• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.52-62
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• 2017

Purpose: The Trastuzumab for gastric cancer (GC) trial identified human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) as a predictor of successful treatment with trastuzumab (HER2 receptor targeting agent) among patients with advanced/metastatic GC. To date, the prevalence of HER2 overexpression in the Korean population is unknown. The present study aimed to assess the incidence of HER2 positivity among GC and gastroesophageal (GE) junction cancer samples and the relationship between HER2 overexpression and clinicopathological characteristics in Korean patients. Materials and Methods: Tumor samples collected from 1,695 patients with histologically proven GC or GE junction enrolled at 14 different hospitals in Korea were examined. After gathering clinicopathological data of all patients, HER2 status was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) at each hospital, and IHC 2+ cases were subjected to silver-enhanced in situ hybridization at 3 central laboratories. Results: A total of 182 specimens tested positive for HER2, whereas 1,505 tested negative. Therefore, the overall HER2-positive rate in this study was 10.8% (95% confidence interval=9.3%-12.3%). The HER2-positive rate was higher among intestinal-type cases (17.6%) than among other types, and was higher among patients older than 70 years and 50 years of age, compared to other age groups. Conclusions: Our evaluation of the HER2 positivity rate (10.8%) among Korean patients with GC and GE junction indicated the necessity of epidemiological data when conducting studies related to HER2 expression in GC and GE junction.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2018

Ki-67 has been widely performed and become an important biomarker in worldwide clinics, but the standard cut off value of Ki-67 index in breast cancer is still controversy. The objective study was to understand the Ki-67 in breast cancer subtypes and to investigate relative risk of breast cancer subtypes according to Ki-67 cut off value in Korean breast cancer. Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and Ki-67 index was examined from 123 breast cancer patients. Ki-67 index was significantly overexpressed in PR, ER, and HER2 hormone negative groups. Ki-67 index in Triple negative and HER2 subtypes was shown significantly higher than that in Luminal A and Luminal B subtype. Then, we compared the relative risk of each subtype according to 14% and 20% Ki-67 cut off value, which were applied in most clinics. Especially, 20% Ki-67 cut off value in HER2 and Triple negative subtypes was shown 8.41 fold and 2.83 fold higher relative risk than this in Luminal A subtype. Moreover, Ki-67 index in HER2 2+ or 3+ status showed significantly overexpressed than this in HER2 1+ status. At the 20% Ki-67 cut off value, HER2 1+ or 2+ status and 3+ status showed significant difference. Therefore, the 20% Ki-67 cut off value will be useful as a precise prognostic management and helpful for interpreting diverse outcomes of other subtypes in breast cancer patients.

• 복식
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• 제37권
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• pp.71-88
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• 1998

This study will analyze the aesthetic qual-ities revealed in the work of Vivienne Wes-twood in order to gain an understanding of the development process and uniqueness of modern avant-garde fashion. Westwood gained worldwide recognition in the 1970s as the Punk movement emerged in London. Although her works have often been described as decadent and anti-establishment, her anarchic view of fashion has had a considerable influence on other designers, both in England and around the world. Vivienne Westwood's works can be divided into three periods. In the first period(1971∼78). Westwood design demonstrated elements which were variations of the subcultural Punk style. The noteworthy designs of this period included ripped T-shirts, bondage clothes, and fetishist accoutrements. In the second period(1979∼83), her designs expressed elements from ethnic and primitive tribal societies through the 'Pirate', 'Savages', 'Buffalo Girls', 'Witches' collections, which inspired New Romanticism movement. In the third period (1985∼ ), through works such as 'Mini-Crini'collection, her works identified elements from the old west and used materials such as crinoline and Harris tweed and contemporized them by rearranging the innovative technique. In the end the news synthesis helped formulate new ideas. The aesthetic qualities in Vivienne Wes-twood's works can bed identified with the following themes : Punkature, Erotic Intelligent-sia, Anarchic Collage. First, within Punkature, Westwood's ideas are at the forefront as her impact on the cut of clothes and creative detailing have been considerable. Also, while her ideas can be extreme, her clothes are wear-able, resulting in the synthesis of Punk and couture. Second, as Erotic Intelligentsia, Vivienne Westwood does not present sexuality as a straight forward attribute that fashion so often tends to do, but instead as a matter for inquiry, exploration and debate. She asserts that sexuality is always an interplay between the polarities of masculine and feminine, of dress and undress. Third, as Anarchic Collage, she has taken, juxtaposed, and transformed objects and symbols from dominant culture, like every modern subversive movement from Dada to Punk. She has continued this form of anarchic collage, mixing styles from various times and places, taking them out of their traditional context. From thiss viewpoint, Vivienne Westwood's works can be considered to be made up of past themes merged with is contemporary. The usage of contrasting elements such as Punk and couture to communicate her ideas visually or technically.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권17호
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• pp.7997-8002
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• 2015

Gene amplification is an important mechanism in the development and progression of cancer. Currently, gene amplification status is generally determined by in situ hybridization (ISH). Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) is a PCR-based method that allows copy number detection of up to 50 nucleic acid sequences in one reaction. The aim of the present study was to compare results for HER2, CCND1, MYC and ESR1 gene amplification detected by MLPA with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) as clinically approved methods. Tissue samples of 170 invasive breast cancers were collected. All were ER positive. Tissue samples had previously been tested for HER2 using immunohistochemistry. Amplification of the selected genes were assessed using MLPA, FISH and CISH and results were compared. HER2 MLPA and ISH results were also compared with HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) which detects protein overexpression. Amplification of HER2, CCND1, MYC and ESR1 by MLPA were found in 9%, 19%, 20% and 2% of samples, respectively. Amplification of HER2, CCND1, MYC and ESR1 by FISH was noted in 7%, 16%, 16% and 1% of samples, respectively. A high level of concordance was found between MLPA/FISH (HER2: 88%, CCND1: 88%, MYC: 86%, ESR1: 92%) and MLPA/CISH (HER2: 84%). Of all IHC 3+ cases, 91% were amplified by MLPA. In IHC 2+ group, 31% were MLPA amplified. In IHC 1+ group, 2% were MLPA amplified. None of the IHC 0 cases were amplified by MLPA. Our results indicate that there is a good correlation between MLPA, IHC and ISH results. Therefore, MLPA can serve as an alternative to ISH for detection of gene amplification.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.335-339
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• 2016

Background: The aim of this work was to investigate if serum and salivary auto-antibodies, isotypes IgG and IgM, against HER2 and MUC1 tandem repeat fragments could play a role in breast cancer screening. Materials and Methods: Our case-control study was conducted in breast cancer patients, in early stages (n=29), at the gynecology service, Maternity Souissi Hospital, Rabat, Morocco and healthy woman (n=31). Salivary and serum auto-antibodies against HER2 and MUC1 (tandem repeat) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and compared between patients and healthy women using the Mann-Whitney U test. A P-value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Our data showed higher expression of all serum and salivary autoantibodies in patients as compared to healthy women p<0.05. However, serum IgM anti-MUC1 expression did not show a significant difference between cases and controls (p=0.79). Similarly, salivary IgG anti-HER2 expression did not differ (p=0.15). The correlation between the different isotypes of antibodies revealed that the highest correlation was between salivary IgG anti-HER2 and salivary IgG anti-MUC1(r=0.65). In fact, we have found in saliva the correlation between autoantibodies anti-MUC1 and anti-HER2 more important than in serum (r=0.59 and r=0. 55). However, the correlation between serum and saliva values for all antibodies was weak. Conclusions: Autoantibodies against HER2 and MUC1 may provide a useful approach in breast cancer screening when using both serum and saliva values.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.5811-5816
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• 2013

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Molecular subtypes are important in determining prognosis. This study evaluated five-year disease-free survival among four molecular subtypes in patients with early stages of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective descriptive-analytical study, information on patients with breast cancer between 2001-2010 was evaluated. Five hundred ninety two patients in the early stages of breast cancer (stages 1 and 2) were selected to undergo anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Relapse, death or absence (censor) were considered as the end of the study. Patients based on ER, PR and HER-2 expression were divided into four subtypes (luminal A, luminal B, HER-2 enriched and triple negative). Information based upon questionnaire was analysed. To show the patients survival rate, life table and Kaplan-Meyer methods were used, and for comparing mean survival among different groups, the Log-Rank test was utilized. Results: Mean age at diagnosis was $47.9{\pm}9.6$. Out of the 592 patients, 586 were female (99%) and 6 were male (1%). Considering breast cancer molecular subtypes, 361 patients were in the luminal A group (61%), 49 patients in the luminal B group (8.3%), 48 patients in the HER-2 enriched group (8.1%) and 134 in the triple negative group (22.6%). Mean disease-free survival was 53.7 months overall, 55.4 months for the luminal A group, 48.3 months for the luminal B group, 43 months for the HER-2enriched group and 54.6 months for the triple negatives. Disease free survival differed significantly among the molecular subtypes (p value=0.0001). Conclusions: The best disease-free survival rate was among the luminal A subgroup and the worst disease-free survival rate was among the HER-2 enriched subgroup. Disease free survival rate in the HER-2 positive groups (luminal B and HER-2 enriched) was worse than the HER-2 negative groups (luminal A and triple negative).

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.185-194
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• 2006

1. Objecrives Although Lee Je-Ma emphasized it is important to be aware of our own Nature & Emotion(性情) and control them properly, there is few case report about Taeyangin focused on their psychological sides. This report is about a Taeyangin patient who had Hae Yuk and Yul Gyuk syndrome caused by her stress from the work place and relationship with her seniors 2. Methods We observed the female patient had hospitalized in the Oriental Hospital of Dongguk University more than twice has been followed up for the last one year. We prescripted Mi-hoo-teung-shik-chang Tang as her physical symptom. The improvement of her physical conditions were checked through her sleep, meal, menstruation, stool and urine. And MMPI has been tested three times for the last one year to analyze her psychological progress. 3. Results and Conclusions Working in a group can cause hard stress for Taeyangin who is not good at adjusting themselves to whatever environment they are in. Mi-hoo-teung-shik-chang Tang could improve Taeyangin's physical conditions such as Hae Yuk, Yul Gyuk, insomnia, nausea, anorexia and hypouresis. But as her psychological aspect, she was getting more anxious, depressed and avoiding contact with others due to the stress. It is necessary to rake care of patients' psychological sides as well as physical conditions through managing their Nature & Emotion(性情).

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.12-19
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• 2006

As an exhibition designer, clothing and furniture designer, and woman architect in Germany during the 1920s and'1930s Lilly Reich was an important pioneer of modern design and one of the most respected practitioners. In spite of that she has been until recently known primarily for the work she produced in association with the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, because his fame has overshadowed her own contribution. For the first time only after her own works have been presented by MoMA in 1996, her artistic world could begin to be illuminated. This study discusses not only her collaboration with Mies van der Rohe, but also her own work as an individual artist. The aim of this study is concentrated on two aspects, which have been unexplored in the history of architecture and interior design. One of them is related to her effort, the essential elements and principles of the exhibition design disciplinarily to stand and through this the methodological basis of exhibition design to found. Another aspect is the contribution to the functionalist architecture by keeping in harmony the standardization and the individualism. This study is purposed to re-actualize the interior-architectural ideas of Lilly Reich into the present context through the consideration on the collaborations with Mies van der Rohe and her own works and to illuminate her complementary efforts to the functionalist architecture.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제52권
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• pp.31-52
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• 2018

이 논문은 19세기 프랑스 소설가인 조르주 상드의 공상적 사회주의를 재조명하기 위한 것이다. 한 마디로 그녀의 사회주의는 기독교적 사회주의라고 할 수 있다. 그녀는 당시 기독교적 사회주의를 부르짖은 르루와 라므네에게서 지대한 영향을 받았다. 이것은 당시의 공상적 사회주의자들인 생시몽과 푸리에등과도 다른 사회주의였다. 또한 상드의 사회주의는 당시 유행하였던 코뮤니즘과도 닮아있었다. 우리는 많은 저술에서 상드를 코뮤니스트로 묘사하는 것을 볼 수 있다. 그녀의 소설도 그녀의 코뮤니즘적 사상을 전파하기 위해 쓰여진 것이다. 하지만 그녀의 코뮤니즘은 마르크스식의 코뮤니즘과는 또 다른 사상을 보여준다. 이 논문에서는 그녀의 소설과 편지 그리고 그녀가 쓴 정치적 격문들 속에 나타난 그녀의 코뮤니즘 사상을 마르크스 주의와의 비교를 통해 다음 세 가지로 분석할 것이다. 1.마르크스의 공산주의가 폭력을 정당화하였다면 상드의 코뮤니즘 사상은 비폭력주의를 바탕으로 한다 2. 상드의 코뮤니즘은 노동자뿐 아니라 노동자와 자본가 모두를 위한 평등을 주장한다. 그녀는 "모두를 위한 평등이 아니라면 우리는 논할 자격도 없다"고 말한다. 3. 마지막으로는 그녀의 코뮤니즘은 철저하게 기독교적 가치관 즉 사랑과 연대에 바탕을 둔 것이다.

• 영어영문학
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.383-408
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• 2010

This paper intends to suggest the positive, ecological vision of sustainability in Karen Hesse's Out of the Dust that Billie Jo Kelby recovers herself through her readjustment of interior consciousness and outer environment in her tragic situations caused by the Dust Bowl. In spite of her desires for happiness and affluence of home, she loses her mother and brother, and her musical talent as a pianist, and lies in self-abandonment. But she finally raises up herself with her courage and patience, reconciliating with the nature and ameliorating the community by taking care of the devastated landscapes. Hence it is appropriate to approach the loss-recovery process of nature and consciousness with ecological solutions, The Dust Bowl breaks down human mind and body, and eventually leads to the situations of despairs and death. Hesse proposes the primary solution that humans should reconstruct their interior consciousness and participate in recovering the nature because humans are inevitably linked with nature. In this novel, the nature takes a dynamic and active role as a catalyst, reconciling the self with other humans and settling with the conflicting situations in history and culture. This verse novel as an active, self-ordering, and corrective process gives the more intense ecological message. As Hesse defines the setting of Dirty Thirties as a channel of energy, she creates the utmost effects of ecological process that human and environment are part of a total situation, representing the transactional formulation, each conditioned by conditioning to the other. Therefore Billie Jo takes her part as an interpreter and actualizes herself, understanding the nature with metaphor and symbol. Eventually Billie Jo realizes that she should rebuild her environment not out of the dust but in the dust, accepting the reality of Dust Bowl.