• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2000

The effects of each component (water extracts, alcohol extracts, lipophillic extracts, total saponin, panaxadiol, panaxatriol) of red ginseng on the antioxidative enzyme activities were investigated in the liver in order to screen antioxidative components of red ginseng. 20∼25g ICR mouse which were pretreated with 50 mg/kg body weight of red ginseng component for 15 days. The ability of red ginseng component to protect against oxidative damage to the mouse liver was examined by determining the level of lipid peroxidation (MDA), hydroperoxide (H$_2$O$_2$) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase. The hepatic total-SOD activity was highest in lipophilic extracts group and panaxadiol group next (p<0.01). The content of hepatic hydroperoxide was lowest in the order of panaxatriol group and alcohol extracts group (p < 0.01). The hepatic catalase activity in the liver was highest in order of lipophillic extracts group (p <0.01) and total saponin group (p<0.05). Finally the lipid peroxidation (MDA) level was lowest in lipophillic extracts group, alcohol extracts group and panaxadiol next (p <0.01). In conclusion, the order of effectiveness of antioxidants was to be lipophillic extracts>panaxadiol >total saponins.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.569-573
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of Hovenia dulcis Thumb leaves extract on liver damage in benzo($\alpha$)pyrene (B($\alpha$)P)-treated mice. Hovenia dulcis Thumb leaves methanol extract was intra-peritoneally injected once daily for 5 successive days, followed by treatment with B($\alpha$)p. The elevated activities of serum aminotransferase and hepatic cytochrome P450 by B($\alpha$)p were decreased by pretreatment with Hovenia dulcis Thumb leaves extract. Hovenia dulcis Thumb leaves extract also significantly prevented the elevation of hepatic malondialdehyde content and depletion of glutathione content induced by B($\alpha$)P. In addition, the increased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase after B($\alpha$)P-treatment were decreased. On the other hand, glutathione S-transferase activity was increased by pretreatment with Hovenia dulcis Thumb leaves extract. These results suggest that Hovenia dulcis Thumb leaves extract have a protective effect on liver damage by B($\alpha$)P through the mechanisms of decreasing lipid peroxide and activities of free radical generating enzymes.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2021

We aimed to investigate the age-dependent development of digestive organs, intestinal enzymes, and hepatic antioxidant defense system in White Leghorn chicks aged 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. Body weight (BW) did not significantly change between days 0 and 7 but significantly increased (P<0.05) after day 7. The relative liver weight (g/100 g of BW) was significantly lower at day 0 than at the other ages but markedly increased at days 3 and 7 (P<0.05). The relative pancreatic weight changed similar to the change in liver weight, with the maximum development at 7 days (P<0.05). The relative intestinal and mucosal tissue weights increased rapidly after hatching (P<0.05), with the maximum growth at 7 days. Furthermore, maltase and sucrase activities were significantly higher at day 3 than at day 0 (P<0.05). Leucine aminopeptidase activity was high at day 0 and remained constant as age increased. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase activities in the liver were the lowest at day 0 but significantly increased after 7 days (P<0.05). Glutathione peroxidase activity increased significantly after day 14 compared with that at days 0 and 7 (P<0.05). Lipid peroxidation was not affected by age. In conclusion, the digestive organ weights and hydrolase activity of chicks increased rapidly during the first 3 or 7 days post-hatching. Hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity increased simultaneously with the increase in digestive organ weights, after 7 days.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.290-296
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• 1984

In order to evaluate the effect of fish oil on lipogenesis, activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ( G6PDH ) and malic enzyme (ME) were measured in liver of rats fed mackered oil(MO) or eel oil (EO) for 10 to 14 days, at the various levels of 0 to 10% (w/w ). In addition to two kinds of fish oil, soybean oil (SO), lard (L), and beef tallow (BT) were fed to the different groups of rats. When fish oil was below 10%(w/w ), soybean oil, lard, or beef tallow was mixed with fish oil to maintain constant 10% (w/w) fat level. Three days of feeding MO brought a marked decrease$({\sim}{50}%)$ both in G6PDH and ME activity, the former of which maintained during 13 days of feeding. L group had highest levels of both enzymes. G6PDH activity of MO was lower than SO, but ME activity was not different between MO and SO. G6PDH activity was decreased with increasing content of fish oil (MO, EO), starting at the 2%(w/w) level of fish oil, when L or BT was used as filler oil. But ME activity was significantly reduced when fish oil content was at least 5%(w/w). Difference between the effects shown by two kinds of fish oil and animal species were also found. The present study suggests that fish oil can suppress hepatic lipogenesis by reducing activities of lipogenic enzymes with the same or higher degree than vegetable oil can exert.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.358-363
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• 2005

Effects on the feeds of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with a giant embryonic rice on lipid peroxides level and antioxidative enzyme activites in plasma and liver tissues were investigated. Along with the experimental periods, all animals in diabetic groups had a lower increase rate in body weight than the normal control group. A giant embryonic rice-fed group showed a inhibition in the decrease of body weight, and a increase in feed intake compared to the normal control group. The organ weights of the diabetic control group were heavier than those of the normal control while rice-fed groups including the giant embryonic rice-fed group were found to have lower organ weights, and its blood sugar level was found to be lower than those of the normal group. Lipid peroxides of the giant embryonic rice-fed animals showed a lower lipid peroxidation values compared to that of the diabetic control group. Plasma vitamin A and E concentrations of the diabetic control group were significantly decreased compared to the normal control while those of the giant embryonic rice-fed group were found to be significantly higher than those of the diabetic control. Of the hepatic antioxidative enzymes, SOD activity of the giant embryonic rice-fed group was higher than that of the diabetic control group. Taken these together, low lipid peroxidation values and, in contrast, high antioxidative enzyme activities were thought to be a cause for decreasing hepatic oxidative damages.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1562-1569
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• 2004

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs)-enriched diet supplemented with different levels of $\alpha$-tocopherol on the activities of hepatic lipogenic-related enzymes and the contents of liver and plasma lipid fractions in laying Tsaiya ducks. A total of 180 30-wk-old laying Tsaiya ducks, at the beginning of peak production, were allotted into 6 treatments with 3 replicates each. Ducks were fed one of the 6 experimental diets, containing 4% tallow (control), and 4% fish oil supplemented with graded levels of $\alpha$-tocopheryl acetate ($\alpha$-tocopherol) at 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg, respectively, for 6 wks. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum throughout the experimental period. The results indicated that the n-3 PUFAsenriched diet supplemented with different levels of $\alpha$-tocopherol did not affect (p>0.05) egg weight, feed intake, body weight change or liver and abdominal fat weights. Egg production, egg mass and feed efficiency significantly (p<0.05) improved as dietary $\alpha$-tocopherol levels increased. The activities of hepatic lipogenic-related enzymes including acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6. 2. 1. 3; ACC), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1. 1. 1. 49; G-6-PDH), ATP-citrate cleavage enzyme (EC 4. 1. 3. 8; CCE), NADP-malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.40; NADP-MDH) and fatty acid synthetase (FAS) were higher (p<0.05) in birds fed with the tallow diet than in those fed with fish oil diets and increased with increasing dietary $\alpha$-tocopherol levels. None of the dietary treatments significantly affected the contents of triglyceride and total cholesterol in the liver, or total cholesterol, phospholipid and total lipid in the plasma. However, the contents of phospholipid and total lipid in the liver, and triglyceride in the plasma increased as dietary $\alpha$-tocopherol levels increased. Increasing dietary $\alpha$-tocopherol levels decreased the non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) content in the plasma and trended to decrease the cholesterol contents in the egg yolk. The lipid metabolism of laying Tsaiya ducks was influenced not only by the dietary fat but also by the supplementation levels of $\alpha$-tocopherol.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.94-101
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to assess the responses of mixed function oxygenase (MFO) and antioxidative systems of feral Javelin goby, Acanthogobius hasta, caught in two sites of different pollution level in Shihwa lake, which has been a highly polluted lake by organic pollutants from nearby industrial complexes and sites. Enzymes analyzed in phase I of MFO system are cytochrome P450 (CYP), NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (P450R), NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (b5R), and ethoxyresorufin deethylase (EROD). Phase II enzyme of glutathione S-transferase (GST) in MFO system was also investigated. Moreover, oxidative-enzyme system including catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and total-glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities and glutathione concentration in both of oxidized (GSSG) and reduced form (GSH) were determined. P450R, b5R, and GST activities of fish are relatively high in the polluted area, whereas hepatic EROD activity levels of fish in polluted area were lower than those of unpolluted area. CYP concentrations are not different between areas. These results indicated that feral Acanthogobius hasta were adaptive to highly polluted environment and exposed to oxidative stress in Shihwa lake.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.551-560
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• 2015

Here we report the protective activity of cultured Acer tegmentosum cell extract against liver damage in rat intentionally instigated by D-galactosamine. Local fat degeneration and infiltration of inflammatory cells were significantly decreased in cultured A. tegmentosum cell extract administered rat. In addition, acutely increased AST, ALT, LDH, ALP activities and lipid peroxidation and lipid content by liver damage were recovered in experimental rat administrated with A. tegmentosum extract. These results showed that cultured A. tegmentosum cell extract has a role in blood enzyme activation and lipid content restoration within damaged rat liver tissues. Moreover expression rate of TNF-α which accelerates inflammation and induces tissue damage and necrosis was significantly decreased. Also activities of antioxidant enzymes were more effectively upregulated comparing to those of the control group induced hepatotoxicity. All data that cultured A. tegmentosum cell extract has a preventive role against liver damages such as inflammation, tissue necrosis in rats by improving activities of blood enzymes, antioxidant enzymes and modulating expression of inflammation factor, suggest that cultured Acer tegmentosum cell extract is an effective medicinal resource for restoration of hepatotoxicity.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.6-13
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• 2019

[Purpose] In this study, we examined the in vitro antioxidant activities and laxative effects of taurine-xylose (T-X), a synthetic taurine-carbohydrate derivative, in a rat model of constipation induced by loperamide. [Methods] The animals were divided into four treatment groups: normal untreated rats (NOR group), loperamide-treated control rats (CON group), loperamide and taurine-xylose (15 mg/kg)-treated rats (T-X group), and loperamide and commercial Dulcolax S (5.5 mg/kg)-treated rats (DS group). [Results] In the present study, T-X exhibited potent reducing power and free radical scavenging activities for DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS+ (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonic acid ammonium salt) radicals. The laxative effects of T-X were dependent on food, body weight, fecal properties, gastrointestinal transit (GIT) ratio, and serum metabolic parameters. In the T-X group, the number, wet weight, and water content of fecal pellets were noticeably increased compared to those in the loperamide-induced group. T-X treatment significantly increased the activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes, including those of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), relative to those in loperamide-induced constipated rats. Furthermore, the GIT ratio and loperamide-induced metabolic parameters in serum, including gastrin (GAS), motilin (MTL), and somatostatin (SS) levels, were significantly improved by T-X treatment. [Conclusion] These results suggest that taurine-xylose exerts antioxidant activities and laxative effects on loperamide-induced constipation by promoting gastrointestinal motility.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2013

The anti-obesity effects of fermented black bean were tested with mice fed a high fat diet for seven weeks. Body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio (FER) in the high fat diet control (HC) group were markedly higher, compared with those of the normal control (NC) group, but were significantly lower in the 2% black bean powder supplemented high fat diet (BB) group and 2% black bean powder fermented by M. pilosus supplemented high fat diet (BBM) group, compared with those of the HC group. Food intake in the HC and BB groups was significantly lower than that of the NC and BBM groups. Water intake in the HC group was significantly lower than that of the NC group, but was higher in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. On the other hand, relative liver and kidney weight in the HC group was lower than that of the NC group, but was higher in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. In addition, whereas epididymal fat weight in the HC group was markedly higher than that of the NC group, it was significantly lower in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. Meanwhile, hepatic GSH in the HC group was significantly lower than that of the NC group, but was slightly higher in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. Although hepatic LPO in the HC group was dramatically higher than that of the NC group, it was significantly lower in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. In addition, serum TG, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol in the HC group was significantly higher than that of the NC group, but was significantly lower in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. On the contrary, HDL-cholesterol in the HC group was significantly lower than that of the NC group, but was higher in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. In addition, activity of XOR D type in the HC group was lower than that of the NC group, but was slightly higher in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the NC group. Activities of ROS scavenging enzymes, such as SOD, GPX, and GST in the HC group were significantly lower than those of the NC group, but were significantly higher in the BB and BBM groups, compared with those of the HC group. In addition, serum ALT activity in the HC and BB groups was higher than that of the NC group, but was significantly lower in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. In histopathological findings, hepatic fat accumulation in the HC group was higher than that of the NC group, but was lower in the BBM group, compared with that of the HC and BB groups. In particular, antiobese, hypolipidemic, and antifatty liver effect of black bean powder fermented by M. pilosus was specifically higher than that of non-fermented steamed black bean. In conclusion, the constituents of black bean fermented by Monascus pilosus have been proven to not only inhibit obesity and hyperlipidemia but also decrease hepatic fat accumulation in high fat diet-induced obese mice.