• 생약학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.263-271
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• 1986

In order to investigate experimentally the clinical effects of Taeksa-Tang that was prescribed to cure the severe dizziness, the water extract of Taeksa-Tang was experimented about the effects on the diuretic action, the serum lipid, the isolated ileum and heart, the blood vessel, the blood pressure and respiration. The results of this study were obtained as follows: The diuretic action was significantly shown in rabbits. The level of total cholesterol, triglyceride and phopholipid in serum of rabbits given high cholesterol diet were significantly decreased. The contraction of the isolated ileum of mice induced by acetylcholine chloride and barium chloride was remarkably inhibited. The vasodilating and hypotensive actions were noted in rabbits. Negative inotropic action on the isolated frog heart was recognized.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.101-109
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• 1994

Tetrahydroisoquinoline유도체인 GS 283의 약리학적 특성을 흰쥐 흉부대동맥, 기니픽 결장띠 및 토끼 장간막 동맥 및 흰쥐 뇌를 사용하여 조사하였다. 혈관 평활근에서 GS283은 고 $K^+$에 의한 수축을 농도 의존적으로 억제하여 $Ca^{2+}$ 길항작용을 보였다. 또한 ${alpha}_1$- 수용체 자극에 의한 수축도 억제하였다. GS 283의 혈관이완 작용은 propranolol영향을 받지 않으므로 ${\beta}$-수용체 자극작용에 의한 것이 아니었다. 세포내 칼슘이온과 근장력 변화를 동시에 측정하였을 때 GS 283의 억제효과는 조직내 형광의 증가를 수반했다. 이 증가는 fura 2형광에 의한것이 아니라 내인성 pyridine nucleotide에 의한 것이며 이는 GS 283이 미토콘드리아 기능을 억제하는 효과가 있음을 시사했다. 흰쥐 뇌의 cAMP와 cGMP 의존성 phosphodiesterase에 대한 GS 283의 $K_i$,값은 2.5와 6.7mM이었다. 이상의 결과에서 GS 283의 약리 작용은 $Ca^{2+}$ 길항작용, ${\alpha}_1$- 수용체억제 작용 및 cyclic nucleotide 의존성 phosphodiesterase 억제 등 다양한 작용이 있으며 평활근 수축 억제에 대한 GS283 작용에는 $Ca^{2+}$ 길항이 가장 중요한 요인이 될 것으로 생각된다.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.115-121
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• 2002

Synthesis of polymers with controlled thermosensitive properties was carried out by conventional radical copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) with N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) taken as a hydrophilic comonomer. Lower activity of NVP rather than NIPAAm was revealed by gravimetric and $^1$H NMR analysis. Thermosensitive properties of the copolymers were investigated. It was found that aqueous solutions of the copolymers undergo thermo-induced phase transition and become opaque, precipitate or gel with heating. After formation of the gels their significant contraction was observed at storage. Swelling degree and amount of expelled water were measured in dependence on the copolymer composition, temperature and ionic strength of environment medium and concentration of the solution. It was determined that in collapsed state gels exhibit quite high water content. According to physico-chemical properties of the copolymers observed they could be suitable for biomedical application as an injectable implant material.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.509-512
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• 2009

제올라이트 메소라이트($Na_{5.33}Ca_{5.33}Al_{16}Si_{24}O_{80}{\cdot}21.33H_2O$)에 대한 고압에서의 회절자료가 200 마이크론 크기로 단색화 된 방사광가속기 X-선원과 다이아몬드 앤빌셀을 사용하여 5 GPa까지 측정되었다. 물과 알코올을 사용한 수압 하에서 메소라이트의 초기 탄성 특성은 0.5 GPa에서 1.5 GPa 사이에서 일어나는 ab-평면의 연속적인 팽창과 c-축 상의 수축에 기인한 전체적인 격자부피의 팽창으로 관찰된다. 이후의 압력에서는 회절패턴의 변화로부터 질서-무질서 전이의 증거가 보여진다. 메소라이트의 c-축에 평행한 채널에는 양이온으로서 소디움과 칼슘이 b-축 방향으로 1:2 비율의 질서 있는 배열을 보이고 있는데 이로 인해 1.5 GPa까지 에서는 이러한 배열의 증거인 $3b_{natrolite}$ 격자패턴이 관찰된다. 격자부피의 확장 이후 1.5 GPa 이상에서 2.5 GPa 까지 에서는 격자부피 변화의 정도가 약해지며, 양이온의 무질서적인 배열에 의한 $b_{natrolite}$ 격자패턴이 관찰된다. 이후 압력의 계속된 증가는 점진적인 격자부피의 감소를 유발시키며 새로운 형태의 질서 있는 배열상을 지시하는 $3c_{natrolite}$ 격자패턴으로의 변화를 보여준다. 이로부터 압력에 의한 초수화 상태의 메소라이트는 질서-무질서-질서 형태의 채널 내부 혹은 채널간의 양이온 배열패턴 변화를 겪는 것으로 추정할 수 있다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-23
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• 2013

The wind-induced transient response of internal pressure following the creation of a sudden dominant opening during the occurrence of high external pressure, in low-rise residential and industrial buildings was numerically investigated. The values of the ill-defined parameters namely the flow contraction coefficient, loss coefficient and the effective slug length were calibrated by matching the analytical response with the computational fluid dynamics predictions. The effect of a sudden i.e., "instantaneously created" windward opening in the Texas Technical University (TTU) test building envelope was studied for two different envelope flexibility-leakage combinations namely: (1) a quasi-statically flexible and non-porous envelope and (2) a quasi-statically flexible and porous envelope. The responses forced by creating the openings at different time leads/lags with respect to the occurrence of the peak external pressure showed that for cases where the openings are created in close temporal proximity to the peak pressure, the transient overshoot values of internal pressure could be higher than the peak values of internal pressure in the pre-sequent or subsequent resonant response. In addition, the influence of time taken for opening creation on the level of overshoot was also investigated for the TTU building for the two different envelope characteristics. Non-dimensional overshoot factors are presented for a variety of cavity volume-opening area combinations for (1) buildings with rigid/quasi-statically flexible non-porous envelope, and (2) buildings with rigid/quasi-statically flexible and porous envelope (representing most low rise residential and industrial buildings). While the factors appear slightly on the high side due to conservative assumptions made in the analysis, a careful consideration regarding the implication of the timing and magnitude of such overshoots during strong gusts, in relation to the steady state internal pressure response in cyclonic regions, is warranted.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.151-162
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• 1984

가토의 회장평활근에서 substance P의 수축기전을 밝히기 위하여 본 실험을 시행하여 다음과 같이 요약하였다. 1) SP는 $10^{-9}M$부터 수축을 일으켜 $10^{-7}M$에서 최대수축을 나타내었고 그 생도는 $10^{-6}M$ acetylcholine에 의한 수축의 90%에 달하였다. 2) SP를 농도별로 부가적으로 투여할 때는 SP를 각 농도마다 따로 투여함 때보다 수축의 크기가 크게 감소하였다. 3) $10^{-7}M$ SP로 5분간 처리한 회장평활근의 $10^{-8}M$ SP에 글한 반응은 $10^{-7}M$과 $10^{-8}M$ SP 투여시간의 간격이 클수록 증가하여 20분후 정상으로 회복되었다. 4) $10^{-7}M$ SP로 3분 처리후에도 $10^{-6}M$ acetylcholine에 의한 수축은 영향을 받지 않았다. 5) $10^{-7}M$ SP에 의한 수축은 $10^{-6}M$ atropine에 의해 영향을 받지 않았고 3mM TEA전처치시 $10^{-7}M$ SP에 의한 수축은 정상이거나 약간 감소하였고 SP 전처치시 TEA 수축은 감소하였다. 6) $10^{-8}M$ SP와 3mM TEA에 의한 수축은 Na없는 용액, $10^{-4}M$ ouabain, 100k용액에 의해 완전히 억제되었고 $10^{-6}M$ NE 존재시는 40% 정도 억제되었다. $10^{-7}M$ SP에 의한 수축은 각 조건내서 완전히 억제되지 않았다. K없는 용액에서 $10^{-8}M$ SP 의한 수축은 완전히 억제되고 $10^{-7}M$ SP와 TEA에 의한 수축은 완전히 억제되지 않았다. 7) SP에 의한 수축은 0. 1 mM $Ca^{2+}$존재시 상당히 억제되었고 외부 $Ca^{2+}$증가시 증가하여 1.8 mM $Ca^{2+}$에서 최고에 달하였으며 그 이후는 오히려 감소하였다. SP수축의 감소속도는 0.5mM $Ca^{2+}$에 의해 증가하였으나 1.8mM이상의 $Ca^{2+}$농도에서는 영향을 받지 않았다. 8) $Ca^{2+}$없는 용액에서 $10^{-7}M$ SP는 수축을 일으켰고 그 수축의 크기는 $Ca^{2+}$없는 용액으로 처리시간이 증가함에 따라 감소하며 10분후 완전 소실되었다. 9) $Ca^{2+}$없는 용액으로 처리시간이 길어질수록 0.5mM $Ca^{2+}$에서 $10^{-7}M$ SP에 의한 수축은 감소하였다. 10) $Ca^{2+}$없는 용액에서 10분간 처리한 후 $10^{-7}M$ SP에 의한 수축은 Ca loading time이 길수록 외부 $Ca^{2+}$농도가 높을수록 증가하였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 저농도의 SP는 주로 외부 $Ca^{2+}$의 유입에 의해 수축을 일으키는 것으로 생각되며 이 $Ca^{2+}$의 유입에 관여하는 기전은 $K^+$투과도의 감소에 의한 막전위의 탈분극만으로 완전히 설명할 수 없었고 고농도의 SP에 의한 수축에는 세포내부 $Ca^{2+}$의 유리도 관여하고 이 $Ca^{2+}$저장고는 세포막과 밀접하게 연결되어 있는 것으로 생각된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.13-29
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• 1988

In order to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of intracellular calcium ion concentrations, contractions or contractures induced by $Na^{+}-removal$, calcium-application or ouabain-treatment as an index of $Na^+/Ca^{2+}$ exchange activity were studied in atrial muscle or vascular smooth muscle (aorta and renal artery) of the rabbit. The magnitude of low sodium contractures in atrial trabeculae increased with sigmoid shape when external sodium concentrations were reduced to sodium-free condition, whereas that of calcium contracture intensified in a parabolic pattern when external calcium concentrations were elevated to 8 mM. $Na^{+}-removal$ contractures were induced in a duration-dependent manner to $K^{+}-free$ exposure and same findings were observed with ouabain treatment. $Na^{+}-free$ contractures were not affected by verapamil treatment, but stimulated by $100{\mu}M\;Mn^{2+}$ and inhibited by high concentrations of $Mn^{2+}\;(2{\sim}8mM)$ in a dose-dependent manner. Ryanodine which is known to suppress the release of calcium from internal store abolished spontaneous twitch contractions induced by $K^{+}-free$ solution, but had no effect on the development $Na^{+}-free$ contractures. Na-free contractures were not always induced in vascular smooth muscle preparations. Contractures by $O\;mM\;Na^+$ were usually seen in aorta, but not often in renal artery.$50\;mM\;K^+$, noradrenaline (NA) and angiotensin II (AII) always evoked very large contraction in all preparations of vascular smooth muscle. Contractures developed by $O\;mM\;Na^+$ were not sensitive to verapamil treatment as in atrial trabeculae, but were abolished by $100{\mu}M\;Mn^{2+}$. In contrast to $Na^{+}-free$ contractures, $Mn^{2+}(100{\mu}M)$ had no effect on the contractures induced by NA or 50 mM$K^+$. Caffeine in the concentration of 10 mM evoked transient contracture in the distal renal artery. The rate of spontaneous relaxation in caffeine contracture was dependent upon the concentrations of external sodium, and had double component of relaxation when the rate of relaxation was plotted in the semilogarithmic scale of relative tension versus time. Especially late components of relaxation had more direct relation to $Na^+$ concentrations. It could be concluded that $Na^+/Ca^{2+}$ exchange mechanism in the heart has a large capacity, inhibited by $Mn^{2+}$ but not by verapamil and ryanodine, while $Na^+/Ca^{2+}$ exchange system in vascular smooth muscle has a very low capacity especially in small artery, inhibited by low concentration of $Mn^{2+}\;(100{\mu}M)$ but not affected by verapamil and ryanodine.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제1권6호
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• pp.769-774
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• 1997

Non-neuronal high affinity binding sites for benzodiazepines have been found in many peripheral tissues including cardiac muscle and vascular smooth muscle, and have been designated as 'peripheral benzodiazepine receptor'. Benzodiazepines have been shown to induce relaxation of the ileal, vesical, and uterine smooth muscles. However, it is still unclear about possible involvement of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor on the contractility of trachealis muscle. This study was performed to investigate the role of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor on the contractility of canine trachealis muscle. Canine trachealis muscle strips of 15 mm long were suspended in an isolated organ bath containing 1 ml of physiological salt solution maintained at $37^{\circ}C$, and aerated with $95%\;O_2/5%\;CO_2$. Isometric myography was performed, and the results of the experiments were as follows: Ro5-4684, FGIN-1-27 and clonazepam reduced a basal tone of isolated canine trachealis muscle strip concentration dependently, relaxant actions of RoS-4684 and FGIN-1-27 were antagonized by PK11195, a peripheral benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Flumazenil, a central type antagonist, did not antagonize the relaxant action of Peripheral type agonists. Saturation binding assay of [3H]Ro5-4864 showed a high affinity$(Kd=5.33{\pm}1.27nM,\;Bmax=\;867.3{\pm}147.2\;fmol/mg\;protein)$ binding site on the canine trachealis muscle. Ro 5-4684 suppressed the bethanechol-, 5-hydroxyoyptamine- and histamine- induced contractions. Platelet activating factor (PAF) exerted strong and prolonged contraction in trachealis muscle strip. Strong tonic contraction by PAE was attenuated by Ro 5-4684, but not by WEB 2086, a PAF antagonist. Based on these results, it is concluded that the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor mediates the inhibitory regulation of contractilty of canine trachealis muscle.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.114-121
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• 2004

This study was undertaken to evaluate the general pharmacological properties of CJ-11828, an amlodipine adipate, in experimental animals and in vitro system. CJ-11828 had no effects on general behavior, motor coordination, writhing syndromes, pentetrazol-induced chemoshock and electric shock in mice at dose levels of 3,10, anti 30 mg/kg, po. But there were decrease of body temperature, prolongation of sleeping time, and inhibition of intestinal activity in mice treated with CJ-11828 at doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg, po. CJ-11828 decreased the blood pressure in coscuous fog at the dose level of 2mg/kg, po, but it was expected as a result of pharmacological activity of CJ-11828. Any effect on respiratory system was not observed in conscious rat at doses of 3,10, and 30 mg/kg, po. The slight decrease in spontaneous motor activity was observed in mice treated with CJ-11828 at high dose, 30 mg/kg. In vitro experiments, CJ-11828 had no effect on agonists-induced contraction of isolated guinea pig ileum at 0.1, 1, and 10 ${\mu}$M. Based on these results, it was concluded that CJ-11828 had no pharmacological effect ill these studies even up to the 36-fold anticipated clinical dose, 3 mg/kg.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.183-190
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• 1997

Tocolytics 임신부의 조기진통시 치료제로 많이 사용되는 약제지만 드물게는 폐부종을 일으켜 치명적일 수 있다. Tocolytics가 폐부종을 일으키는 기전은 용적증가, 교질삼투압의 감소, 심근 손상, 모세혈관 내막의 손상등에 의해 발생한다고 설명되고 있으나 아직 불확실한 상태이며 폐부종 발생의 양대 기전인 정수압적 폐부종과 투과성 폐부종의 양상이 모두 관여하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 또한 임산부가 다산부이거나 다태아 임신인 경우, 임신중 수액공급을 많이 받은 경우, 심장 질환이 동반된 경우, 감염이 동반된 경우, 동시에 steroid나 MgSO4로 치료 받은 경우등이 tocolytics 사용시 폐부종이 쉽게 발생될 수 있는 선행요인으로 작용함이 알려져왔다. 저자들은 조기진통이 있어 tocolytics인 ritodrine 치료후 정상분만하였으나 분만후 급속히 진행하는 폐부종이 발생한 30세 여자 환자를 경험하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바 이다.