 경우 이에 대한 특별한 보고나 Guide Line이 마련되어 있지 않아, $^{131}I$ 조작 시 Apron 착용 유무에 따른 술자의 피폭선량을 정량적으로 분석하고자 한다. 본원 핵의학과에서 2014년 6월부터 2014년 12월까지 7개월 동안 갑상선암 치료 및 진단을 위한 저용량$^{131}I$을 투여하기 위해 방문한 갑상선암 환자를 대상으로 준비과정부터 투여 시까지 연구기간 동안 갑상선, 가슴, 고환 3곳에 Apron 안쪽과 바깥쪽 각각 1개씩 총 6개의 TLD를 부착한 뒤 $^{131}I$검사 과정부터 투여 시 까지의 방사선 피폭선량을 측정하였다. 총 작업시간은 설명시간 3분, 분배시간 1분, 투여시간 1분으로 각각 1인당 5분이내로 설정하였다. TLD 위치설정은 일반적으로 피폭선량을 측정하는 가슴과 방사선 감수성이 높은 갑상선 및 고환으로 설정하였다. 준비과정은 $^{131}I$을 $2m{\ell}$ 주사기를 이용해 74MBq을 분배한 뒤 생리식염수와 희석해 $2m{\ell}$의 용량을 만들어 분배한다. $^{131}I$을 분배 후 환자에게 투여 시 컵에 물을 $100m{\ell}$ 담고 분배한 $^{131}I$을 희석하여 환자 1 m 정도 거리를 두고, 경구투여 한다. 그리고 경구투여 한 $2m{\ell}$ 주사기와 컵을 폐기하는 과정을 Apron과 TLD를 착용한 상태에서 시행하였다. Apron과 TLD는 방사선 피폭이 미치지 않는 보관실에 따로 보관하였고, 서울방사선 서비스에 의뢰하여 피폭선량을 측정하였다. 연구기간 동안 저용량 $^{131}I$ 검사 시 갑상선, 가슴, 고환 부위에 Apron 안과 밖d[착용한 TLD의 매월 누적선량을 인원수로 나눈 결과를 가지고, SPSS Version. 12.0K를 이용해 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test를 사용하여 통계를 시행하였다. 그 결과 갑상선(p = 0.345), 가슴(p = 0.686), 고환(p = 0.715)은 모두 p > 0.05으로 유의한 차이가 없음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 연구기간 동안의 총 누적선량의 변화를 백분율로 환산하였을 때, 갑상선 -23.5%, 가슴 -8.3%, 고환 19.0%로 나타났다. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test를 사용한 결과 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다(p > 0.05). 또한 7개월간의 누적선량으로 차폐율을 계산 했을 때 에는 Apron 안쪽과 바깥쪽의 피폭선량의 변화가 불규칙적으로 나타나는 결과를 보였다. 이 결과는 백분율로 표현 시 변화폭이 커보이지만, 누적 피폭선량이 소수점 이하이므로 큰 변화라고 보기 어렵다. 그러므로 고에너지 저용량 $^{131}I$ 투여 시 Apron을 착용유무와 상관없이 일정한 거리를 두고 최대한 빠른 시간 내에 투여를 종료하는 것이 피폭선량을 줄이는 데 도움이 될 것이다. 본 연구는 $^{131}I$ 투여시간을 1인당 각 5분 이내로 투여 할 수 있도록 제한하고, 거리를 1 m로 일정하게 하여 작업 할 수 있도록 하였으나 통계 시 N수가 적어서 비모수적인 방법으로 통계를 시행함으로써 정확한 결과를 얻기에 부족한 부분이 있었다. 또한 저용량 $^{131}I$ 투여 시 각 1인당 피폭선량을 직독식 선량으로 측정하지 못하고, TLD를 이용한 누적선량으로 측정한 결과 값이므로 전자선량계 및 포켓선량계를 이용한 측정이 이루어진다면 더 효과적인 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2000

내분비계 장애물질은 생체내에서 호르몬 등의 내분비계에 영향을 주기 때문에 미량으로도 생식기능에 이상을 가져 올 수 있고, 급ㆍ만성 독성과는 달리 차세대에 그 영향이 발현될 수 있다. 대부분의 내분비계 장애물질은 에스트로겐 유사물질로 알려져 있으며, 내분비계 장애물질의 하나인 bisphenol A (BPA)도 이러한 성질을 가진 물질이다. 본 연구는 BPA가 생쥐의 정자형성과정에 어떤 영향을 미치는가를 분석하고자, 농도별 (저농도, 20 mg/kg, 고농도 200 mg/kg) 구강투여를 실시하였다. 정자수와 테스토스테론 농도 및 산자수가 대조군에 비해 처리군에서 점진적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 산자수에서 유의적인 차이(P<0.01)를 나타내었다. 특히 국부적이긴 하지만 세정관 내강에서의 정자세포 소실 양상은 정자수의 감소 원인으로 사료된다. 성성숙 이후 정소에서의 발현이 소실되는 것으로 알려진 TGF-$\beta$계에서는 TGF-$\beta$1이 고농도의 BPA투여시 발현되었지만, 그 외의 리간드와 수용체의 발현은 관찰되지 못했다. 결론적으로 고농도의 BPA노출은 웅성생식계에 영향을 미칠 수 있으며, 이는 정자형성에 장애를 일으켜 불임을 유발할 수도 있을 것으로 보여진다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제63권5호
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• pp.579-589
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• 2020

Objective : No optimum genetic rat Huntington model both neuropathological using an adeno-associated virus (AAV-2) vector vector has been reported to date. We investigated whether direct infection of an AAV2 encoding a fragment of mutant huntingtin (AV2-82Q) into the rat striatum was useful for optimizing the Huntington rat model. Methods : We prepared ten unilateral models by injecting AAV2-82Q into the right striatum, as well as ten bilateral models. In each group, five rats were assigned to either the 2×10¹² genome copies (GC)/mL of AAV2-82Q (×1, low dose) or 2×10¹³ GC/mL of AAV2-82Q (×10, high dose) injection model. Ten unilateral and ten bilateral models injected with AAV-empty were also prepared as control groups. We performed cylinder and stepping tests 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after injection, tested EM48 positive mutant huntingtin aggregates. Results : The high dose of unilateral and bilateral AAV2-82Q model showed a greater decrease in performance on the stepping and cylinder tests. We also observed more prominent EM48-positive mutant huntingtin aggregates in the medium spiny neurons of the high dose of AAV2-82Q injected group. Conclusion : Based on the results from the present study, high dose of AAV2-82Q is the optimum titer for establishing a Huntington rat model. Delivery of high dose of human AAV2-82Q resulted in the manifestation of Huntington behaviors and optimum expression of the huntingtin protein in vivo.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.3175-3178
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• 2014

Background: Gastric cancer is a common malignant tumor. Our previous study demonstrated inhibitory effects of 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA) on pleural mesothelioma. Moreover, we found that 3-BrPA could inhibit human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 proliferation in vitro, but whether similar effects might be exerted in vivo have remained unclear. Aim: To investigate the effect of 3-BrPA to human gastric cancer implant tumors in nude mice. Materials and Methods: Animals were randomly divided into 6 groups: 3-BrPA low, medium and high dose groups, PBS negative control group 1 (PH7.4), control group 2 (PH 6.8-7.8) and positive control group receiving 5-FU. The TUNEL method was used to detect apoptosis, and cell morphology and structural changes of tumor tissue were observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: 3-BrPA low, medium, high dose group, and 5-FU group, the tumor volume inhibition rates were 34.5%, 40.2%, 45.1%, 47.3%, tumor volume of experimental group compared with 2 PBS groups (p<0.05), with no significant difference between the high dose and 5-FU groups (p>0.05). TEM showed typical characteristics of apoptosis. TUNEL demonstrated apoptosis indices of 28.7%, 39.7%, 48.7% for the 3-BrPA low, medium, high dose groups, 42.2% for the 5-FU group and 5% and 4.3% for the PBS1 (PH7.4) and PBS2 (PH6.8-7.8) groups. Compared each experimental group with 2 negative control groups, there was significant difference (p<0.05); there was no significant difference between 5-FU group and medium dose group (p>0.05), but there was between the 5-FU and high dose groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study indicated that 3-BrPA in vivo has strong inhibitory effects on human gastric cancer implant tumors in nude mice.