• 분석과학
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2022

Food delivery is gaining popularity due to changes in lifestyle and dietary patterns. However, packages used to delivery food may contain contaminants including heavy metals, or additives added during manufacturing process which may migrate into food during processing and transportation. In this study, a total of 58 food packages for delivery were collected and tested for migration of heavy metals (lead, cadmium and arsenic), bisphenol A and phenol into food simulants. The method was validated by evaluating linearity of calibration curve, limit of detection, limit of quantification, recovery and precision. Result of heavy metal migration showed that lead was the most frequently migrated metal and the highest concentration was detected in a polypropylene sample. Although there are no specific migration limits for bisphenol A and phenol in packaging materials tested in this study, migrations of bisphenol A and phenol were detected in some packages. This may due to contamination or additives added during manufacture of packages. Risk (%) was calculated to analyze the risk associated with the migration of heavy metals, bisphenol A and phenol, and was always below 1 %. These results showed that food packages for delivery are safe in terms of heavy metals, bisphenol A and phenol migration.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate various heavy metal contents in packaging papers by pre-treatments for ICP-ES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry) analysis. Pre-treatment methods of heavy metals in this study include extraction, migration and decomposition methods (dry ashing, $HNO_3-HClO_4-HF,\;HNO_3,\;and\;H_2SO_4-HNO_3$). Test results were compared with conventional extraction (water) and migration (3% acetic acid) methods. The five representative heavy metals (Cd, As, Pb, Cr and Hg) were analyzed. For Cd, Hg, and As, the results were below detection limit of the instrumental technique. It was considered that the migration test was a better method compared to extraction test, but all the decomposition methods showed much higher detection values than the extraction or migration test. In case of recycled corrugated containers, 3% acetic acid solution extracted about 25% of chromium and 30% of lead compared to the content by decomposition methods. Among all decomposition methods, the nitric acid - perchloric acid - hydrofluoric acid treatment brought a slightly higher detection value than others, but there was no significant difference among them except sulfuric acid - nitric acid method.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.127-138
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• 2014

어린이용품의 위해성에 대한 관심이 증대됨에 따라 프탈레이트계 가소제와 중금속에 대해 세계적으로 규제가 날로 강화되고 있다. 우리나라에서도 2009년부터 환경보건법에 어린이용품에 대해 건강상에 문제를 일으킬 수 있는 물질에 대한 규제를 법적으로 고시 해 왔다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라에서 유통되는 어린이용품에 대해서 경구 및 경피 노출이 야기될 가능성이 높은 제품들 중 22개 제품군에 대해 총 124개 제품을 선정하여 제품 내 프탈레이트와 중금속의 함유량과 전이량을 조사하였다. 124개 제품 중 123개 제품에서 중금속 14종에 대하여 분석결과 중금속이 함유되어 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 경구 전이량 결과에 따르면 블록류, 플라스틱 인형, 목재완구, 놀이용 바닥매트, 물놀이용품이 전이가 가능하였고 분석 결과 대부분의 제품에서 바륨(Ba), 구리(Cu), 아연(Zn), 주석(Sn)의 인체 전이가 일어날 수 있는 것으로 조사되었고 일부 품목에서 코발트(Co), 니켈(Ni), 납(Pb) 등이 추가적으로 전이가 가능하였다. 경피 전이량 분석 결과 바륨(Ba), 구리(Cu), 아연(Zn)은 악세서리를 제외한 대부분의 제품에서 전이가 가능하였고 악세서리의 경우 크롬(Cr), 바륨(Ba), 니켈(Ni), 아연(Zn), 구리(Cu)가 전이 가능하였다. 프탈레이트 분석 결과, 124개 제품 중 21개 제품이 함유되어 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 함유량 분석 결과 DBP, DEHP, DINP의 검출을 보인 제품을 대상으로 경구 전이량을 조사한 결과, 물놀이용품 2개 제품에서 DEHP 물질의 인체 전이가 일어날 수 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 경피 전이량 분석 결과 대부분의 제품에서 DEHP의 전이가 가능하였고 DBP는 2개, DINP 7개에서 경피 전이가 일어날 수 있는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지구물리탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the international symposium on the fusion technology
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• pp.629-636
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• 2003

The retardation of heavy metals in a mixture of fly ash and bentonite was studied as a potential barrier material for a landfill. Column tests were conducted using synthetic leachate having 100 mg/L and 50 mg/L of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), respectively. Results indicated that the mixture had obvious retardation ability for heavy metals. To investigate the retardation factor caused by adsorption, batch adsorption tests were conducted at various concentrations. Test results were correlated with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption of the lead ion was applicable to the Langmuir isotherm and the adsorption of the cadmium ion was applicable to the Freundlich isotherm. In addition, based on experimental results, the migration characteristics of heavy metals through the bed of fly ash and bentonite mixture were investigated using the PHREEQC, a reactive transport model, under the real conditions of the landfill liner.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2001년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.224-227
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• 2001

In general, municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash (MSWIF) has a potential hazardous leaching of heavy metal with subsurface environment variation. Therefore, to remove the heavy metal from MSWIF electrokinetic technology were used. With constant current density condition heavy metals in MSWIF removed by ion migration. During 7 days operation 40~80% of Cr, Cd and As were removed and longer operation, 14 days treatment, showed 35~100% removal efficiency.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.523-532
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• 2008

A phase II site investigation and feasibility study was conducted at a military mortar shooting range near the demilitarized zone (Kyunggi, South Korea) to assess the extent of contaminants migration to the nearby Imjin river in which a flood control dam is under construction. The results showed that silty-clay soils around target areas were co-contaminated with heavy metals (Cd, Cu, and Pb) and explosives (HMX, RDX, and TNT). The total amount of contaminant was estimated to be 497.1 kg-RDX, 20.6 kg-HMX, 1.4 kg-TNT, 35.2 kg-Cd, 4,331 kg-Cu, and 5,115 kg-Pb, respectively. Both heavy metals and explosives were almost equally distributed on each soil particle size fraction. Neither subsurface soil samples nor ground water samples showed signs of contamination above the environmental criteria. The major migration route of contaminants was soil particles in surface run-off during rain at which a mass discharge rate of 30.0 mg-RDX/hour was observed.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2006년도 PAN PACIFIC CONFERENCE vol.2
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• pp.465-469
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• 2006

Pre-treatment methods to determine various heavy metal contents in packaging papers were investigated by ICP-ES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry) analysis. Pre-treatment methods utilized in this study include dry ashing and decomposition methods ($HNO_{3-}HClO_{4-}HF,\;HNO_{3},\;and\;H_{2}SO_{4-}HNO_{3}$). They were compared with the conventional extraction (water) and migration (3% acetic acid) methods. The five representative heavy metals (Cd, As, Pb, Cr and Hg) were analyzed. For Cd, Hg, and As, the results were below detection limit of the instrument. In case of Cr and Pb, the migration test is considered to be a better method compared to the extraction test, but all pretreated methods showed much higher detection efficiency than the extraction or migration test. However, the detection ratio between the migration test and decomposition methods was different. Among all decomposition methods, the nitric acid - perchloric acid - hydrofluoric acid treatment brought a slightly higher detection value than others, but there was no significant difference among them except sulfuric acid - nitric acid method. Concerning Pb, the sulfuric acid - nitric acid method showed a low detection efficiency compared to other decomposition methods. The sulfuric acid - nitric acid method is, thus, not considered to be a suitable analysis method for Pb in packaging papers.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.393-409
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• 2015

Zinc and lead pollution are public environmental issues that have attracted lots of attention for a long time. Landfill leachate contains heavy metals, such as Zn(II) and Pb(II), which are usually related to the pollution of groundwater, especially in developing countries. Bentonite has been proven to be effective in enhancing the membrane property of clay, by which landfill liners can have better barrier performance towards the migration of contaminants. In this study, 5% sodium bentonite amended with locally available Fukakusa clay was utilized to evaluate the membrane behavior towards the heavy metals zinc and lead. The chemico-osmotic efficiency coefficient, ${\omega}$, was obtained through Zn(II) and Pb(II) solutions with different concentrations of 0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 50 mM. According to the results, ${\omega}$ continually decreased as the Zn(II) and Pb(II) concentrations increased, which is consistent with the Gouy-Chapman theory. Compared to normal inorganic ions, the membrane behavior towards heavy metal ions was lower. The migration of heavy metal ions was not observed based on experimental results, which can be attributed to the adsorption or ion exchange reaction. The mechanisms of the membrane performance change were discussed with the assistance of XRD patterns, free swelling results, XRF results, and SEM images.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.175-182
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• 2022

중금속은 첨가제 성분이나 오염으로 인해 식품용 플라스틱 기구 및 용기, 포장 제품에 유입되어 식품을 통해 인체로 노출될 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 독성을 가진 7종의 중금속(납, 카드뮴, 니켈, 크롬, 안티몬, 구리, 망간)을 선정하고 국내 유통되는 16재질 137개 제품들에서의 이행량을 파악하여 위해도 평가를 수행하였다. 대상 검체들은 4% 초산을 식품모사용매(70℃, 30분)로 적용하여 이행시험을 수행하였다. 동시분석을 위해 유도결합플라즈마 질량분석법(ICP-MS)을 적용했으며 선형성, 검출 한계(LOD), 정량 한계(LOQ), 회수율, 정밀도를 측정하고 확장불확도를 산출하여 정량결과의 신뢰성을 확보하였다. 모니터링 결과, 전체적으로 불검출 (ND) ~ 8.76 ± 11.87 ㎍/L의 수준으로 검출되었으며, 대부분이 평균 1 ㎍/L 미만의 미량으로 확인되었다. 또한 안티몬이 PET 재질에서 다른 재질들에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 높게(p < 0.05) 측정되었다. 마지막으로 위해도를 평가한 결과, 국내 유통되는 제품들의 중금속들은 인체안전기준 대비 모두 안전한 수준으로 유지되고 있는 것을 확인하였다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2003

동명광산을 경유하는 수계의 pH는 5.9∼7.1의 변화를 보여 약산성 내지는 중성의 환경을 보인다. 하천수 중 중금속 원소함량의 분포는 자원소의 지구화학적 특성에 따라 다양한 분포 양상을 보이나 전반적으로 폐광산 주변에서 증가하는 경향을 보인다. 동명광산 지역의 광미, 폐석적치장토양, 농경지토양에 대한 성분분석 결과 농경지토양에는 중금속의 총 농토가 광미나 폐석적치장의 토양보다 훨씬 낮았을 뿐 아니라 총 중금속 농도 중 adsorbed, carbonate, reducible fraction들이 차지하는 비율이 낮아 이들이 농작물이나 주변 수계에 큰 영향을 미치지 못할 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 하천수중 중금속 원소함량 분포가 전반적으로 광산지역에서 증가하는 경향을 보이며, 광미나 폐석적치장 토양에서도 중금속의 총 농도가 매우 높았을 뿐 아니라 adsorbed, carbonate, reducible fractions들이 차지하는 비율이 농경지 보다 상대적으로 높았기 때문에 이들이 유실되거나 또는 산성우, 산성인 광산폐수의 유입 등으로 인해 화학적 환경변화가 발생할 경우 중금속 오염의 확산이 우려되므로 이에 대한 오염방지대책이 필요하다고 생각된다.