• 영어어문교육
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.17-35
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of an explicit word instruction for EFL beginning readers and their perception on the learning experience. Data were attained from 16 fourth graders who took English class as a development activity. Data include the results of pre- and post-test of high frequency sight word recognition, oral reading ability, students' survey responses, and teacher observation. The descriptive statistics were obtained for the result of the pre- and post-test. The findings from the student survey and teacher observation were also provided and interpreted to better understand the result of project and students' perception on the learning experience. The followings are the results of this study. The word recognition ability of the students was dramatically improved after the project. The students were satisfied with the overall learning experience perceiving it as helpful and fun learning. They expressed that the explicit word instruction helped their word recognition and reading ability. The results also supported that the confidence of students on their reading ability were heightened. Several suggestions are made for teachers and researchers on the word instruction for young EFL learners who are beginning readers.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.303-308
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• 2008

본 연구는 한국어에서 단어빈도가 명사 정의하기에 미치는 효과를 살펴보는 것이다. 초등학생, 중학생, 고등학생, 대학생 80명을 대상으로 명사의 친숙도와 명사의 정의하기를 분석하였다. 의미범주를 "사용/목적," "묘사," "관련/관계," "부분설명," "설명," "오류," "부분설명-속성," "부분설명-특정 분류." "부분설명-비특정 분류," "설명-특정 분류," "설명-비특정 분류"로 분류하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 저빈도 명사보다 고빈도 명사의 경우 더 친숙도를 보였고 분류명사나 속성의 의미범주를 사용하는 "설명"의 경우 저빈도 명사보다 고빈도 명사의 경우 더 높은 빈도를 보였다. 그리고 분류명사와 속성의 의미범주가 연령에 따라 증가하였고 오류반응이 연령이 증가하면서 적게 나타났다. 따라서 명사 정의하기에서 명사의 출현빈도가 중요한 영향력을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 음성과학
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.35-48
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• 2006

The present study examined whether words with higher frequency have more exposure to the lenition process such as intervocalic stop voicing or /h/ reduction in the production of the Korean speakers. Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 tested if word-internal intervocalic voicing and /h/ reduction occur more often in the words with higher frequency than less frequent words respectively. Results showed that the rate of voicing was not significantly different between the high frequency group and the low frequency group; rather both high and low frequency words were shown to be fully voiced in this prosodic position. However, intervocalic /h/s were deleted more in high frequency words than in low frequency words. Low frequency words showed that other phonetic variants such as [h] and [w] were found more often than in high frequency group. Thus the results of the present study are indefinitive as to the relationship between the word frequency and lenition with the data at hand.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제61호
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• pp.31-48
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• 2007

This study investigated the roles of name agreement and word frequency in the English-Korean word translation task. Using the low-frequency homonyms with low name agreement as stimuli, Experiment 1 revealed that the name agreement of materials is a determinant which could modulate times to translate English words into Korean equivalents. On the contrary, Experiment 2 showed that the name agreement of materials does not play a decisive role in the translation task, using the low-frequency homonyms having high name agreement as stimuli. In Experiment 3, we identified that the frequency effects observed from previous two experiments are indeed brought about during the lexical access. Our findings suggest that the word frequencies of materials have a strong influence on English-Korean word translation times, and homonyms are represented independently each other in the lexeme level.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.567-571
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• 2009

본 연구는 단어 재인에서 작업 기억의 역할을 규명하기 위하여 진행되었다. 단어 재인에서의 작업 기억 역할 규명을 위하여 단어 빈도와 직업 기억 부담을 조절한 명명 과제 실험을 실시하였다. 실험 결과 단어 빈도는 작업 기억 부담에 영향을 받는 것으로 분석되었다. 작업 기억의 부담은 고빈도 단어 재인에서보다 저빈도 단어 재인에서 더 높은 영향을 미쳤다. 이러한 결과는 작업 기억이 저빈도 단어 재인에서 더 많은 영향을 갖음을 시사하는 것이다.

• 음성과학
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.111-128
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• 2004

In English, a focused word with new information receives a pitch accent. This paper examines how English native speakers and Korean speakers produce and perceive focus in English yes-no questions. The production experiments show that native speakers realize an appropriate intonation of yes-no questions, in which a focused word has a low pitch accent followed by a high phrasal accent and a high boundary tone. However, Korean speakers usually give a high tone to a focused word. In a like manner, the perception experiments show that English native speakers judge a word with a low tone to be focused, while Korean speakers have difficulty in comprehending a focused word realized as a low tone. And it is found that Korean speakers tend to perceive low tones on sentence initial and final focused words better than those on sentence medial focused words, and they often perceive a word with a relatively high fundamental frequency or a sharp rise of fundamental frequency as a focused word. This paper shows that Korean speakers have trouble to produce and perceive an appropriate tonal pattern of a focused yes-no question, and that can cause confusion in a conversation with native speakers.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.45-56
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• 2019

본 연구는 한국어 말소리 단어를 처리할 때, 운율구성성분인 음운구 경계와 어휘변인인 단어빈도가 상호 작용하는지를 알아보았다. 이를 위해 4개의 음운구로 발화된 문장에서 참가자가 목표단어를 찾을 때, 음운구 경계에 걸침 유무에 따라서 생기는 방해효과를 단어찾기 과제(word monitoring task)를 통해서 조사하였다. 목표단어는 2음절의 고빈도와 저빈도 단어들이 실험자 내 조건으로, 4개의 음운구로 발화된 문장에서 각각 음운구 경계 간(목표단어: 대표, 음운구 경계: [이사회의] [반대] [표명이] [있었다]) 조건과 음운구 경계 내(목표단어: 마차, 음운구 경계: [세뱃돈은] [항상] [우리] [엄마 차지였다]) 조건이 실험자 간 조건으로 설계되었다. 실험 결과, 두 변인 중 음운구 경계의 주 효과가 유의미하였으며, 상호작용도 유의미하였다. 사후분석 결과 음운구 경계 내 그룹에서만 고빈도 목표단어를 저빈도 목표단어보다 유의미하게 빠르게 탐색하는 것으로 나타났고 음운구 경계 간 그룹에서는 목표단어의 빈도효과가 나타나지 않았다. 이 결과를 기반으로 음운 단어재인시 단어의 빈도변인이 초기 단계에 영향을 미치는 여부와 한국어 말소리 처리에서 두 변인의 중요성을 논의하였다.

• 인지과학
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.325-350
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 대학생 독자들이 48개의 평이한 문장을 읽을 때, 전반적인 안구 운동의 특성과 어절/단어 수준에서의 특성을 알아보았다 대학생 독자들은 어절을 대략 225ms 보다가 3.6자 정도 뛰어 다음 어절로 눈을 움직였다. 어절이 짧고 단어가 고빈도일 때는 어절을 건너뛰기도 하고, 앞으로만 읽어가는 것이 아니라 19% 정도 다시 되돌아가서 읽기도 했다. 물론 고정과 도약의 양상은 독자에 따라 개인차가 있었다. 이런 전반적인 양상과 더불어, 어절 수준에서 어절 길이, 단어 빈도 및 착지점 관련 효과를 살펴보았는데, 눈은 대체로 어절의 중앙에 자주 착지했으며, 가장자리에 착지했을 때가 중앙에 착지할 때보다 그 어절을 다시 더 고정했다. 또한 독자들은 단어가 고빈도인 어절을 저빈도인 어절보다 훨씬 빨리 읽었다.

• 음성과학
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.7-19
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• 2007

The present study investigates the so-called frequency inheritance effect in word production. According to some earlier studies (e.g. Jescheniak & Levelt, 1994), retrieval of a low-frequency homophone benefits from its high-frequency homophone twin, and more specifically word-retrieval RT is determined by the frequency of the phonological form of the word (sum of homophone frequencies) rather than the frequency of the specific word. This result, however, has been challenged by later studies (e.g. Caramazza et al., 2001) and one possible resolution is that languages differ in the extent to which the inheritance effect occurs. Two experiments are reported to test whether the frequency inheritance effect depends on the target language, namely, if a language such as Korean with relatively many homophones tend not to show frequency inheritance, which is compared with the language with fewer homophones such as Dutch and German (Jescheniak & Levelt, 1994; Jescheniak et al., 2003). Experiment 1 was picture naming, and Experiment 2 used an English-to-Korean translation task. In both experiments, the homophones were actually slower than the low-frequency controls, suggesting that there was no evidence for the inheritance effect. These results imply that the issue of whether specific word or homophone frequency determines production can be properly assessed by taking into account the language-specific nature of the lexicon such as the percentage of the homophone words in that language.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2023

This study investigated the influences of probabilistic accessibility of the word being produced - as determined by its usage frequency and neighborhood density - on native and high-proficiency L2 speakers' realization of six English monophthong vowels. The native group hyperarticulated the vowels over an expanded acoustic space when the vowel occurred in words with low frequency and high density, supporting the claim that vowel forms are modified in accordance with the probabilistic accessibility of words. However, temporal expansion occurred in words with greater accessibility (i.e., with high frequency and low density) as an effect of low phonotactic probability in low-density words, particularly in attended speech. This suggests that temporal modification in the opposite direction may be part of the phonetic characteristics that are enhanced in communicatively driven focus realization. Conversely, none of these spectral and temporal patterns were found in the L2 group, thereby indicating that even the high-proficiency L2 speakers may not have developed experience-based sensitivity to the modulation of sub-categorical phonetic details indexed with word-level probabilistic information. The results are discussed with respect to how phonological representations are shaped in a word-specific manner for the sake of communicatively driven lexical intelligibility, and what factors may contribute to the lack of native-like sensitivity in L2 speech.