• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.183-193
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding the electrolytic materials on blood and carcass traits of broiler during transportation exposed under intense heat condition in summer. The broilers were selected on the day when the outside temperature was about $32^{\circ}C$ to provide heat stressed environment. Broilers reared for 33 d were selected and fed with the electrolytic materials ($NaHCO_3$, NaCl, KCl) for 2 days. Treatments were as follows; feeding the underground water for control, $NaHCO_3$ (1.0%) + NaCl (0.5%) for treament 1, KCl (0.5%) + NaCl (0.5%) for treatment 2, KCl (1.0%) + NaCl (0.5%) treatment 3, KCl (0.5%) + $NaHCO_3$ (1.0%) + NaCl (0.5%) for treatment 4 and KCl (1.0%) + $NaHCO_3$ (1.0%) + NaCl (0.5%) for treament 5. pH of chicken meat increased for treatments group of electrolytic material, especially, that of treatment 3 was highest when compared to the other treatments. The frequency rate (%) of $1^+$ quality grade were 33.3, 60.0 and 83.3% at control, treatment 3, 4 and treatment 5, respectively. Occurrence rates of PSE were 50% for control and 13.3% for treatment 5. Corticosterone increased at the post-harvest period compared to the pre-harvest period of broiler and have small disparity between pre-and post-harvest only except treatment 3 when compared to control. $pCO_2$ partial pressure of blood at the pre-harvest period was low in all treatments by heat stress, the disparity value of control was high for control, and those of treatment 4 and 5 were low compared to other treatments.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• no.12
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• pp.17-20
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• 1970

Occasionally, We make mistake of discrimination of sex since a pair of small spots around tile abdomen of 9th abdominal of males and posterior spots of females of the silkworms larvae are found at almost same position. As already have reported, more larvae which have the small spots were found in Chinese race than the Japanese. This research has been conducted in order to grasp the rate of appearance of the small spotted larvae hereditarily when hybridize with different race (F$_1$) 1. According to the first report, average 17,8％ of the small spotted larvae are found in the Japanese race and 57.0％ in the Chinese, but my re-invested data which was carried out recently shows that average 13.6％ in the former case and 37.8％ in the latter. Those new data are supposed to be come to a conclusion that the figures are flexible but in any case high frequency of appearance of the larvae were found in the Chinese race than the Japanese (Reference Table 1 ) 2. Miscalculated ratio of the larvae from males to females are 1.2-2.6％, and from females to males are found 0.5％-0.9％ in the Japanese race, In case of the Chinese race, 7.1-9.4％ in tile former and 2.9-3.4％ in the latter. Those data also shows that more of the larvae found in Chinese race. 3. The larvae of small spotted and non-spotted are also seperated when hlybridize with different mating types and races. 4. More small spotted larvae are seen when hybridize with less appeared of the small spots of females and males which have the small spots than more appeared of the small spots of females with none spotted of the males (Reference Table 2. C.G.)B.F.). 5. More larvae of the small spots and found in case of hybridize in a group of having small spots than none of the spots (H>E). 6. With the exception of the case (A.B), in the same type of cross breeding (C.D, E.F, G,H), more larvae of the smal1 spots are also found in case of hybridize with males of having the spots than none of the spots.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.147-168
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• 2015

In this research, we have analyzed the impact factors on the bone mineral density thru the examination of bone density difference in the entire femur, femoral neck and lumbar of adult women before the menopause in accordance with the general features, lifestyle, eating habits, health and body composition. The survey was conducted among adult women before the menopause and older than 30 years based on the data of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey carried out in the 4th term (2008-2009) and 5th term (2010-2011) and we would like to provide the research results for the establishment of recommendations or guidelines for the treatment of adult women before the menopause with regard to the impact factors on the bone mineral density and for the development of health education materials for the accurate measurement of bone mineral density of young women in order to prevent the postmenopausal osteoporosis. With respect to the general features of adult women before the menopause, the bone mineral density was higher in the entire femur at age 40-44, femoral neck at 35-39, in high-school education level, in the earlier menarche group, without smoking experiences, with regular walking time and exercise frequency and with the habits of eating no hamburger or pizza. With regard to the body composition, the bone mineral density was higher in obesity and lower in underweight cases, higher among people with abdominal obesity and weight control experiences. In terms of total body fat ratio, total amount of fat and muscle, the bone mineral density got gradually increased from the 1st quarter (Q1) to the 4th quarter(Q4). The obesity, disease, total amount of fat and muscle were shown to be significantly related with the bone mineral density in this research and it is required for young women to keep the adequate weight and the normal BMI in order to increase the bone mineral density. For the prevention of osteoporosis, it is advised to keep the right habits including regular exercise and no smoking discipline from the growing period and achieve the maximum bone mass thru the control of proper weight from a young age.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2010

Purpose : Because infants who have been hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are usually ill or premature, they are hospitalized repeatedly after their discharge. We intended to survey the frequencies and the medical costs of those rehospitalizations. Methods : The NICUs of 7 major hospitals were included. The subjects were 3,451 infants that were admitted to the NICU from July 2005 to June 2006, and discharged to home. The frequency, causes, mean cost and distribution and proportion of National Health Insurance coverage and non covered costs were analyzed. Results : The rate of rehospitalization after discharge from the NICU over 1 year was 14.8%. If multiple cases are considered as individual cases, it is 21.7%. The major causes of admission were pneumonia (15.8%), bronchiolitis (14.5%), gastroenteritis (10.4%), urinary tract infection (6.3%) and sepsis (6.3%). The mean cost for each admission was 1,652 thousand won. The mean cost of National Health Insurance coverage was 1,170 thousand won and non covered coat were 472 thousand won 70.9% and 28.6% respectively. Conclusion : The ratio of rehospitalization of infants after their discharge from the NICU over 1 year was approximately 20% and it means that follow-up management of these infants is very important and meticulous concerns after discharge should be given. However the rehospitalization and the non-coverage proportion of National Health Insurance cost is considerably high. It strongly implies that National Health Insurance should cover much more proportion, and personal cost exemption should be proceeded in case of rehospitalization of infants after discharge from the NICU.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.345-355
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate rice seed disinfection efficacy of loess-sulfur for the suppression of Bakanae disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi. Rice seeds were treated at different concentrations of loess-sulfur, soaking time and temperature, and combination of hot-water treatment. Rice cultivar, Shindongjin harvested from Bakanae disease-infested area in 2015, was used. Loess-sulfur was treated as follows; concentration of undiluted solution, 2%, 1% and 0.5%; soaking time of 24 and 48 hours; treatment temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$; hot water treatment or not. Optimal conditions of rice seed disinfection were selected soaking time of 48 hours and the suspension of 0.5% and 1% loess-sulfur by investigating seed germination and isolation frequency of Fusarium spp. on Komada agar medium in vitro, and were established 3 disinfection conditions as hot water ($60^{\circ}C$, 10 min.) + 1% loess-sulfur ($20^{\circ}C$, 48 hours), 1% loess-sulfur only ($30^{\circ}C$, 48 hours) and 1% loess-sulfur only ($20^{\circ}C$, 48 hours) through additional test in greenhouse. Above 3 conditions were verified by rice seedling box and paddy field test in the way of investigating Bakanae diseased plants (%) and healthy plants (%). Consequently, most effective rice seed disinfection conditions on Bakanae disease were combination of hot water and 1% loess-sulfur and loess-sulfur only at $30^{\circ}C$. Furthermore, treatments with these conditions showed control value of 100% were maintained from seedling to the heading stage in the field. However, treatment of 1% loess-sulfur only at $20^{\circ}C$ showed low control value of 78.2% in paddy field. Hot water only treatment turned out to be an effective disinfection method when conducted thoroughly with $60^{\circ}C$, 10 min. However, it was thought additional soaking process with loess-sulfur after hot water treatment served more high control effect against Bakanae disease when rice seeds were disinfected on a large scale. This results expected rice seed disinfection with loess-sulfur were effectively and easily usable method if farmers had only one of either hot water-disinfector or seed-disinfector. In addition, loess-sulfur is well-known to farmers, simple to manufacture method and cheap.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.49-73
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• 1996

This study produces quantitatively weather entropy and information ratio using information theory about frequency in the appearance of precipitation phenomenon and monthly change, and then applies them to observation of the change of their space scale by time. As a result of these, this study defines Pusan, Chongju and Kwangju's weather representativeness and then establishes the range of weather representativeness. Based on weather entropy (statistical parameter)-the amount of average weather information-and information ratio, we can define each area's weather representativeness, which can show us more constant form included topographical, geographical factors and season change. The data used for this study are the daily precipitotion and cloudiness during the recent five years($1990{\sim}1994$) at the 69 stations in Korea. It is divided into class of no precipitation, that of precipitation. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: (1) The four season's mean value of information ratio is the highest value. as 0.641, on the basis of Chongju. It is the lowest as 0.572, on the basis of Pusan. On a seasonal basis, the highest mean value of information rate is April's (spring) in Chongju, and the lowest is October's(fall) in Pusan. Accordingly weather representativeness has the highest in Chongju and the lowest in Pusan. (2) To synthesize information ratio of decaying tendancy and half-decay distance, Chonju's weather representativeness has the highest in April, July and October. And kwangju has the highest value in January and the lowest in April and July. Pusan's weather representativeness is not high, that of Pusan's October is the lowest in the year. (3) If we establish the weather representative character on the basis of Chongju-Pusan, the domain of Chongju area is larger than that of Pusan area in October, July and April in order. But Pusan's is larger than Chongju's in January. In the case of Chongju and Kwangju, the domain of Chongju area is larger than that of Kwangju in October, July and April in order, but it is less than that of Kwangju area in January. In the case of Kwangju-Pusan, the domain of Kwangju is larger than that of Pusan in October, July in order. But in April it is less than Pusan's.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.151-167
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• 2017

The main objective of this study was to investigate the climatic impact of $PM_{10}$ concentration on the temperature change pattern in Busan Metropolitan City(BMC), Korea during 2001~2015. Mean $PM_{10}$ concentration of BMC has gradually declined over the past 15 years. While the highest $PM_{10}$ concentration was observed in spring followed by winter, summer, and fall on average, the seasonal variations of $PM_{10}$ concentration differed from place to place within the city. Frequency analysis showed that the most frequently observed $PM_{10}$ concentration ranged from $20{\mu}g/m^3$ to $60{\mu}g/m^3$, which accounted for 64.6% of all daily observations. Overall, the west-high and east-low pattern of $PM_{10}$ concentration was relatively strong during the winter when the effect of yellow-dust events on the air quality was weak. Comparative analyses between $PM_{10}$ concentration and monthly temperature slope derived from generalized temperature curves indicated that the decreasing trend of $PM_{10}$ concentration was associated with increases of annual temperature range, and $PM_{10}$ concentration had a negative relationship with the temperature slope of warming months. Overall, $PM_{10}$ concentration had a weak correlation with the annual mean temperature, but it had a significant, positive correlation with the winter season, which had a dominant influence on the annual mean temperature. In terms of energy budget, it has been known that the change in $PM_{10}$ concentration contributes to the warming or cooling effect by affecting the radiative forcing due to the reflection and absorption of radiant energy. The correlation between $PM_{10}$ concentration and temperature changes in the study area was not seasonally and spatially consistent, and its significance was statistically limited partly due to the number of observations and the lack of potential socioeconomic factors relevant to urban air quality.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.154-162
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• 1998

A planar Bi-Sb multijunction thermal converter with high thermal sensitivity and small ac-dc transfer error has been fabricated by preparing the bifilar thin film Pt-heater and the hot junctions of thin film Bi-Sb thermopile on the $Si_{3}N_{4}/SiO_{2}/Si_{3}N_{4}$-diaphragm, which functions as a thermal isolation layer, and the cold junctions on the dielectric membrane supported with the Si-substrate, which acts as a heat sink, and its ac-dc transfer characteristics were investigated with the fast reversed dc method. The respective thermal sensitivities of the converter with single bifilar heater were about 10.1 mV/mW and 14.8 mV/mW in the air and vacuum, and those of the converter with dual bifilar heater were about 5.1 mV/mW and 7.6 mV/mW, and about 5.3 mV/mW and 7.8 mV/mW in the air and vacuum for the inputs of inside and outside heaters, indicating that the thermal sensitivities in the vacuum, where there is rarely thermal loss caused by gas, are higher than those in the air. The ac-dc voltage and current transfer difference ranges of the converter with single bifilar heater were about ${\pm}1.80\;ppm$ and ${\pm}0.58\;ppm$, and those of the converter with dual bifilar heater were about ${\pm}0.63\;ppm$ and ${\pm}0.25\;ppm$, and about ${\pm}0.53\;ppm$ and ${\pm}0.27\;ppm$, respectively, for the inputs of inside and outside heaters, in the frequency range below 10 kHz and in the air.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.321-328
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• 2017

Fusarium graminearum is a mycotoxigenic plant pathogen, which could remain in harvested barley grains and produces mycotoxins at preferable conditions during storage. To elucidate the factors affecting contamination of Fusarium and Fusariotoxin in hulled barley during storage, three hulled barley grain samples were collected from Jeolla province. Moisture content of each sample was adjusted to 14% and 20%, respectively, then stored in two warehouses where temperature was controlled differently: one controlled below $12^{\circ}C$, and the other with no control. While monitoring temperature and relative humidity of warehouses hourly, grain moisture content, Fusarium occurrence, and mycotoxin level was analyzed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 month after storage. The average monthly temperature and relative humidity ranged $3{\sim}29^{\circ}C$, and 58~70% in warehouse without temperature control, whereas $3{\sim}13^{\circ}C$ and 62~74% in warehouse controlled below $12^{\circ}C$. Grain moisture content of the samples decreased in both warehouses except 14% samples which increased in the warehouse with temperature control. Fusarium frequency of the contaminated grains decreased continuously in the warehouse without temperature control. But in the warehouse below $12^{\circ}C$, Fusarium decreasing rate was slower because of high grain moisture content. In most samples, nivalenol was detected more in the warehouse without temperature control after 12 month but there was little difference after 1, 3, and 6 month. Therefore, it will be efficient to store hulled barley in the warehouse controlled below $12^{\circ}C$ to reduce Fusarium contamination when the barley is not dried properly. In addition, when storage period exceeds 12 month, it is recommended to store hulled barley in a warehouse controlled below $12^{\circ}C$ to reduce nivalenol contamination.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.438-446
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• 2020

Meju and nuruk (respectively soybean and malt) are traditional Korean fermentation starters that are vulnerable to contamination by harmful microorganisms such as aflatoxigenic fungi and their associated aflatoxins (AFs). In this study, Aspergillus spp. were isolated and identified from a total of 57 meju and 18 nuruk samples collected from Korean markets. Their potential aflatoxigenicity was investigated by examining the presence of three aflatoxin biosynthetic genes (aflO, aflP, and aflR) using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assays. Thereafter, aflatoxin production of isolates and the natural occurrence of AFs in meju and nuruk samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A total of 177 Aspergillus isolates were identified and 130 isolates were obtained from meju samples. Of these, 25 isolates (19.2%) contained all three aflatoxin biosynthetic genes, and five (20%) of these isolates produced aflatoxins. Forty-seven of the Aspergillus isolates were obtained from nuruk samples, five of which (10.6%) expressed all three AF biosynthetic genes; however, none of these strains produced AFs. HPLC analysis showed that 88% (51/58) of the meju samples and 39% (7/18) of nuruk samples were not contaminated with AFs (below limit of detection). Among the isolates isolated from meju and nuruk, there were aflatoxigenic strains containing all three aflatoxin biosynthetic genes or producing aflatoxin in medium, but the frequency of aflatoxin contamination was low in the meju and nuruk samples.