• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.269-274
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• 2017

The PCR analysis was performed on DNA samples extracted from a total of 20 individuals using six oligonucleotides primers. The author accomplished clustering analyses to reveal the Euclidean genetic distances among four clam populations from Gochang, Seocheon, Taean and Anmyeon of the Korean peninsula. The oligonucleotides primer OPA-08 generated 5 unique loci to each population, approximately 550 bp and 600 bp, respectively, in the MCS population. Especially, the primer OPA-20 generated 15 unique loci to each population, which were identifying each population, approximately 400 bp, 750 bp and 800 bp, in the MCT population. Individuals from MCG clam population ($0.637{\pm}0.227$) exhibited higher band-sharing values than did individuals from MCG clam population ($0.402{\pm}0.115$) (P<0.05). The dendrogram obtained by the six oligonucleotides primers indicates four genetic clusters: cluster 1 (MCG 01, 02, 04 and 05), cluster 2 (MCS 06, 07, 08, 09 and 10), cluster 3 (MCT 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15) and cluster 4 (MCA 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 and MCG 03). Among the twenty clam individuals, the shortest genetic distance that displayed significant molecular differences was between individuals 14 and 15 from the MCT population (genetic distance = 0.094), while the longest genetic distance among the twenty individuals that displayed significant molecular differences was between individuals MCG no. 01 and MCG no. 02 (genetic distance = 0.687). Comparatively, individuals of MCS clam population were fairly closely related to that of MCT clam population, as shown in the hierarchical dendrogram of Euclidean genetic distances.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.521-524
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• 2016

쌀밥의 조직감 측정시 가장 보편적으로 사용되는 텍스처 프로파일 분석(TPA)에 있어서, 모방적기기인 texture analyser를 사용하여 측정조건, 즉 압착율과 탐침이동속도를 달리하면서 4종류의 즉석쌀밥 시료들에 대한 경도, 점착성, 응집성, 씹힘성 및 탄성을 측정하였다. 4종류의 즉석쌀밥 시료들은 압착율과 탐침이동속도가 달라짐에 따라, 각각의 조직감 특성에 있어서 시료들 사이에 유의적인 차이를 보이거나 보이지 않는 변화를 보였다. 또한, 다섯가지 조직감 특성을 모두 고려하여 군집분석을 수행했을 경우에도 측정조건에 따라서 4종류 시료들이 서로 다르게 그룹화되는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 더불어, 쌀밥의 조직감 평가시 사용되는 '점착성/경도'값도 측정조건에 따라 4종류 시료들이 서로 다른 값을 보여주었다. 이들 결과를 토대로, 쌀밥의 조직감 측정시 쌀밥의 관능적 조직감 특성을 객관적으로 언급할 목적으로 기기적 측정을 수행한다면, 여러 분석을 통해 관능검사 결과와 가장 부합하는 측정 조건을 선택하는 것이 필요하며, 특정한 기기적 측정조건을 설정할 경우 실험목적에 따라 여러 특성을 고려하여 적합한 측정조건을 설정하는 것이 매우 중요하다 하겠다.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.155-175
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• 2016

본 연구는 부산이 최근 새롭게 구축하고 있는 해양 도시로서의 역량에 부응하여 세계적인 해양금융도시로 발전하기 위한 필요 요소가 무엇인지를 모색하고 도출된 요소들 간의 중요도를 파악하여 해양금융발전도시를 위한 정책수립 과정에 도움이 되는 시사점을 제공하는 데 목적을 두고 있다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 선진 해양금융도시에 대한 사례연구 및 선행연구, 그리고 전문가 면담을 통해 구성된 AHP 설문을 해양산업 및 해양금융 전문가를 대상으로 조사하였고 그 결과과 분석을 통해 부산의 해양금융발전도시로의 성공요인을 도출하였다. 1계층 4개 요인과 2계층 16개 세부항목으로 설계된 구조화된 대안 항목 간의 우선순위(중요도)를 평가하기 위해 계층화분석방법인 AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) 기법을 활용하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저 1계층 4개 요인의 경우 해양금융 발전(0.371), 비즈니스 환경(0.248), 인프라(0.206), 정부지원/기타(0.175)의 순으로 그 중요도가 분석되었다. 다음으로 2계층의 경우에는 4개 주요 성공요인에 대한 16개 하부항목의 중요도를 전체와 각 요인에 따른 하부항목 중요도를 따로 분석하였다. 먼저 16개 하부항목 전체로 분석한 결과 해양금융 관련기관 집적(0.134)이 가장 중요한 요인으로 평가되었다. 그리고 4개 요인별로 구분하여 2계층을 분석한 결과, 첫째, 해양금융 발전 요인에서는 해양금융 관련기관 집적(0.400)이, 둘째, 정부지원/기타 요인의 경우 중앙정부의 행 재정 지원(0.423)이, 셋째, 비즈니스 환경 요인에서는 조선해양산업 클러스터(0.315)가, 넷째, 인프라 요인의 2계층 중요도는 ICT&교통(0.326)이 가장 중요한 항목으로 분석되었다.

• 한국프랜차이즈경영연구
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2016

Purpose - The primary purpose of this study is to employ effective marketing methods using market segmentation of coffee shops by determining how motivations to visit coffee shops have different impacts on demographic profile of visitors and characteristics of coffee shop visits, so as to draw out a better understanding of customers of coffee market. Research design, data, and methodology - Data were collected using surveys of self-administered questionnaires toward coffee shop users in Daejeon, Korea. A number of samples used in data analysis were 253 excluding unusable responses. The data were analyzed through frequency, reliability, and factor analysis using SPSS 20.0. Factor analysis was conducted through the principal component analysis and varimax rotation method to derive factors of one or more eigen values. In addition, the cluster analysis, multivariate ANOVA, and cross-tab analysis were used for the market segmentation based on the types of motivation for coffee shop visits. The process of the cluster analysis is as follows. Four clusters were derived through hierarchical clustering, and k-means cluster analysis was then carried out using mean value of the four clusters as the initial seed value. Result - The factor analysis delineated four dimensions of motivation to visit coffee shops: ostentation motivation, hedonic motivation, esthetic motivation, utility motivation. The cluster analysis yielded four clusters: utility and esthetic seekers, hedonic seekers, utility seekers, ostentation seekers. In order to further specify the profile of four clusters, each cluster was cross tabulated with socio-demographics and characteristics of coffee shop visits. Four clusters are significantly different from each other by four types of motivations for coffee shop visits. Conclusions - This study has empirically examined the difference in demographic profile of visitors and characteristics of coffee shop visits by motivation to visit coffee shops. There are significant differences according to age, education background, marital status, occupation and monthly income. In addition, coffee shops use pattern characterization in frequency of visits to coffee shops, relationships with companion, purpose of visit, information sources, brand type, average expense per visit, important elements of selection attribute were significantly different depending on motivations for coffee shop visits.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.57-68
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• 2005

Murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells are widely used to study erythroid differentiation thanks to their ability to terminally differentiate in vitro in response to chemical induction. At the molecular level, not much is known of their terminal differentiation apart from activation of adult-type globin gene expression. We examined changes in gene expression during the terminal differentiation of these cells using microarray-based technology. We identified 180 genes whose expression changed significantly during differentiation. The microarray data were analyzed by hierarchical and k-means clustering and confirmed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. We identified several genes including H1f0, Bnip3, Mgl2, ST7L, and Cbll1 that could be useful markers for erythropoiesis. These genetic markers should be a valuable resource both as potential regulators in functional studies of erythroid differentiation, and as straightforward cell type markers.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.306-313
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• 2007

The welding fume has been implicated as a causal agent in respiratory disease such as pneumoconiosis. The molecular mechanism by which welding fume induces toxicity in the lung is still unknown, but studies have focused on histological structure and indirect approach measuring the pulmonary damage markers. In the present study, gene expression profiles were analyzed in the lung of rats exposed by manual metal-arc stainless-steel (MMA-SS) welding fume for 30 days using Affymetrix GeneChip$^{(R)}$. Totally, 379 genes were identified as being either up- or down-regulated over 2-fold changes (P<0.01) in the lung of low- or high-dose group and were analyzed by using hierarchical clustering. We focused on genes involved in immune/inflammation responses were differentially regulated during lung injury induced by welding fume exposure. The information of these deregulated genes may contribute in elucidation of the inflammation mechanism during lung injury such as lung fibrosis.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.143-151
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• 2014

최근 스마트폰이 널리 보급됨에 따라 이용자의 다양한 정보들이 스마트폰에 저장되고 있다. 그 중 위치정보는 특정 시간의 이용자의 위치나 이용자의 관심지역, 경로 등을 나타낼 수 있으므로 범죄수사 시 유용한 자료로 활용될 수 있다. 그러나 위치 정보에 대한 기존의 포렌식 연구는 단순히 사용흔적이나 위치정보에 대해 확인하는데 그치고 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 안드로이드 스마트폰에 저장되는 위치정보를 로그, 이미지, 각종 애플리케이션 등 다각적으로 접근하여 분석하고, 계층적 군집화를 이용한 통합적인 위치정보 분석모델을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제안한 모델은 위치정보 분석의 효율성을 높이고 사건에 대한 정보를 제공함으로써 범죄수사과정에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국정보처리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보처리학회 2014년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.952-955
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• 2014

본 논문에서는 정보 검색 분야에서 잘 알려진 잠재 의미 분석 방법과 계층적 군집화 방법의 단점을 상호 보완하여 보다 효율적인 정보 검색을 위한 혼합형 군집화 방법을 제안한다. 먼저, 잠재 의미 분석 방법은 벡터 연산을 통하여 자동적으로 문서 내에 있는 잠재적인 의미를 찾는 정보 검색분야에서 많이 사용되는 고전적인 방법이다. 그러나 이 방법은 언어의 유의성이나 다의성으로 인하여 발생되는 백-오브-워드(bag-of-word) 문제를 가지고 있다. 두 번째 방법인 문서 군집화를 위하여 범용적으로 사용되고 있는 계층적 군집화 방법이다. 이 방법은 이를 통하여 분석된 군집의 질적 측면에서 볼 때, 여전히 단층적 군집들이 많이 형성되어 세부적인 분석을 통한 추가적인 군집화가 필요함을 알 수 있다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 앞서 언급한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 혼합적인 방법으로 잠재 의미 분석 방법을 이용한 응집 계층 군집화 방법을 제안한다. 제안한 방법을 이용하여 잘 알려진 두 개의 데이터에 적용하고 기존의 방법과 그 결과를 비교함으로써 군집의 질적 측면에서의 우수함을 보인다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.808-820
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• 2006

In regard to indoor air quality patterns, the government introduced various polices that were about managing and monitoring quality of indoor air as a major assignment, and also executed 'Indoor Air Quality Management Act' which was presented in the May, 2004. However, among the multi-usage facilities controlled by the Act, the school was not included yet. This study goal was to investigate PM 10 pollution patterns of the high school classrooms using a pattern recognition method based on cluster analysis and disjoint principal component analysis, and further to survey levels of inorganic elements in May, June, and September, 2004. A hierarchical clustering method was examined to obtain possible objects in pseudo homogeneous sample classes by transformation raw data and by applying various distance. Following the analysis, the disjoint principal component analysis was used to define homogeneous sample class after deleting outliers. Then three homogeneous Patterns were obtained as follows: the first class had been separated and objects in the class were considered to be sampled under semi-open condition. This class had high concentration of Ca, Fe, Mg, K, Al, and Na which are related with a soil and a chalk compounds. The second class was obtained in which objects were sampled while working air-conditioners and was identified low concentration of PM 10 and elements. Objects in the last class were assigned during rainy day. A chalk, soil element and various types of anthropogenic sources including combustions and industrial influenced the third class. This methodology was thought to be helpful enough to classify indoor air quality patterns and indoor environmental categories when controlling an indoor air quality.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.52-58
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• 2014

To determine whether Fourier transform (FT)-IR spectral analysis combined with multivariate analysis of whole-cell extracts from ginseng leaves can be applied as a high-throughput discrimination system of cultivation ages and cultivars, a total of total 480 leaf samples belonging to 12 categories corresponding to four different cultivars (Yunpung, Kumpung, Chunpung, and an open-pollinated variety) and three different cultivation ages (1 yr, 2 yr, and 3 yr) were subjected to FT-IR. The spectral data were analyzed by principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analysis. A dendrogram based on hierarchical clustering analysis of the FT-IR spectral data on ginseng leaves showed that leaf samples were initially segregated into three groups in a cultivation age-dependent manner. Then, within the same cultivation age group, leaf samples were clustered into four subgroups in a cultivar-dependent manner. The overall prediction accuracy for discrimination of cultivars and cultivation ages was 94.8% in a cross-validation test. These results clearly show that the FT-IR spectra combined with multivariate analysis from ginseng leaves can be applied as an alternative tool for discriminating of ginseng cultivars and cultivation ages. Therefore, we suggest that this result could be used as a rapid and reliable F1 hybrid seed-screening tool for accelerating the conventional breeding of ginseng.