• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.1048-1048
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate dietary behaviors, body image, hematological index and nutrient intake of female athletes in Incheon. The subjects were 112 female athletes (field and track: n=32, firing: n=27, fencing: n=29, swimming: n=14, badminton: n=10) from middle and high schools in Incheon. This cross-sectional study was conducted by a self-administered questionnaire. Fasting blood samples were obtained and analyzed for hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit(Hct), ferritin, serum iron, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), unsaturated iron binding capacity (UBC), total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and transferrin saturation (TS). Nutrient intakes collected from 3 day-recalls were analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 10.0 program. The results are summarized as follows: Average age of field and track athletes, firing, fencer and swimmer was 14 years and that of badmintoner was 17 years. Most of female athletes had dietary problems such as unbalanced meals, skipping meals, and preference of processed foods. More than 60% of female athletes skipped breakfast. As for perception of body image, most of female athletes perceived themselves fatter compared to normal body image. Especially, field and track athletes were more significantly experienced weight control compared to the other athletes (p<0.05). As for physical burden during exercise, 56.3% of swimmer and 31.3% of field and track athletes answered “very hard”, which showed a significant difference (p<0.001) More than 80% of female athletes had experienced a vertigo during exercise (p<0.01). Also, more than 50% of female athletes except badmintoner had experienced an irregular menstruation (p<0.05). Average serum iron level (p<0.05) and TS (p<0.05) of field and track athletes were significantly lower compared to the other athletes. Serum ferritin of badmintoner, field and track athletes and fencer was significantly lower compared to firing and swimmer (p<0.05). Nutrient intakes of female athletes except vitamin B6, niacin and phosphorus were lower than the Korean RDA. Especially, calcium and iron intakes of female athletes were under the 50% of the Korean RDA. Therefore, proper nutrition education and supplementation are required for female athletes to encourage desirable food habits as well as to improve their nutritional status and exercise performance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.887-896
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• 1999

The purpose of this research is to assess hematological and biochemical status and the prevalence of iron deficiency of pregnant women by gestational age to provide the primary data about iron nutritional status of pregnant women. Pregnant women visiting public health centers in Ulsan participated in study and were divided into 3 trimester by last menstrual period(LMP). Hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit(Hct)and mean corpuscular volume(MCV) among iron status indices were not statistically different from normal distribution, however total iron binding capacity(TIBC) and serum ferritin were skewed to left and serum iron and transferrin saturation(TS) were skewed to right. Hgb was positively correlated with Hct(r=0.93, p<0.001) but TIBC was negatively correlated with all indices. Serum ferritin was also correlated with all indices, especially in 3rd trimester but not reached to 1st trimester level. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC), Red cell distribution width(RDW), serum iron and TS were not significantly different by trimester, however when serum serum iron was adjusted with hematocrit to correct the hemodilution, it significantly decreased in 2nd trimester. MCV increased in 2nd trimester and was maintained until late pregnancy, TIBC continued to increase throughout the trimester. The prevalence of anemic by CDC(Centers for Disease Control) Hgb criteria(Hgb <11.0g/dl in 1st and 3nd trimester, Hgb<10.5g/dl in 2nd trimester) was 2.8% in 1st trimester, 22.5% in 2nd trimester, 27.1% in 3rd trimester and was similar with prevalence by CDC Hct criteria(Hct < 33% in 1st and 3rd, Hct < 32% in 2nd). The prevalence of anemic of total subjects was 32.7% by WHO criteria(Hgb < 11.0g/dl). Although almost iron status indices increased in 3rd trimester, the prevalence of anemia by different criteria of all indices increased throughout the trimester, so iron nutritional status was considered as serious during late pregnancy. However, since factors other than iron deficiency, such as infection, infection, inflammation, other nutrient deficiency may also play a significant role, to differentiate the anemia due to mainly iron deficiency from the anemia due to other factors, serum ferritin is among the more useful indices in distinguishing the two conditions because it is depressed only in iron deficiency. Hgb<11.0g/dl and serum ferritin<12.0ug/L as the criteria of iron deficiency was suggested by CDC. 17.8% of all subjects were classified as iron deficient anemia, 14.9% as anemic from other reasons, 21.2% as iron deficiency any only 46.2% were in normal iron status.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.754-758
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• 1995

Between February 1987 and April 1994,30 modified Blalock- Taussing shunts[MBTS were carried out at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery of the Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center.The operation consists of interposing between the subclavian artery and the pulmonary artery a polytetrafluoroethylene graft.There were 19 boys and 11 girls.The average age at the time of shunt construction was 14 months [range 4 days to 5 years .Seventy-six percent [23/30 were less than 1 year of age.Cardiac defects treated with MBTS included tetralogy of Fallot[10 , pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect[8 , pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum[4 , uni-ventricular heart[3 , and other complex cardiac anomalies[5 .Prosthesis of 4mm were used in 13 cases, and 5mm in 17.Of the 30 operations, 21 were performed on the right side and 9 on the left side.The hemoglobin level decreased from 21.1 gm/dl preoperatively to 16.3 gm/dl postoperatively and systemic oxygen saturation level increased from 60.5 % preoperatively to 85.4 % postoperatively.In the 30 patients who recieved MBTS, there were one early [3% and three late deaths [10% .Seven patients have had an corrective operation and two patient required second palliative procedure.The remaining patients are awaiting further operation with ingestion of aspirin [5 mg/kg/day as an antiplatelet agent.These results indicate that the MBTS provide excellent palliation at a low operative mortality for most patients.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.373-379
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• 2011

Current therapeutic methods for suppressing muscle spasticity are intensive functional training, surgery, or pharmacological interventions. However, these methods have not been fully supported by confirmed efficacy due to the aggravation of the muscle spasticity in some patients. In this study, a combined system was developed to treat with a low-level laser and to monitor the region of the treatment using an optical spectroscopic probe that measures oxygen saturation and deoxygenation during low-level laser therapy (LLLT). The evaluation of the wavelength dependence for LLLT was performed using a Monte Carlo simulation and the results showed that the greatest amount of heat generation was seen in the deep tissue at ${\lambda}$ = 830 nm. In the oxy- and deoxygenation measurements during and after the treatment, oxygen-Hb concentration was significantly increased in the laser-irradiated group when compared to the control group. These findings suggest that LLLT using ${\lambda}$ = 830 nm may be of benefit in accelerating recovery of muscle spasticity. The combined system that we have developed can monitor the physiological condition of muscle spasticity during the laser treatment in real time and may also be applied to various myotonia conditions such as muscle fatigue, back-pain treatment/monitoring, and ulcer due to paralysis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.136-142
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• 1988

Between February, 1983, and March, 1987, thirty-one systemic-pulmonary shunts were performed in 28 patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Age ranged from 8 months to 28 years [mean age, 5.4 years, Weight ranged from 7 kg to 48 kg [mean weight, 16kg]. There were 4 classic Blalock-Taussig shunts, 5 central polytetrafluoroethylene shunts, 1 aorta-right pulmonary artery shunt with graft, and 21 modified Blalock-Taussig shunts. One patient required another shunt immediately due to insufficient pulmonary blood flow with patent graft. There was no postoperative death. Conduit diameters included 4mm [2 cases], 5 mm [22 cases], and 6 mm [3 cases]. Long term follow up was available in 27 patients [96.4%] with mean period of 20 months [range, 4 months to 49 months]. The effectiveness of shunt was evaluated by cardiac catheterization with angiography [15 patients] or clinically. They showed improvement of systemic oxygen saturation values by 12% and decrease of hemoglobin by 2.3gm/dl [P<0.01]. There were 2 shunt occlusion in central shunts at 32 and 48 months respectively, and one narrowing of graft in modified Blalock-Taussig shunt at 12 months. The patency rate was 91.6% at 24 months for 5 mm grafts in modified Blalock-Taussig shunt.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.463-472
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the iron status and its related factors in female college students residing in Gyeongnam. The prevalence of iron deficiency among subjects ranged from 3.4% in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) to 43.7% in ferritin. Weight, lean body mass (LBM) and body mass index (BMI) were positively correlated with ferritin concentration, but negatively correlated with total iron binding capacity (TIBC). Among the nutrients, vitamin A and B2 were major predictors of elevated iron status. Meal regularity was positively correlated with Fe and ferritin concentration, and meal number with transferrin saturation (TS), meal quantity with red blood cell (RBC) and hematocrit (Hct). Consumption of fruit, meat, fish and poultry showed strong positive correlation with hematological indices. Therefore, increasing vitamin A, B2, C, and iron intakes as well as maintenance of a healthy weight may be helpful in preventing iron deficiency in female college students.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.127-137
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• 2007

The aim of this study is to examine the influence of vocal training on internal respiration in order to develop an efficient method of singing phonation. Five males trained singers (age:$25.0{\pm}1.4years$, career:$6.8{\pm}1.1\;years$) and five female trained singers (age:$22.0{\pm}1.0years$, career:$5.8{\pm}1.2\;years$) participated in this study. $SaO_2$(Oxi Hemoglobin saturation) was measured by Oxy-Pulse meter while $P_ACO_2$ (Pressure Alveolar $CO_2$) was measured by Quick et $CO_2$ before and after 2-minute, 4-minute and 6-minute vocal training. Result showed that $SaO_2$ was within a normal range after vocal training but $P_ACO_2$ came out lower than the normal range (36-40mmHg) after vocal training which led to Hypocapnia. This caused the singers to experience some headache and dizziness.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.362-367
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• 1983

Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula is a congenital malformation resulting from errant capillary development, with incomplete formation or disintegration of the vascular septa that normally divide the primitive connections between the venous and arterial plexuses. It generally occurs as part of the disorder known as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia [Rendu-Osler-Weber disease]. The hereditary lesion is transmitted as a simple non-sex-linked dominant trait. It may be single or multiple, too small to see on plain chest films or large and easily recognized. One third of the lesions are multiple on plain chest film. The pathogenesis of its symptoms is that unoxygenated, desaturated arterial blood enters into the pulmonary venous system, directly. Recently we have experienced a case of the pulmonary arteriovenous fistula in 26 years old male soldier, which was confirmed by pulmonary angiography preoperatively. 2 thumb-tip sized, well circumscribed cystic masses filled with bright red colored blood were seen in subpleural and anterolateral portion of the right upper lobe. Right upper Iobectomy was performed due to close approximation of the fistula with pulmonary vein. Microscopically, it shows angiomatous dilatation of the abnormal vessels embedding in the parenchyma. Postoperative physiologic studies show nearly normal arterial oxygen saturation, hemoglobin and RBC count. There was good, uneventful postoperative course.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.578-579
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• 2015

Transmission and reflectance are two non-invasive techniques to perform pulse oximetry. This paper presents a design of reflectance-based pulse oximetry for watch-type wearable device, in which sensor and detector are located on the same surface of the body part. The basic principle of a pulse oximeter is based on the measurement of the red and infrared (IR) light absorption. Oxygenated blood has significant differences of light absorption characteristics than deoxygenated blood under red (660 nm) and infrared (940 nm) wavelength. Infrared is absorbed more by oxygenated hemoglobin than red. So the hardware implementation is included placing of the two LEDs (red and IR) with single photo-detector in the middle on the patient's wrist to get the corresponding pulsatile signals which are used to estimate the $SpO_2$.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.20-23
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• 2021

Methemoglobin is generated by the oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron within a hemoglobin molecule. Methemoglobin is unable to bind and transport oxygen, resulting in methemoglobinemia, which can lead to fatal tissue hypoxia. The most common cause of methemoglobinemia is poisoning by oxidizing agents such as dapsone, benzocaine, and primaquine. However, methemoglobinemia can also be caused by normal dietary sources. We present two cases of methemoglobinemia that developed after a normal diet in two male patients. In this case report, the patients suddenly developed dyspnea and cyanosis after eating the same meal. They had no history of suspected poisoning, such as the use of drugs, exposure to chemicals, or gas inhalation. Their symptoms did not improve even after a high dose of oxygen was administered; further, an abnormal 'oxygen saturation gap' was observed. Because of CO-oximetry, the methemoglobin levels of the patients were 50.0% and 46.6%, respectively. We administered methylene blue (1 mg/kg), and the patients recovered completely without any complications. Emergency physicians should, therefore, be aware that methemoglobinemia can also be caused by normal dietary sources. In addition, if the source and route of contamination are unclear, an epidemiological investigation should be conducted.