• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.1460-1468
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• 2011

This study investigated the quality changes and characteristics (0, 3, 6, 9%) of pound cake made with flour that included gamma irradiated (50 kGy) hot water extracts of Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll (WEUS). The pH of pound cakes decreased with increasing powder concentration, and gamma-irradiated pound cakes had lower pH than non-irradiated pound cakes at the same powder concentrations. The height, volume, specific loaf volume, and baking loss showed no significant differences between control and experimental groups. With increasing powder concentration, the L value of the crust and crumbs decreased, but the a value increased. The b value showed different tendencies between crust and crumb. The crust value was reduced with higher content of WEUS, but the crumb value increased. Gamma-irradiated pound cakes were also less hard than non-irradiated pound cakes. On the other hand, adhesiveness and springiness decreased with increasing powder concentration, but were not significantly different from the control. Also, gumminess and chewiness decreased but not significantly so. The hardness after several days of storage (5, 10, and 15 days) was higher than the control, and the springiness and cohesiveness were significantly reduced with increasing concentration compared to the control. The retrogradation increased in the control group, but it did not in the experimental groups. Results of radical scavenging activity using DPPH indicated that the gamma-irradiated group was higher than the non-irradiated group and it was also higher with higher concentrations of powder. In a sensory evaluation, when compared to the control, pound cake with 3% WEUS was superior in taste, flavor, and overall preference. Therefore, it was found that pound cake with 3% WEUS powder with gamma irradiation of 50 kGy added could improve the yield, taste, and antioxidant activity of pound cake.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.233-239
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• 2004

This research was conducted to determine the effect of soil pH change followed by leaching with ground water on crop growth, yield and nutrient uptake of strawberry. Treatments were leaching with ground water (A), hydrated lime application of dissolved portion in $500g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ solution followed by leaching (B), application of $Al_2SO_4$ solution with the concentration of $0.75g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ followed by leaching (C), pH elevation by (B) followed by pH lowering by (C), then leaching (D). Soil samples taken before experiment had 6.0 in soil pH. But the pH of all treatments taken after pH changes and leaching were in the range from 5.8 to 6.2 without statistical differences among treatments. Electrical conductivity of soils taken before experiment was $1.82dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and those of (A), (B), (C), and (D) were 1.65, 1.72, 1.71 and $1.83dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, respectively. The plant height in treatment (C) was 20.4 cm at 80 days after transplanting which was the highest among treatments tested. The other growth characteristics did not show statistical differences among treatments. Tissue contents of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B in treatment (C) were higher than those of other treatments at 80 days after transplanting. The treatment (C) had the highest number of special sizes and fruit weight per 50 plants such as 137 and 3.784 g, respectively. The treatment also had 3.123 kg in total fruit weight and 2,489 kg in marketable fruit weight per 10 are. The treatment (B) also had good results such as 2,820 kg in marketable fruit weight per 10 are.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.191-197
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• 2005

Green house soils have been intensively cultivated with excessive application of compost and chemical fertilizer for vegetable growth. The objective of this study was to establish the reasonable fertilizer application system for rice cultivation in green house soil. Field experiment was carried out with rice cv. Geumo-byeo 1 in Jisan series soil (fine loamy, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Haplaquepts) that was previously cropped with green pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) for the last 3 years. Treatment consisted of conventional fertilization $(N-P_2O_5-K_2O=11-4.5-5.7kg\;10a^{-1})$, no basal fertilization, 50% reduction of basal fertilization no top dressing, bulk blending fertilizer, and no fertilizer. The value of pH, available phosphate, and exchangeable potassium after experiment was lower than those before experiment while organic matter content was not difference in all treatment. The value of salt elusion was the highest in no basal fertilization plot. The amount of $NH_4-N$ in soil was higher in growth stage of rice as fertilizer amount increased in 1998. The changes of plant height and tiller were higher as fertilizer amount increased. Thousand-grain weight as yield component was higher in no basal fertilization plot all the year because of decreasing panicle. There was no significant difference in rice yield between treatments in 1998. However, conventional fertilization resulted in significantly increased rice yield in 1999. Nitrogen use efficiency was the highest in no basal fertilization plot in 1998 and in conventional fertilization plot in 1998. Our results suggest that no basal fertilization be best to increase salt elusion with slightly increased yield in first year for rice cropping after vegetable harvesting, which method improves fertilization efficiency. However, conventional fertilization was good for second rice cropping after vegetable harvesting in greenhouse.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.814-819
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• 2004

An investigation was carried out to study the effect of two housing systems on feed intake and nutrient utilization of sheep in a semi-arid region of India. Two types of housing managements were adopted. The first was a shed- 20'${\times}$10' structure with all the four sides of 6' chain link fencing with central height of 10'. The roof was covered with asbestos sheets, with mud floorings. The second was an open corral- 20'${\times}$10' open space with all the four sides covered with 6' chain link fencing. Thirty-four (32 ewes and 2 rams) sheep were grazed together on a 35 ha plot of native range. All the sheep were grazed as a flock from 08:00 to 17:00 h during the yearlong study. The flock was divided into two groups (16 ewes+1 ram) in the evening and housed according to two housing systems (Shed and Open Corral). Three digestion trials were conducted during three defined seasons of monsoon, winter and summer seasons to determine the effect of housing on nutrient intake and utilization. Blood samples were collected in three seasons for the estimation of hemoglobin and glucose. Dry and wet bulb temperatures were recorded at 06:00 A.M. and 09:00 P.M. using suitable thermometers both inside the shed and in the open corral and temperature humidity index (THI) was calculated. There was significant (p<0.05) difference in the THI between shed and open corral in all the seasons, indicating that the shed was always warmer compared to open corral. The daily dry matter intake (DMI, g/d) was 965, 615 and 982 in sheep housed under shed and 971, 625 and 1,001 in those housed in open corral during monsoon, winter and summer season, respectively. These differences were however non-significant (p>0.05). The digestibility of DM was 45.92, 45.13 and 50.30 in sheep housed under shed and 43.64, 45.02 and 55.02 in sheep housed in open corral during monsoon, winter and summer seasons, respectively. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in the digestibility of nutrients in sheep maintained under shed and in open corral. Blood Hb concentration was 13.97, 14.13 and 13.15 in sheep housed under shed and 15.27, 13.63 and 14.82 in those kept in open corral, whereas blood glucose concentration was 59.67, 59.70 and 52.33 in sheep under shed and 61.00, 61.00 and 57.83 in open corral, during monsoon, winter and summer, respectively. There was also no significant effect of housing on the body weight changes, wool yield and survivability in ewes. Although housing had no significant effect on nutrient intake, their utilization and blood parameters, there was significant effect on the physiological responses and energy expenditure of sheep maintained under the two housing systems (Bhatta et al., 2004). It can be concluded from this study that the housing systems didn't have any significant effect on the nutrient intake and utilization of native breed like Malpura, which were well adapted to the hot semi-arid conditions of India. However, while deciding provisions for housing of different breeds of sheep (both crossbred and native) parameters like physiological responses, energy expenditure, health conditions and overall economics of the systems should be taken into consideration.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.736-744
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• 2007

Leptin, as an adipocyte-derived hormone, is an important regulator of food intake and energy expenditure. In the cross-sectional study, leptin was shown to be positively related to body adiposity and metabolic disorders in adults. However, there were very few studies which reported the leptin as a predictor of weight gain over time. We examined whether serum leptin can be used as an indicator of the present and 1-year past weight status in very young children. First grade students from elementary schools in Gwacheon City were enrolled in the study since 2005. The study subjects(total 375 students; 195 boys and 180 girls) participated in the investigation of both 2005 and 2006. Physical examinations including height, weight, waist circumference were done. To examine the prevalence of obesity, obesity index was used. Serum leptin was measured, and their nutritional status was also evaluated based on 3-Day dietary records. Serum leptin levels were strongly positively related with the value of the present BMI and with the value of the BMI one year before. We found no association with leptin levels and amount of energy intake and macronutrient intake in this children population. Children were divided into three groups according to leptin tertiles. The highest leptin tertile group showed highest prevalence of obesity in year 2006 as well as in year 2005. Serum leptin levels can reflect the weight status now and as well as 1-year before. Possibly serum leptin levels can predict the weight gain of year later. Without an action against the obesity on children with high leptin level, those children would maintain the excess adiposity growth and progress into the obesity-related metabolic disorders. Further studies are needed to predict the obesity as early as possible and preventive system then after.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.16-24
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• 2015

This study quantified storage and annual uptake of carbon for riparian greenspaces established in watersheds of four major rivers in South Korea and explored desirable strategies to improve carbon reduction effects of riparian greenspaces. Greenspace structure and planting technique in the 40 study sites sampled were represented by single-layered planting of small trees in low density, with stem diameter at breast height of $6.9{\pm}0.2cm$ and planting density of $10.4{\pm}0.8trees/100m^2$ on average. Storage and annual uptake of carbon per unit area by planted trees averaged $8.2{\pm}0.5t/ha$ and $1.7{\pm}0.1t/ha/yr$, respectively, increasing as planting density got higher. Mean organic matter and carbon storage in soils were $1.4{\pm}0.1%$ and $26.4{\pm}1.5t/ha$, respectively. Planted trees and soils per ha stored the amount of carbon emitted from gasoline consumption of about 61 kL, and the trees per ha annually offset carbon emissions from gasoline use of about 3 kL. These carbon reduction effects are associated with tree growth over five years to fewer than 10 years after planting, and predicted to become much greater as the planted trees grow. This study simulated changes in annual carbon uptake by tree growth over future 30 years for typical planting models selected as different from the planting technique in the study sites. The simulation revealed that cumulative annual carbon uptake for a multilayered and grouped ecological planting model with both larger tree size and higher planting density was approximately 1.9 times greater 10 years after planting and 1.5 times greater 30 years after than that in the study sites. Strategies to improve carbon reduction effects of riparian greenspaces suggest multilayered and grouped planting mixed with relatively large trees, middle/high density planting of native species mixed with fast-growing trees, and securing the soil environment favorable for normal growth of planting tree species. The research findings are expected to be useful as practical guidelines to improve the role of a carbon uptake source, in addition to water quality conservation and wildlife inhabitation, in implementing riparian greenspace projects under the beginning stage.

• Journal of Sasang Constitution and Immune Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.391-401
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• 2011

1. Objectives: Though the eating habits have improved and the living method has become convenient according to the economic growth thanks to the modern industrialization, because of the lack of exercise, obesity, wrong eating habits and stress etc, various symptoms of disease of adults are on the rise. This is the phenomenon that happens as the eating life has become life in the West along with the inundation of the western culture in our society. In this perspective, there has been many various clinical research that's been proceeded so far about the physical constitution and obesity, but there has been little research on the objective analysis of the clinical research about the alimentotherapy using taeeumjoweetang. 2. Methods: In this research we have checked the weights, fat rates, fat weight, abdominal fat rate, blood pressure, and BMI over the objects of the women that were diagnosed as lunisolar system as their physical constitution, and assessed the paramecium lipid, in-blood antioxidation enzyme and the damage of oxidization in the urine by physical constitution-specific of the body shapes that were determined by BMI. The statistical analysis of the current research was processed by using of SPSS 17.0 program. We have figure out statistical amounts such as the arithmetic average, average deviation rate and percentage number. Fro the verification of he significancy of each elements, we have used the paired t-test, ANOVA, Chi-square test at the level of p<0.05. 3. Results and Conclusions: Their characteristics are age $21.20{\pm}1.35$, height $160.30{\pm}6.11cm$, weight $64.66{\pm}8.72kg$, fat rates are $35.97{\pm}4.87%$, fat amount $23.40{\pm}5.48$, abdominal fat rate $0.823{\pm}0.03$, BMI $25.12{\pm}2.79kg/m^2$, and systolic blood pressure $111.60{\pm}10.28mmHg$ and diastolic blood pressure $68.60{\pm}7.43mmHg$ and we have let them take the medicine twice a day for 8 weeks. The clinical result for the Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, SGOT, SGPT, of the object people was that for the function of the liver, the result of the SGOT and SGPT test was $17.16{\pm}3.05$, $15.00{\pm}2.99IU/L$, which was a decrease, and had statistical meaning, but for the SGOT, though the figure reduced to $11.92{\pm}4.61$, $10.80{\pm}3.07$, it had no statistical meaning. For the whole cholesterol level, the figure reduced to $169.00{\pm}19.95$, $160.08{\pm}22.52$ mg/dL and had statistical significance(p<0.05). Neuter fat number, Triglyceride has slightly increased to $67.52{\pm}36.32$, $68.08{\pm}47.33$ mg/dL but did not have any statistical meaning. The antioxdant enzyme marker standard marker, SOD has increased to $2.52{\pm}0.73$, $2.86{\pm}0.60U/ml$, and had statistical significance(p<0.01). Catalase also increased by $0.63{\pm}0.18$, $1.07{\pm}0.25mmol/ml$ and had statistical meaning(p<0.01). GPx also increased to $204.76{\pm}32.64$ nmol/ml and had statistical meaning(p<0.01). But, for the Total antioxidant, though it has raised to $1.51{\pm}0.26$, $1.57{\pm}0.17nmol/{\mu}l$, it did not have any statistical meaning. MDA of oxidative stress marker has decreased to $1.70{\pm}0.68{\mu}g/ml$, $1.21{\pm}0.50{\mu}g/m$ and had statistical significance(p<0.01). 8-OHdG also decreased $3.35{\pm}0.95ng/ml$, $2.21{\pm}0.50ng/ml$ and had statistical meaning(p<0.01). In this research, we have analyzed the various markers relating to BFM and changes in oxidative enzyme in blood by takingtaeeumjoweetang. Taeeumjoweetang has the positive effect on inbody antioxidant system and reducing the content of cholesterol, which is proven to help losing weight and improving hyperlipidemia statistically. With this research, we hope to improve the lifestyle of those who are either obese or need to manage their dietary habits, and also to become the touchstone of integrating Oriental Medicine with the science of food & nutrition.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 1991

A pot experiment was conducted to find out the effects of lime and phosphate application on the changes of number of soil microorganisms, indigenous Rhizobium japonicum, nodule formation, and ureide-and amide-N in leaf and stem exudate of soybean plant under uncultivated hillside red earth in very low pH value, organic matter, available phosphate, and cation exchange capacity. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. The plant height, stem length, root dry weight and nodule weight were significantly increased with the application of lime and phosphate application than that of control plot. 2. The concentration of amide-N in soybean plant at the 45 days after sowing was obtained as high in order of control>lime> lime+phosphate while the concentration was obtained in order of Iime+phosphate>lime> control at flowering stage 3. However, concentration of ureide-N in the soybean leaf at the 45 days after sowing was obtained as high in order of control>lime>lime+hosphate while reversed concentration was obtained in stem. 4. The number of soil microorgan isms were increased with increase of pH value, available phosphate and soil exchangeable cation. 5. Significantly negative high correlation were obtained with the concentration of Al, Fe in soil and the concentration of amide-and ureide-N in soybean plant at flowering stage while positive correlation was obtained with plant growth and the concentration of ureide-N.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1181-1186
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• 2013

Due to climate change, the occurrence of abnormal weather conditions has become more frequent, causing damage to vegetable crops grown in Korea. Hot pepper, Chinese cabbage and radish, the three most popular vegetables in Korea, are produced more in the field than in the greenhouse. It has been a trend that the time for field transplanting of seedlings is getting earlier and earlier as the spring temperatures keep rising. Seedlings transplanted too early in the spring take a longer time to resume the normal growth, because they are exposed to suboptimal temperature conditions. This study examined the influence of air temperature during seedling growth on the time required to reach the first fruit maturity and yield of hot pepper. Seedling plants of 'Super Manita' hot pepper was grown in temperatures $2.5^{\circ}C$ and $5.0^{\circ}C$ lower than the optimum temperature (determined by the average of temperatures for the past 5 years). Seedlings were transplanted into round plastic containers (30-cm diam., 45-cm height) and were placed in growth chambers in which the ambient temperature was controlled under natural sunlight. The growth of seedlings under lowered temperatures was reduced compared to the control. The mineral (K, Mg, P, N) concentrations in the leaf tissues were higher when plants were grown with the ambient temperature $2.5^{\circ}C$ lower than the optimum, regardless of changes in other growth parameters. Tissue calcium (Ca) concentration was the highest in the plants grown with optimum temperature. The carbohydrate to nitrogen (C/N) ratio, which was the highest (18.3) in the plants grown with optimum temperature, decreased concomitantly as the ambient temperature was lowered $2.5^{\circ}C$ and $5.0^{\circ}C$. The yield of the early harvested fruits was also reduced as the ambient temperature became lower. The first fruit harvest date for the plants grown with optimum temperature (June 27) was 13 days and 40 days, respectively, earlier than that in plants grown with $2.5^{\circ}C$ (July 10) and $5.0^{\circ}C$ (Aug 6) lower ambient temperatures. The fruit yield per plant for the optimum temperature (724 g) was the greatest compared to those grown with $2.5^{\circ}C$ (446 g) and $5.0^{\circ}C$ (236 g) lower temperatures. The result of this study suggests that the growers should be cautioned not to transplant their hot pepper seedlings too early into the field, since it may delay the time of first harvest eventually reducing total fruit yield.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.197-202
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate basic factors of obesity, nutrient intakes, behaviors of dietary life, daily energy expenditure and emphasize on the necessity of school education. Because the growing prevalence of obesity have required a need for health education in school. The results were as follows. 1. The average height of boys and girls was l59${\pm}$13cm(boys), l54${\pm}$11cm(girls). The average weight of them was 68${\pm}$16kg(boys), 70${\pm}$13kg(girls). BMI(body mass index) of them was 26.9${\pm}$3.4(boys), 29.5${\pm}$2.9(girls). 2. For energy and protein, the average intakes of subjects were higher than recommended dietary allowances for Koreans(7th Ed). The average intakes of vitamin A and ascorbic acid were much lower than the recommended dietary allowances. 3. Most of subjects prefer fast food, rich snacks and overeating, irregular meal amount and these dietary behaviors were severe problems. 4. Total energy expenditure was 1,933kcal in boys and 1,789kcal in girls. To reduce weight and treat obesity, the required energy intake to subjects was 1,546kcal(boys) and 1,431kcal(girls). If we prepared the effective program for obesity, school education should be integrated within the larger community. Parents of students and students may be educated to make good health changes in the home. Nutrition education has a direct impact on their life style of their food intake and nutritional status. The use of multi-component obesity treatments will be effective in a school setting. It is more effective to encourage health habits in school, house and it should be integrated within the larger community.