• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.171-182
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• 2017

In this study, the internal structure of a Heumgyeonggak-nu (欽敬閣漏) was designed, and the power transmission mechanism was analyzed. Heumgyeonggak-nu is an automated water clock from the Joseon Dynasty that was installed within Heumgyeonggak (欽敬閣), and it was manufactured in the $20^{th}$ year of the reign of King Sejong (1438). As descriptions of Heumgyeonggak-nu in ancient literature have mostly focused on its external shape, the study of its internal mechanism has been difficult. A detailed analysis of the literature record on Heumgyeonggak-nu (e.g., The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty) indicates that Heumgyeonggak-nu had a three-stage water clock, included a waterfall or tilting vessel (欹器) using the overflowed water, and displayed the time using a ball. In this study, the Cheonhyeong apparatus, water wheel, scoop, and various mechanism wheels were designed so that 16 fixed-type scoops could operate at a constant speed for the water wheel with a diameter of 100 cm. As the scoop can contain 1.25 l of water and the water wheel rotates 61 times a day, a total of 1,220 l of water is required. Also, the power gear wheel was designed as a 366-tooth gear, which supported the operation of the time signal gear wheel. To implement the movement of stars on the celestial sphere, the rotation ratio of the celestial gear wheel to the diurnal motion gear ring was set to 366:365. In addition, to operate the sun movement apparatus on the ecliptic, a gear device was installed on the South Pole axis. It is expected that the results of this study can be used for the manufacture and restoration of the operation model of Heumgyeonggak-nu.

• 천문학논총
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.31-40
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• 2019

보루각루를 발전시킨 흠경각루는 세종이 계획하고 장영실이 제작했다. 1438년에 완성한 흠경각루는 수격식 혼의와 혼상의 동력 발생 방식(Lee & Kim, 2012; Mihn et al., 2016)을 채택하였을 뿐만 아니라, 보루각루에서 검증된 구슬 신호 방식과 방목장치를 개량한 걸턱 신호를 활용한 것으로 추론된다. 비록 흠경각루의 내부 구조에 대한 자세한 기술은 없지만, 가산의 상층, 중층, 하층에서 시각에 따라 운행되는 시보시스템 모델을 구체적으로 제시하였다. 본 연구의 흠경각루 모델은 수차의 회전 동력이 기륜 주축에 연결된 세 기륜(4신기륜, 시보기륜, 12신기륜)의 회전력을 기반으로 각종 인형들을 작동시키는 메커니즘으로 구현하였다. 흠경각루 시보시스템 모델을 통한 작동구조와 주요 특징을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 4신기륜은 걸턱과 지레를 이용해 4신옥녀의 종을 치고, 4신이 90℃씩 회전하도록 구성했다. 둘째, 시보기륜에서 주전의 역할과 기능을 갖도록 12시진·5경·5점의 걸턱, 밀쇠, 구슬키잡이를 설치해 구슬신호를 발생시키고, 구슬신호 분배기를 통해 경점시간을 알렸다. 셋째, 12신기륜에서 걸턱, 마중쇠, 저울쇠 등을 설치해 12신옥녀와 12신의 작동을 제어했다. 보루각루를 더욱 발전시킨 흠경각루에서는 걸턱, 지레, 주전, 구슬 신호 등을 적용하여 이슬람의 기술요소를 다양한 방식으로 확장하여 적용했다. 이러한 전통은 17세기 조선의 혼천시계 제작 방법에서도 그대로 계승되었다.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.79-91
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• 2011

Ongnu (Jade Clepsydra; also called Heumgyeonggaknu) is a water clock was made by Jang Yeong-sil in 1438. It is not only an automatic water clock that makes the sound at every hour on the hour by striking bell, drum and gong, but also an astronomical clock that shows the sun's movement over time. Ongnu's power mechanism used is a water-hammering method applied to automatic time-signal device. The appearance of Ongnu is modeled by Gasan (pasted-paper imitation mountain) and Binpungdo (landscape of farming work scene) is drawn at the foot of the mountain. The structure of Ongnu is divided into the top of the mountain, the foot of the mountain and the flatland. There located are sun-movement device, Ongnyeo (jade female immortal; I) and Four gods (shaped of animal-like immortals) at the top of the mountain, Sasin (jack hour) and Musa (warrior) at the foot of the mountain, and Twelve gods, Ongnyeo (II) and Gwanin on the flatland. In this study, we clearly and systematically understood the time-announcing mechanism of each puppet. Also, we showed the working mechanism of the sun-movement device. Finally, we completely established the 3D model of Ongnu based on this study.

• 천문학회보
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.69.2-69.2
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• 2017

우리는 2016년 6월부터 세종시대 흠경각루 복원 프로젝트(사업명: 장영실 자동물시계 옥루의 전시융합콘텐츠 개발 및 활용 연구, 한국연구재단)를 진행하고 있다. 흠경각루는 세종대에 장영실이 제작한 보루각루의 제작(1434년)이후 4년여 만에 새롭게 제작(1438년)한 또 다른 자동물시계이다. 총 3년간의 연구를 통해 세종시대의 흠경각루('옥루'로도 부름)에 대한 상세 설계도면의 작성, 프로토타입(prototype) 제작, 전시융합콘텐츠와 과학교재 개발을 진행하게 된다. 현재 1차 년도 연구사업을 통해 내부구성에 따른 동력시스템에 대한 설계와 제작이 진행되었다. 물시계로부터 공급된 물이 수차를 움직이게 하고 회전 기륜을 작동시켜 각 층의 시보인형이 작동하는 동력을 발생시킨다. 가장 위층의 천륜은 혼천의를 구동시켜 태양의 일주운동 및 연주운동을 재현하여 보여주도록 했다. 향후 2차 년도의 연구를 통해 세부 시보인형에 대한 작동메커니즘을 실시설계하고, 흠경각루 외형에 해당되는 가산을 디자인하는 일들이 진행될 예정이다. 이 연구의 최종 단계에서는 흠경각루의 복원 모델을 제시하게 되며, 전시를 통한 체험 활동과 영상콘텐츠가 접목된 천문시계 전시물로 활용될 예정이다.

• 천문학논총
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.65-78
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• 2021

Jagyeokru, an automatic striking water clock described in the Sejong Sillok (Veritable Records of King Sejong) is essentially composed of a water quantity control device and a time-signal device, with the former controlling the amount or the flow rate of water and the latter automatically informing the time based on the former. What connects these two parts is a signal generating device or a power transmission device called the 'Jujeon' system, which includes a copper rod on the float and ball-racked scheduled plates. The copper products excavated under Gongpyeong-dong in Seoul include a lot of broken plate pieces and cylinder-like devices. If some plate pieces are put together, a large square plate with circular holes located in a zigzag can be completed, and at the upper right of it is carved 'the first scheduled plate (一箭).' Cylinder-like devices generally 3.8 cm in diameter are able to release a ball, and have a ginkgo leaf-like screen fixed on the inner axis and a bird-shaped hook of which the leg fixes another axis and the beak attaches to the leaf side. The lateral view of this cylinder-like device appears like a trapezoid and mounts an iron ball. The function of releasing a ball agrees with the description of Borugak Pavilion, where Jagyeokru was installed, written by Kim Don (1385 ~ 1440). The other accounts of Borugak Pavilion's and Heumgyeonggak Pavilion's water clocks describe these copper plates and ball releasing devices as the 'Jujeon' system. According to the description of Borugak Pavilion, a square wooden column has copper plates on the left and right sides the same height as the column, and the left copper plate has 12 drilled holes to keep the time of a 12 double-hours. Meanwhile, the right plate has 25 holes which represent seasonal night 5-hours (Kyeong) and their 5-subhours (Jeom), not 12 hours. There are 11 scheduled plates for seasonal night 5-hours made with copper, which are made to be attached or detached as the season. In accordance with Nujutongui (manual for the operation of the yardstick for the clepsydra), the first scheduled plate for the night is used from the winter solstice (冬至) to 2 days after Daehan (大寒), and from 4 days before Soseol (小雪) to a day before the winter solstice. Besides the first scheduled plate, we confirm discovering a third scheduled plate and a sixth scheduled plate among the excavated copper materials based on the spacing between holes. On the other hand, the width of the scheduled plate is different for these artifacts, measured as 144 mm compared to the description of the Borugak Pavilion, which is recorded as 51 mm. From this perspective, they may be the scheduled plates for the Heumgyeonggak Ongru made in 1438 (or 1554) or for the new Fortress Pavilion installed in Changdeokgung palace completed in 1536 (the 31^st year of the reign of King Jungjong) in the early Joseon dynasty. This study presents the concept of the scheduled plates described in the literature, including their new operating mechanism. In addition, a detailed model of 11 scheduled plates is designed from the records and on the excavated relics. It is expected that this study will aid in efforts to restore and reconstruct the automatic water clocks of the early Joseon dynasty.