• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.149-164
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• 2024

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The economic recession caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic disproportionately affected poor and vulnerable populations globally. Better uunderstanding of vulnerability to shocks in food supply and demand in the Asia Pacific region is needed. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Using secondary data from rapid assessment surveys during the pandemic response (n = 10,420 in mid-2020; n = 6,004 in mid-2021) in India, Indonesia, Myanmar, and Vietnam, this study examined the risk factors for reported income reduction or job loss in mid-2021 and the temporal trend in food security status (household food availability, and market availability and affordability of essential items) from mid-2020 to mid-2021. RESULTS: The proportion of job loss/reduced household income was highest in India (60.4%) and lowest in Indonesia (39.0%). Urban residence (odds ratio [OR] range, 2.20-4.11; countries with significant results only), female respondents (OR range, 1.40-1.69), engagement in daily waged labor (OR range, 1.54-1.68), and running a small trade/business (OR range, 1.66-2.71) were significantly associated with income reduction or job loss in three out of 4 countries (all P < 0.05). Food stock availability increased significantly in 2021 compared to 2020 in all four countries (OR range, 1.91-4.45) (all P < 0.05). Availability of all essential items at markets increased in India (OR range, 1.45-3.99) but decreased for basic foods, hygiene items, and medicine in Vietnam (OR range, 0.81-0.86) in 2021 compared to 2020 (all P < 0.05). In 2021, the affordability of all essential items significantly improved in India (OR range, 1.18-3.49) while the affordability of rent, health care, and loans deteriorated in Indonesia (OR range, 0.23-0.71) when compared to 2020 (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term social protection programs need to be carefully designed and implemented to address food insecurity among vulnerable groups, considering each country's market conditions, consumer food purchasing behaviors, and financial support capacity.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

목적: 본 연구는 안경 구매 행태를 분석하여 소비자의 만족도 향상을 꾀하고자 하며, 안경사 직무에 대한 신뢰도 향상을 위해 노력해야 할 개선점을 제시하고자 한다. 방법: 10세~60세 남, 여 307명을 대상으로 조사대상자의 일반적인 특성, 안경 구매행태, 안경 구매 후 만족도, 안경사 직무의 신뢰도 및 개선점에 관한 항목에 대하여 직접설문을 실시하였다. 결과: 안경 선택 시 가장 중요하게 고려하는 항목은 안경디자인과 가격이었다. 안경 구매 시 전체적인 만족도는 5점 척도에서 보통으로 대답한 경우가 142명(46.3%)으로 가장 많았고, 다음은 만족하는 경우가 140명(45.6%) 이었다. 자주 가는 안경원이 있는 경우는 72.3%로, 다시 찾은 이유는 위치(접근성 용이)와 추후관리, 친절한 직원이었다. 구매했던 안경원을 다시 방문하지 않을 경우는 27.7%로, 위치와 상품의 다양성, 가격 때문이었다. 안경사에 대한 신뢰도에 관한 문항으로 시력검사, 상품지식의 경우 만족하였고, 안과 지식, 가격에 대해서는 보통으로 나타났다. 만족스러운 안경 구매를 위해 주요 안경사 개선사항으로는 정확한 안경처방이 42%로 가장 높았다. 안경 선택 시 최우선 고려사항은 10대부터 20대 연령층에서는 안경 디자인 34.8%, 가격 10.1%, 4.50대 연령층에서는 디자인 14%, 테 소재가 10.1%로 가장 높았다. 결론: 안경 구매 시 전체적인 만족도는 평균 4.2점이었고, 안경사의 시력검사의 경우 50.5%에서 신뢰도를 보였으나 소비자들은 좀 더 정확한 안경처방과 이해할 수 있는 만족스러운 설명과 어울리는 안경을 선택해 주는 감각적인 안목, 조제 가공 및 사후관리와 친절함을 원하였다.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.91-95
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• 2004

본 연구는 구강보건실태와 관련요인을 분석하고 관련요인의 인자구조모델을 구축하는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구 대상자는 2002년 1월부터 12월까지 국민건강보험공단이 실시한 지역가입자 건강검진(1차)을 받은 65세 이상 노인 9,340명이다. 대상자는 구강검진을 포함한 모든 검진을 받고 문진표를 작성한 노인들이다. 분석의 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 구성개념타당성에 대한 검토체위검사, 요 검사, 혈액검사, 식 습관, 음주 흡연, 치료 예방, 구강증상, 구강건강상태 등 인자구조모델의 구성개념타당성은 적합도 지수 GFI, CFI, TLI, RMSEA를 이용하여 분석한 결과 모두 적합한 범위에 있었으므로 구성개념타당성은 인정되었다. 2. 각 요인과 구강건강상태와의 관련성을 보기 위한 구조방정식 모델을 분석한 결과 요 검사를 제외한 모든 요인이 구강건강상태에 영향을 미치고 있음이 확인되었으며 이를 설명할 종합적인 구조모델을 구축할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과, 치과 방문과 치면세마 경험이 적은 농촌지역이 도시지역에 비해 치아우식증, 치아 결손을, 의치필요자율이 높았으며, 음주 흡연이 치아우식증, 치주질환, 치아결손율에 부정적인 영향을 주고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 치주질환은 전체의 3.2%에서 관찰되었으며 낮은 연령에서 많이 확인되었다. 대부분의 구강질환은 올바른 구강건강행동의 실천으로 예방 가능하므로 전국 각 지역 보건소를 중심으로 구강보건전문가에 의해 바른 식 습관과 구강건강관리에 관한 노인구강보건교육이 체계적으로 이루어져야 하며, 경제적, 지리적인 장애로 인해 치과기관을 방문하지 못하거나 치면세마, 의치장착 등의 구강 건강행위를 소홀히 하지 않도록 하기 위한 치과 의료서비스 접근도를 높히는 정책전환이 요구된다. 또한, 구강건강상태와 전신건강과의 관련성을 설명하기 위해 구조모델을 구축하기 위해서는 보다 정확한 검사방법과 효과적인 지표 개발이 선행되어야 한다. 이 연구에서는 국민건강보험공단에서 개발한 항목을 그대로 적용하였기 때문에 모델 구성에 한계점이 있었다. 향후 계속적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2010

본 연구는 노인장기요양보험제도의 방문간호 중에서 치과위생사의 업무인 방문구강위생이 포함되어있으므로 치과위생사의 인지도를 파악하고자 2009년 1월부터 4월까지지 서울특별시, 인천광역시, 경기도의 치과병 의원에서 근무하는 치과위생사 259명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 주요한 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 노인장기요양보험제도에서 치과위생사의 방문구강위생업무 중 중요한 업무순위에 대해 1순위가 '관리적, 예방적 처치 영역', 2순위는 '구강보건교육 영역'으로 나타났다. 구강보건교육 영역 중에서 중요한 교육분야는 '잇솔질'이 79.9%로 현저히 높게 나타났으며, 예방적 처치 영역 중에서도 '잇솔질 실행'이 64.5%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 2. 치과위생사가 방문구강위생업무를 하기위해 치과의사의 지시서가 필요한 것에 대한 인지여부에서 38.2%가 '예', 61.8%가 '아니오'라고 응답하였다. '예'라고 응답한 치과위생사 중 근무경력이 '1년 이상-4년 미만'인 치과위생사가 치과의사의 지시서 필요에 대해 인지하고 있는 비율이 13.9%로 가장 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 3. 치과위생사가 노인장기요양소를 개설할 수 있는 것을 인지하고 있는 지에 대해 93.4%가 '아니오', 6.6%가 '예'라고 응답하였다. 학력에 따른 노인장기요양소 개설의향정도는 치과위생사의 학력이 '학사'인 경우가 3.48로 가장 높게 나타났다(p<0.001). 4. 노인장기요양보험제도의 인지정도에 대한 변수 중 '방문구강위생업무 시 치과의사의 지시서가 필요한 것에 대한 인지정도'와 '노인장기요양소 개설의향정도'와의 관계에서 음(-)의 상관관계(r=-0.300)를 보여주고 있으며, 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.01). 이상의 결과로 보아 노인장기요양보험제도의 수급자에게 구강위생업무를 제공해야할 치과위생사의 인지도가 낮으므로 노인장기요양보험제도에 대하여 치과위생사들에게 적극적인 홍보와 정기적인 교육을 통하여 인지도를 높여가야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 보건의료산업학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.137-154
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• 2008

The increase of the supply of medical service and the increase of hospitals have intensified the competition of hospitals, and the advancement towards internationalization in the opening of medical industry has triggered the infinite competition of medical profession. In addition, the high expectation of customers and quality improvement in the medical care in accordance with the improvement of overall income, and the change of active role of medical consumers according to the popularization and the improvement of rights awareness reflect the customer needs and choice in the medical service. Customers wanted to receive the kind and pleasant service under the up-to-date medical service. Therefore, as a solution, hospital coordinators were emerged for the purpose of smooth treatment and customer satisfaction by generalizing all service of hospital. Accordingly, this thesis attempted to investigate the effect of hospital coordinator education curriculum on the education satisfaction and the quality of medical service. In order to solve the purpose of this study, I, author reviewed the existing literatures, established hypothesis, and verified hypothesis by using the variety of statistics techniques such as reliability, validity, frequency analysis, and regression analysis. The verification of hypothesis is as followings: First, among education training factors of hospital coordinators, the quality of instructor significantly affects the satisfaction of hospital coordinator education training. Second, among training factors of hospital coordinator, the attitude of trainee significantly affects the training satisfaction of hospital coordinator. Third, among education training factors of hospital coordinator, education course significantly affects the training satisfaction of hospital coordinator education. As the qualities of instructor are better equipped, the satisfaction of education becomes higher. It indicates that the education method of instructors is important as an index to represent the qualities of instructor such as the appropriateness of education method, preparation, passion, visual materials, the adequacy of education procession, and specialized knowledge, and it has important effect on the satisfaction of education. In order to enhance the satisfaction of hospital coordinator education, the creation of education environment, making trainee concentrate on the education, is required by appropriately allocating programs, arousing interest in education, based on the attitude of trainee, discussion, and preliminary programs, preparation, ahead of enforcement of education. Fourth, the satisfaction of hospital coordinator education training significantly affects the reliability among the qualities of medical service. Fifth, satisfaction of hospital coordinator education training significantly affects hospitality I kindness among the qualities of medical service. If the education satisfaction of trainee is high, it is effective in the practical application such as dealing with complaints, the duty performance for the patients, and so on in offering the medical service, related to reliability and furthermore, we can find the positive change in the attitude change of medical professions related to the reliability of hospital coordinator. In addition, in the process of offering medical services such as the kind explanation on the duty, rapid response to the customers inquiry, and tidy uniform, practical effect was verified. Sixth, the education training factor of hospital coordinator significantly affects the reliability among the quality of medical service. Seventh, the education training factors of hospital coordinator significantly affect hospitality/kindness. In the education of hospital coordinator, the methods to attract the interest of trainee by emphasizing reliability should be sought and for gaining the practical effect of hospital coordinator education, the sufficient preparation and investigation on the education curriculum should be prerequisite and under this condition, intensified discussion on the instructor and education course is needed. In the design of education course, more education hours and subjects should be allocated in the part of hospitality in order to improve the practical application of hospitality. Therefore, it is meaningful in a sense that this study newly approached the components of hospital coordinator education and the need to modify the quality components of medical service in accordance with the study subjects was raised. This study also finds its meaning in that it provides basic materials for the study of future hospital coordinator education by suggesting the system development model of hospital coordinator education through preliminary study of education training. In addition, this study is meaningful in the aspect that it suggested the direction of education training by showing how the hospital coordinator education training would applied to the hospital coordinator course of the Continuing Education Center at Pusan and Kyungnam National University to some extent. Since all investigation of this study was approached from the side of hospital coordinator, the thoughts of patients who are beneficiaries of medical service, and care givers cannot be identified. Therefore, the satisfaction of patients and care givers through the experience of medical service, which is the essential prerequisite of medical service, should be importantly considered and investigated. Accordingly, The study of comparing and analyzing the views of both patients and care givers should be carried out in the future.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제3권
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• pp.99-116
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• 1997

In response of the increasing demand for professional degree in nursing, some university in Korea offers RN-BSN program for R. N. from diploma in nursing. However, RN-BSN program in Korea is in formative period. Therefore, the purpose of this survey study is for the comparative analysis of RN-BSN curriculum in Korea and U.S.A. In this study, subjects consisted of 18 department of nursing in university and 5 RN-BSN programs in Korea and 18 department of nursing in university and 12 RN-BSN programs in U.S.A. For earn the degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing, the student earns 134 of mean credits in U.S.A., whereas 150.3 of mean credits in Korea. The mean credit for clinical pratice is 30.1 in U.S.A., whereas 23.9 in Korea. Students are assigned to individually planned clinical experiences under the direction of a preceptor in U.S.A. In RN-BSN program, total mean credits through lecture and clinical practice for earn the degree of BSN is 35.5(lecture : 27.7, practice ; 7.8)in U.S.A., whereas,48.1 (lecture;42.1, practice;6.0) in Korea. RN-BSN program can be taken on a full-or-part time basis in U.S.A., whereas didn't in Korea. Especially, emphasis is place on the advanced nursing practicum that focus on the role of the professional nurse in providing health care to individuals, families, and groups in community setting in U.S.A. 27.7 of mean credits was earned through lecture in U.S.A., whereas 42.1 of mean credits in Korea. It means that RN-BSN program in Korea is the lesser development in teaching method and appraisal method than in U.S.A. Students of RN-BSN program in U.S.A. can earns credit through CLEP, NLN achievement test, portfolio review session etc as well as lecture. Therefore, the authors suggests some recommendations for the development of curriculum of RN-BSN program in Korea based on comparative analysis of RN-BSN curricula in U.S.A. and Korea. 1. The curriculum of RN-BSN Program in nursing was required to do some alterations. Nursing care, today, is complex and ever changing. According to change of public need, RN-BSN curriculum intensified primary care program in community setting, geriatric nursing, marketing skill, computer language. 2. The various and new methods of earning credit should be developed. That is, the students will earn credits through the transfer of previous nursing college credits, accredited examination of university, advanced placement examination, portfolio review session, case study, report, self-directed learning and so on. Flexible teaching place should ile offered. 3. Flexible teaching place should be offered. The RN-BSN curriculum should accommodate each RN student's geographical needs and school/work schedule. Therefore, the university should search a variety of teaching places and the RN students can obtain their degrees comfortably throughout the teaching place such as lecture room inside the health care agency and establishment of the branch school in each student's residence area. 4. The RN-BSN program should offer a long distance education to place-bound RN student in many parts of Korea. That is, from the main office of university, the RN-BSN courses are delivered to many areas by Internet, EdNet (satellite telecommunication) and other non-traditional methods. 5. For allowing RN student to take nursing courses, program length should be various, depending upon the student's study/work schedule. That is, the various term systems such as semester, three terms, quarter systems and the student's status like full time or part time should be considered. Therefore, the student can take advantage of the many other educational and professional opportunities, making them available during the school year.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.518-535
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• 2001

Nursing practices should be based on the understanding of human beings. In order to understand human beings, it is important to study the lifestyles and thoughts of people in their natural environment. In this sense, the cultural aspects of a society need to be studied for a culture-bound nursing service. Child care, which is an important element of nursing, is also strongly influenced by the culture of a society. Therefore, a cultural study is necessary to understand the child-rearing practices of any society. The major purpose of this dissertation is to provide basic foundations for developing a culture-based theory for nursing intervention through studying traditional cultural elements of child care in Korean society. The study examined child-rearing practices in a small village on Koje Island in the southern part of Korea. It utilized ethnographic methodologies including participatory observations and in-depth interviews. The study participants were 9 Korean mothers living on Koje Island. The average age was 52. The data were collected between July in 1998 and December in 1999. The average number of interviews per person was 7-8, and the duration of each interview was approximately 2 hours. The data were analyzed using the Spradley Analytical Method. The following 9 major child-rearing aspects of mothers on Koje Island were discovered as a result of the study: 1. Firstly, mothers on Koje Island were mostly concerned about the "Old Birth Goddess' Curse", especially during their child's early years. This concern was evidenced by their careful behavior when their child was very young and by their praying to the Old Birth Goddess not to be jealous of their babies. 2. Secondly, they wished their children to live a different and better life than themselves. It was represented by their strong motivation toward their children's education as well as their expectation for their children's success. In traditional Korean culture, Korean people think that the rise and fall of the household depend on their offsprings. Therefore, Korean mothers wish their children attain to a higher level of social status through education. 3. Third, mothers are concerned about their children's righteousness. Mothers on Koje island expect their children to live with discretion, justice, strength, respect, harmony, and to do their best in life. 4. Next was an 'anticipation of their children's happy marriage'. The attributes of this category were an 'anxiety about their children's married life', and 'an expectation of a good spouse for their children'. Because Korean people believe that only a son can continue the bloodline of a family, especially Korean mothers have a great concern of the possibility of their daughters not having a son after marriage. Also they have different expectations toward their daughter-in-laws than son-in-laws. 5. Korean mothers also derived their satisfaction from their son. It was characterized by 'excessive affection toward their son', 'dependency on their son', and 'being afraid of their married daughter having a girl like themselves'. Korean society has been a patriarchy. Therefore, a son is beloved as someone who will take care of his old parents, be in charge of ancestral rites, and provide a daughter-in-law who can conceive a son. 6. The sixth category concerned 'the differences in their expectations for their children'. The attributes in this category were 'different expectations depending on their children's gender', 'different expectations depending on their children's ability', and a 'great sympathy toward children with low abilities'. Korean mothers expect their son to become better than their daughter. 7. The seventh category was related to their 'roles in child-caring practices'. Traditionally a child was raised in an extended family system in Korea So it was not the sole duty of a mother to bring up the child. Korean mothers used to receive much help rasing children from their in-laws, and family members. On the other hand, many children grew up by themselves, because their mothers were very busy taking care of housework. Furthermore, many children also grew up in poverty. 8. Mothers also had issues related to 'conflicts in child rearing'. They were characterized by 'lack of understanding', 'rudeness of children', and 'giving vent to one's anger'. 9. Finally, mothers regretted not doing their best in child-rearing practices. It was characterized by a 'bitter feeling of repentance', 'feeling irritated', and 'feeling of unsatisfaction'.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.298-331
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• 1996

Recent improvements in living standard and development in medical care led to an increased interest in life expectancy and personal health, and also led to a more demand for higher quality of life. Thus, the problem of women's health draw a fresh interest nowadays. Since late-middle aged women experience various physical and socio-psychological changes and tend to have chronic illnesses, these women have to take initiatives for their health control by realizing their own responsibility. The basic elements for a healthy life of these women are understanding of their physical and psychological changes and acceptance of these changes. Health promoting behaviors of an individual or a group are actions toward increasing the level of well-being and self-actualization, and are affected by various variables. In Pender's health promoting model, variables are categorized into cognitive factors(individual perceptions), modifying factors, and variables affecting the likelihood for actions, and the model assumes the health promoting behaviors are affected by cognitive factors which are again affected by demographic factors. Since Pender's model was proposed based on a tool broad conceptual frame, many studies done afterwards have included only a limited number of variables of Pender's model. Furthermore, Pender's model did not precisely explain the possibilities of direct and indirect paths effects. The objectives of this study are to evaluate Pender's model and thus propose a model that explains health promoting behaviors among late-middle aged women in order to facilitate nursing intervention for this group of population. The hypothetical model was developed based on the Pender's health promoting model and the findings from past studies on women's health. Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires from 417 women living in Seoul, between July and November 1994. Questionnaires were developed based on instruments of Walker and others' health promotion lifestyle profile, Wallston and others' multidimensional health locus of control, Maoz's menopausal symptom check list and Speake and others' health self-rating scale. IN addition, items measuring self-efficacy were made by the present author based on past studies. In a pretest, the questionnaire items were reliable with Cronbach's alpha ranging from .786 to .934. The models for health promoting behaviors were tested by using structural equation modelling technique with LISREL 7.20. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The overall fit of the hypothetical model to the data was good (chi-square=4.42, df=5, p=.490, GFI=.995, AGFI=.962, RMSR=.024). 2. Paths of the model were modified by considering both its theoretical implication and statistical significance of the parameter estimates. Compared to the hypothetical model, the revised model has become parsimonious and had a better fit to the data (chi-square =4.55, df=6, p=.602, GFI=.995, AGFI=.967, RMSR=.024). 3. The results of statistical testing were as follows : 1) Family function internal health locus of control, self-efficacy, and education level exerted significant effects on health promoting behaviors(${\gamma}_{43}$=.272, T=3.714; ${\beta}_[41}$=.211, T=2.797; ${\beta}_{42}$=.199, T=2.717; ${\gamma}_{41}$=.136, T=1.986). The effect of economic status, physical menopausal symptoms, and perceived health status on health promoting behavior were insignificant(${\gamma}_{42}$=.095, T=1.456; ${\gamma}_{44}$=.101, T=1.143; ${\gamma}_{43}$=.082, T=.967). 2) Family function had a significance direct effect on internal health locus of control (${\gamma}_{13}$=.307, T=3.784). The direct effect of education level on internal health locus of control was insignificant(${\gamma}_{11}$=-.006, T=-.081). 3) The directs effects of family functions & internal health locus of control on self-efficacy were significant(${\gamma}_{23}$=.208, T=2.607; ${\beta}_{21}$=.191, T=2.2693). But education level and economic status did not exert a significant effect on self-efficacy(${\gamma}_{21}$=.137, T=1.814; ${\beta}_{22}$=.137, T=1.814; ${\gamma}_{22}$=.112, T=1.499). 4) Education level had a direct and positive effect on perceived health status, but physical menopausal symptoms had a negative effect on perceived health status and these effects were all significant(${\gamma}_{31}$=.171, T=2.496; ${\gamma}_{34}$=.524, T=-7.120). Internal health locus and self-efficacy had an insignificant direct effect on perceived health status(${\beta}_{31}$=.028, T=.363; ${\beta}_{32}$=.041, T=.557). 5) All predictive variables of health promoting behaviors explained 51.8% of the total variance in the model. The above findings show that health promoting behaviors are explained by personal, environmental and perceptual factors : family function, internal health locus of control, self-efficacy, and education level had stronger effects on health promoting behaviors than predictors in the model. A significant effect of family function on health promoting behaviors reflects an important role of the Korean late-middle aged women in family relationships. Therefore, health professionals first need to have a proper evaluation of family function in order to reflect the family function style into nursing interventions and development of strategies. These interventions and strategies will enhance internal health locus of control and self-efficacy for promoting health behaviors. Possible strategies include management of health promoting programs, use of a health information booklets, and individual health counseling, which will enhance internal health locus of control and self-efficacy of the late-middle aged women by making them aware of health responsibilities and value for oneself. In this study, an insignificant effect of physical menopausal symptoms and perceived health status on health promoting behaviors implies that they are not motive factors for health promoting behaviors. Further analytic researches are required to clarify the influence of physical menopausal symptoms and perceived health status on health promoting behaviors with-middle aged women.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.143-181
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• 2005

이 연구의 주된 관심은 건강과 삶의 질에 영향을 주는 요인들을 탐색하는데 있다. 신체적인 증상과 생리적인 기능 외에, 심리적인 기능과 인간관계가 건강 및 삶의 질에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이 연구의 분석을 위해, 알레르기 비염과 천식 환자 70명을 대상으로 면접을 하였다. 연구자들이 제작한 반구조화된 질문지에서는 여섯 개 영역을 측정하였다 : 질병 발생의 원인, 심리적 특성, 질병의 관리, 신뢰, 사회적 지원, 신체증상과 삶의 질 지각. 상호작용모형 (Bandura, 1997; Kim & Park, 2005)을 기초로 분석한 결과들을 종합하여 건강회복과 질병악화의 순환과정에 대한 잠정적 모형을 제안하였다. 이 모형은 발병 단계, 대처 과정, 결과적 증상의 세 단계로 구성되었다. 첫째, 발병 단계에서는 개인요인과 환경요인이 포함되었다. 둘째, 대처과정에서는 세 측면이 다루어졌다. 환자의 심리적 기능과 관련된 특성으로는 자기효능감(자기조절 효능감, 주위사람도움 효능감, 환경통제 효능감, 어려움극복 효능감), 긍정적 성격과 목표의식, 스트레스, 대리적 통제가 포함되었다. 인간관계는 의미있는 주위 사람들로부터 받는 사회적 지원(재정적, 정서적, 정보적)과 신뢰(의사환자관계, 가족관계)가 포함되었다. 질병 관리 행동으로는 적절한 병원 진료, 의사처방 이행정도, 환경관리, 일상생활 관리가 포함되었다. 셋째, 결과적 증상으로 신체증상 및 삶의 질에 대한 주관적 지각이 포함되었다. 분석 결과와 제안된 모형에 토대하여 다음과 같은 몇 가지 논의가 있었다 : 생리적, 심리적, 관계적, 환경적 요인들이 상호작용하고 나아가서 건강과 삶의 질에 관련되어 있다는 점이다. 또한 자기효능감 가족으로부터의 사회적 지원, 의사에 대한 신뢰, 의료 복지를 위한 사회적 체제가 건강한 삶과 삶의 질을 증진시키는 핵심요인으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 간학문적이고 토착적이며 문화심리적인 시각에서의 후속 연구가 필요함을 시사한다.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제39권
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• pp.350-373
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• 1999

이 연구는 미국내에서도 지역 정신보건제도가 가장 잘 확립되어 있는 것으로 평가를 받는 캘리포니아주의 주립병원에 입원한 환자들이 어떻게 변화되어 왔는가, 특히 탈시설화운동이 시작된 1960년대 이후 입원환자의 추세를 고찰하는 데 연구의 목적이 있다. 그리고 이를 토대로 앞으로 한국의 정신병원에서 예견되는 변화를 포함한 정신 보건제도의 발전을 위한 정책적 함의를 도출하고자 한다. 연구의 방법으로는 각종 통계자료를 비롯한 문헌조사를 시작으로 직접 현지를 방문하여 주정신보건국과 카운티정신보건국의 각종 데이터를 이용하였으며, 또 실제 주립병원들을 직접 답사하여 각종 시설 및 프로그램의 현황 등을 분석하였다. 1851년 최초의 주립병원이 설립된 이후 입원환자의 수는 계속 증가하여 1959년에는 10개의 병원에 37,489명으로 최고에 달하였다. 그러다가 1970년 12,240명, 1980년 5,314명, 그리고 1997년에는 4개의 병원에 약 89%가 줄어든 4,263명으로 환자의 수가 감소하였다. 이처럼 입원환자의 급격한 감소에 따라 주립병원의 존립에 대한 논란은 많지만, 당분간은 늘어나는 사법 처리된 환자들의 주 치료기관으로 존속될 전망이다. 이러한 연구결과로 보아 한국의 전문정신병원의 입원환자들도 지역 정신보건제도가 발전하게 됨에 따라 향후 감소될 것이 일반적인 전망이므로 정신병원의 서비스프로그램의 다양화와 지역사회 중심의 재활 및 사회복귀를 위한 다각적인 노력이 요청된다. 최근까지 우리나라의 정신보건정책은 단순히 정신의료기관과 정신요양시설의 병상수 증설에만 치중해 왔으며, 정신질환이라는 문제를 약물치료나 정신치료에만 의존하여 해결하려는 의학적, 임상적 모델에 의존해왔다(황성동, 1996). 그러나 미국에서는 탈시설화(deinstitutionalization) 운동이 본격적으로 일어나기 시작한 1960년대 초반 이후로 지역사회를 중심으로 각종 정신사회재활서비스를 적극적으로 제공하는 지역사회 정신보건서비스가 보편적인 모델로 정착되었다. 그래서 많은 환자들을 주립병원에 장기간 수용하는 것을 지양하고 환자의 생환거점인 지역사회 내에서 다양한 재활치료를 통해 사회적 기능을 회복하고 사회에 복귀시키려는 접근법이 보편적인 정신보건정책이자 실천방향이 되었던 것이다(Bell, 1989; Torrey, 1997; Watkins & Callicutt, 1997). 그리고 이러한 미국의 정신보건제도의 변화는 곧 세계적인 추세가 되었다. 다행히 최근 들어 한국에서도 정신의학계와 정부에서 지역사회 정신보건모델에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있으며, 1997년부터 시행된 정신보건법에는 이 모델의 활용에 대한 조항들이 구체적으로 명시되어 있다. 그러므로 이제 한국의 정신보건제도도 종래의 장기입원 중심의 전통적 모델에서 지역사회중심의 정신보건서비스 모델로 전환을 시도하고 있다고 하겠으며, 이에 따라 그 동안 정신보건치료의 중심이 되어온 전문 정신병원의 역할과 기능에 많은 변화가 있을 것이라는 예측이 가능할 수 있다. 이러한 때에 선진 각국의 정신보건제도가 지역 정신보건체제로 전환되면서 그 동안 정신치료의 중심적 역할을 맡아 온 전문 정신병원에 어떠한 변화가 일어났는가에 대한 고찰은 앞으로 우리나라의 정신보건정책을 수립하는 데 매우 유익할 것이다. 따라서 이 연구는 미국 내에서도 지역 정신보건제도가 가장 잘 확립되어 있는 것으로 평가받고 있는 캘리포니아주를 연구 지역으로 하여, 종래에 정신치료의 중심이 되어 온 주립 정신병원에 입원한 환자들이 어떻게 변화되어 왔는가를 고찰하는 데 연구의 목적이 있다. 특히 정신보건제도의 역사상 큰 획을 긋는 탈시설화운동 이후에 일어난 변화의 추세를 고찰하는 데 중점을 두었다. 그리고 이 연구의 결과를 기초로 앞으로 우리나라의 정신보건서비스 전달체계의 변화에 따른 전문 정신병원의 변화를 모색하고, 정신보건제도의 전반적인 발전을 위한 정책적 시사점을 얻고자 한다. 연구의 방법으로는 각종 통계자료를 비롯한 문헌조사를 시작으로 직접 현지를 방문하여 주 정신보건국과 카운티 정신보건국의 각종 데이터를 이용하였으며, 또 실제 주립병원들을 직접 답사하여 각종 시설 및 프로그램의 현황 등을 분석 고찰하였다.