• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.264-274
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• 1997

A numerical analysis on condensation and coagulation of the metallic species with fly ash particles pre-existing in an incinerator was performed. Waste was simplified as a mixture of methane, chlorine, and small amounts of Pb and Sn. Vapor-phase amounts of Pb- and Sn -compounds were first calculated assuming a thermodynamic equilibrium state. Then theories on vapor-to-particle conversion, vapor condensation onto the fly ash particles, and particle-particle interaction were examined and incorporated into equations of aerosol dynamics and vapor continuity. It was assumed that the particles followed a log-normal size distribution and thus a moment model was developed in order to predict the particle concentration and the particle size distribution simultaneously. Distributions of metallic vapor concentration (or vapor pressure) were also obtained. Temperature drop rate of combustion gas, fly ash concentration and its size were selected as parameters influencing the discharged amount of metallic species. In general, the coagulation between the newly formed metal particles and the fly ash particles was much greater than that between the metal particles themselves or between the fly ash particles themselves. It was also found that the amount of metallic species discharged into the atmosphere was increased due to coagulation. While most of PbO vapors produced from the combustion were eliminated due to combined effect of condensation and coagulation, the highly volatile species, PbCl$_{2}$ and SnCl$_{4}$ vapors tended to discharge into the atmosphere without experiencing either the condensation or the coagulation. For Sn vapors the tendency was between that of PbO vapors and that of PbCl$_{2}$ or SnCl$_{4}$. To restrain the discharged amount of hazardous metallic species, the coagulation should be restrained, the number concentration and the size of pre-existing fly ash particles should be increased, and the temperature drop rate of combustion gas should be kept low.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.1983-1993
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• 1996

For selected (pure and compound) metallic species effects of saturation ratio, temperature, particle size and number density on condensation mechanisms are first reviewed. The tendencies for vaporization and condensation differ between metallic species because of the significant differences in their saturation pressures. Then particle pressure of a metal vapor species at incineration temperature is calculated by simplifying waste as a compound of methane, chlorine and small amounts of metals and assuming a thermodynamic equilibrium state. Next the condition is assessed for which supersaturation of combustion gases by the species above the critical level for homogeneous condensation may occur, when the gases contain a large number of pre-existing particles such as entrained ashes. Regardless of the presence of chlorine in the waste, the homogeneous condensation of PbO vapors may occur, depending on number density of the pre-existing particles. However, when chlorine exists in the waste, the homogeneous condensation of PbCl$_2$vapors does not occur, which is similar to the case of Cd and Hg vapors. Thus these highly volatile species, PbCl$_2$, Cd, and Hg, may emit to atmosphere as vapor phase. In general, for reducing the emission of hazardous metallic species into the atmosphere, the number density of pre-existing particles has to be increased. For fixed particle number density, the temperature drop rate must be kept in low if the temperature at which a condensable vapor species emits from a incineration system is fixed, while the temperature drop rate must be kept in high if the residence time for which a condensable species stays in the system is fixed.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.3372-3381
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• 1995

An equilibrium analysis was carried out to determine principal species of heavy metals in waste incineration and their behaviors with variation of temperature, chlorine concentration, excess air ratio, and C/H ratio. The waste was assumed as a compound of hydrocarbon fuel, chlorine, and metals. Calculated results showed that the most important parameter to determine the principal species was temperature. Chlorine concentration also affected on mole fractions of the principal species. Generally principal species at high temperature were chlorides while there were some metals of which principal species were oxides. At low temperature mole fractions of the principal species increased, but at high temperature mole fractions of some metal species decreased. C/H ratio of the hydrocarbon fuel and excess air ratio had little effect on mole fractions of the metal species, compared to the temperature and chlorine concentration.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.31-39
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• 1996

An equilibrium analysis was carried out to determine principal species in the incineration of hazardous waste, which was assumed as a compound of hydrocarbon fuel, chlorine, sulfur, and heavy metals, and their behaviors with variation of temperature, chlorine and sulfur concentrations. Calculated results showed that the most important parameter influencing the principal species was temperature. Chlorine concentration affected on mole fractions of the species, especially at high temperature. Existence of sulfur had a significant effect on the species at low temperature, regardless of surfur concentration. Generally, principal species at high temperature were chlorides and oxides, while the principal species at low temperature were sulfides. As temperature increased, mole fractions of the principal species increased at low temperature, however, mole fractions of some metal species decreased at high temperature.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.137-145
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• 2016

In this study, the contents of dust and associated heavy metals on roadside plants were investigated to assess their foliar transfer. The study was conducted at six different locations (four roadside and two industrial) near an industrial area in Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh), India. Six metals (Fe, Mn, Pb, Cu, Cr, and Cd) were examined in this study. The concentrations of heavy metals in foliar dust were found to be in the order of Fe>Mn>Pb>Cu>Cr>Cd. However, this relative order changed in the case of leaf concentrations to Fe>Mn>Cd>Cu>Pb>Cr. The metal concentrations in the dust and leaves can be attributed mainly to industrial and vehicular emissions. In contrast to other metals, Cd showed significant accumulation in the leaves compared to the respective dust samples. This study showed different patterns in the distributions of heavy metals between the dust deposited on the leaves and the metal accumulated in the leaves. These results suggest that the dust retention and heavy metal accumulation in native plant species should be explored in an attempt to manage these hazardous metallic elements.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2000

This study has been carried out to determine the seasonal characteristics of concentration of various ionic (CI-, NO3-, SO42-, Na+, NH+, K+, Ca2+) and heavy metallic (Pb, Mn, Cu, Ni) species in Pusan from August 1997 to April 1998. The concentrations of CI-, Na+, K+ were higher during summer with 2.98 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/㎥. Seasonal variation of total concentration of but the concentration of NH4+ was higher during winter with 2.46${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/㎥. Seasonal variation of total concentration of heavy metals(Pb, Cu, Mn, Ni) were 186.0 ng/㎥ in summer, 222.6 ng/㎥ in autumn, and 135.83 ng/㎥ in winter. Over the seasons inspected, the concentration of Mn was higher in coarse particles than fine particles and concentration of Ni was higher in fine particles than coarse particles. during yellow sand period, the concentration of TSP was increased about two times than that of other period. SO42-, Ca2+ concentrations were higher than other ionic components because of soil particles. The concentration of Ni showed 94.62ng/㎥ was increased about 4~5 times than other period. Principal component of the yellow sand, SO42-, Ca2+ could be discreased by rainfall and washout effect of atmospheric aerosol was higher in coarse particles than fine particles. Results from PCA(principal component analysis) showed that major pollutant was NaCl by seasalt particulate and (NH4)2SO4.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2004

국내 금속광상의 성인적 유형은 주로 열수충진형 광상, 스카른형 광상, 열수교대형 광상 및 변성퇴적형 광상으로 배태되고 이외에 일부는 정마그마형 광상, 반암형 광상, 알라스카이트형 광상 등으로 부존되고 있다. 이러한 폐광산으로부터 발생되는 수질 및 토양의 환경문제는 개발규모 및 수반금속, 주변암상과 관련된 부존특성과 함께 열수변질작용과 관련된 광물조합, 광석-맥석 광물의 조직, 유형 및 양적관계, 풍화의 진행단계와 관련된 이차-삼차광물의 존재형태 등의 광물-지화학적 특성에 좌우되고 있다. 1970년대 초반부터 1990년대 후반에 걸쳐 광산개발이 종료된 국내금속광상은 폐광 이후의 경과기간에 따라 황화-황염광물과 같은 일차광물로부터 용해되어 수산화광물, 황산염광물, 탄산염광물로 변화하는 과정에서 산화-용출-침전-재용출-이동에 의한 다단계의 복잡한 지화학적 반응관계를 보이고 있다. 금속광상의 산성 배수 및 중금속오염은 다금속 광화작용과 관련된 비철금속 광상과 동시에 맥상광상 및 각력파이프형 광상과 백악기금광상에서 가장 높은 용출가능성을 보이는 반면, 스카른형 광상, 열수교대형 광상, 정마그마형 광상, 맥상 금-은광상, 맥상 동광상 및 변성퇴적형 광상에서 오염가능성은 매우 낮은 경향을 보이고 있다. 이와 같이 광상 유형과 관련된 지질부존 특성은 폐석 및 광미를 구성하는 황화광물 및 탄산염광물의 유형 및 양비와 밀접한 연관성을 갖고 있으며, 산성 배수에 함유된 금속원소종의 유형 및 용출량과 같은 지화학적 특성에 직접적으로 영향을 미치고 있다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.87-103
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• 1996

The purposes of this research are to investigate the pollution level of heavy metals due to the urbanization and industrialization in the satellite cities of Seoul, and to assess the chemical species and the sources of heavy metals in highly contaminated soils and dusts. Soil and dust samples were collected from the Uijeongbu and the Koyang cities, which are northern and the northwestern satellite cities of Seoul metropolitan city, respectively. Relatively high pH values($6.3{\sim}9.9$) were found in roadside soils compared with agricultural and forest soils. Difference in pH values of soils was not identified between before and after rainy seasons. In spite of no specific pollution sources in the above cities, the contents of Cu, Pb, and Zn in soils and dusts were much higher than the world average contents. The metal levels in dusts were higher than those in soils, but the metal concentration in dusts was significantly decreased after rainy season. Pollution index was high(> 1.0) in the areas of heavy traffic, industrial complex, and city centres. There is an appreciable proportion of total Zn in exchangeable/water-acid soluble fraction. Copper is predominantly associated with reducible and oxidizable phases, whereas Pb is largely in reducible association. It is concluded that the mobility and bioavailability of metals are high in the order of Zn >> Cu > Pb, on the basis of characteristic particle morphology and chemical composition, Pb-containing particles are originated probably from the automobile exhaust, particularly in heavy traffic areas. The metallic forms and iron-oxide associated forms of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb can be assessed as industrial origin.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.80-99
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• 2016

Objectives : Instrumental chemical analysis was utilized to investigate the effect of Add-Omit-Saenghyeoryunbu-eum(AO-SHU) on diabetic treatment. One of the most exciting, yet also controversial, arguments is the safety and biological mechanisms of the natural medicine on human body. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide a better understanding on bioactive chemical components, hazards of heavy metal contamination and biological mechanism of the diabetic medicine composed of 12 different natural herbs. Methods : To study bioactive compound and metallic component in the diabetic medicine in detail, LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass/Mass), GC (Gas Chromatography) and ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) were utilized to characterize the extract of the diabetic medicine and the result was compared with 18 marker substances selected from literature survey. In addition, in vitro assay experiments including GPR 119 activity and human DGAT-1 inhibition, and OGTT (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test) were performed to verify the effectiveness of this medicine on diabetic treatment. Results : Out of 18 marker substances, 9 bioactive compounds were identified from LC-MS/MS analysis which include Citruline, Catalpol, Berberine, Ginsenoside Rb1, Ginsenoside Rg1, Oleanolic acid, β-Sitosterol, Mangiferin, and Schizandrin. ICP study on 245 residual pesticides revealed that 239 species were not detected but 6 species, Dimethomorph, Trifloxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Isoprocarb, Carbaryl and Flubendiamide, while the amounts are trace levels, below permitted concentrations. The biological activity was observed in vitro assay and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test(OGTT), which are consistent with a preliminary clinical test result, a drop in blood sugar level after taking this herbal medicine. Conclusions : Instrumental chemical analysis using LC-MS/MS, GC, and ICP was conducted successfully to identify bioactive compounds in AO-SHU for the treatment of diabetes, finding 9 bioactive compounds. Furthermore, in vitro assay experiments and OGTT show that AO-SHU has its biological activities, which imply that it can be a candidate for the future diabetes remedy.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권11호
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• pp.1308-1312
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• 2016

갈륨은 갈륨비소와 같은 고속 반도체 제작에 사용되는 금속간 화합물 중 하나이다. 본 연구의 목적은 금붕어(Carassius auratus)에 갈륨을 적용 시 일어나는 혈청의 생화학 변수, 급성독성 및 적혈구 형태의 변화에 대해 알아보고자 한다. $LC_{50}$은 96시간 째 갈륨 농도 9.15 mg/ml로 나타났다. 갈륨을 농도별(2.0, 4.0, 8.0 mg/ml)로 금붕어에 노출시켜 28일 동안 독성실험을 하였다. 독성실험 결과 혈청의 생화학(글루코즈, 혈액요소질소, 크레아티닌, 콜레스테롤 및 중성지질)반응에서 갈륨 미처리 그룹과 다른 결과가 나타났다. 갈륨의 노출에 따른 적혈구의 변형으로 인한 호흡장애를 유발하는 것으로 사료된다. 실험에 사용된 금붕어와의 동일한 크기에 갈륨을 적용할 때 생물학적으로 안전한 농도는 2.0 mg/ml로 사료된다.