치료보조기구의 제작 및 유용성 평가 (The evaluation of usefulness of the newly manufactured immobilization device)
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- 대한방사선치료학회지
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- 제17권1호
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- pp.45-55
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- 2005
목적 : 최근의 방사선치료는 정상조직의 장애는 최대한 줄이고 종양조직 선량을 높여 치료효과를 극대화 하기위하여 3차원적으로 발전되어왔으며, 이에 따른 환자 체위고정을 위한 고정기구와 보조기구의 개발이 필수적으로 요구되고 있다. 본원에서는 MR head holder, 개방형 head holder, Plan CT couch plate를 자체 제작하여 그 유용성을 평가하고 분석하였으며, 임상에 적용한 결과를 보고하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : MR head holder를 제작하여 진단 MR영상과 치료계획용 MR영상을 CT영상과 fusion하여 두 영상의 일치성과 정확성을 분석하였고, 개방형 head holder를 제작하여 피부선량과 선량감약 정도를 알아보았으며, 6 mm 아크릴판에 스티로폼을 부착하는 CT couch plate를 제작하여 hard plate와 artifact 정도를 비교하였다. 결과 : Head holder를 사용하지 않은 fusion영상보다 2 mm이내의 오차로 정확한 fusion을 할 수 있었고, 개방형 head holder를 사용함에 따라 피부선량을 최대 2배 이상 줄일 수 있었고,
최근 디지털 방송의 시행에 따라 평판디스플레이(FPD)의 수요가 증가하고 있다. 그 중에서도 PDP는 대화면, 고감도, 넓은 시야각, 얇은 두께 등의 장점을 가지기 때문에 다른 FPD 매체들에 비해 경쟁력이 있다. 그리고 최근 PDP 패널의 공정 간소화로 인해 PDP 패널의 제작 비용이 감소하는 추세에 있기 때문에 대화면용 PDP에 관심이 집중되고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 넓은 영전압 스위칭 범위를 갖는 대화면용 PDP 유지전원단을 위한 고효율 전력 변환회로를 제안하고 여러 가지 구동 신호를 인가하여 제안된 회로의 동작을 분석하였다. 기존의 42" PDP는 낮은 부하조건에 대해서 ZVS가 이루어지지 않게 되는데 시간에 따라서 급격하게 변하는 PDP의 부하 특성 때문에 많은 열이 발생하게 된다. 그러나 제안된 60" PDP 회로의 경우, 부가적으로 ZVS를 위한 에너지를 공급해 줄 수 있는 회로를 달아주었기 때문에 넓은 ZVS 영역을 갖게 된다. 그리고 이러한 장점 때문에 스위칭 손실이 감소하여 기존의 컨버터에 비해서 높은 효율을 기대할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 심각한 열 문제가 없이 안정적인 조건에서 동작하는 것이 가능해 진다.
Impact between fruits and other materials is a major cause of product damage in harvesting and handling systems. The oriental pears are more susceptible to bruising than other fruits such as European pears and apples, and are required more careful handling. The interest in the handling of the pears for the processing systems has raised the question of the allowable drop height to which pears can be dropped without causing objectionable damage. Drop tests on pears were conducted using an impact device developed by authors to estimate the allowable drop height without bruising. The impact device was constructed to hold in a selected orientation and to release a fruit by vacuum for dropping on to a force transducer. The drop height was adjustable for zero to 60 cm to achieve the desired distance between the bottom of the fruits and the top of the impact force transducer. The transducer was secured to 150 kg
Objectives: Obesity is a globally prevalent public health issue. Hence, there is a need for the development of safer and more effective anti-obesity drugs. Lythrum salicaria, a traditional medicinal herb used for centuries, has been reported to improve lipid metabolism and fat accumulation. It also has a low toxicity profile. Therefore, its potential as a functional ingredient in health functional foods needs to be evaluated. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 90 participants will be randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. Each subject will orally receive L. salicaria extract (1,350 mg/day) (500 mg L. salicaria+850 mg lactose as vehicle) or lactose (1,350 mg/day) as a hard capsule formula for 84 days (12 weeks). The primary outcome will be body fat mass (kg), which will be assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (performed only at visits 2 and 4). Secondary outcomes include body mass index, body weight, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat percentage (%) measured using DXA, lean body mass (kg) measured using DXA (assessed only at visits 2 and 4), lipids (total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), free fatty acid, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, adiponectin, and leptin. Conclusions: This protocol will be implemented after approval of Institutional Review Board of Pusan National University Korean Medicine Hospital (approval number: PNUKHIRB-2022-08-002) and registration with the Korean National Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS) (CRIS-KCT0008060). The results of this trial will provide potential of L. salicaria as a new anti-obesity functional food with fat-reducing effects and low toxicity.
본 연구에서는 주요 수문 변수인 유출량, 저수위, 유량 등의 관측 자료가 부재한 미계측 유역에 대한 수문학적 가뭄 평가 및 감시를 위해 원격 탐사 자료를 활용하는 방법론을 최근 심각한 가뭄 피해를 입은 지역인 남한강상류 유역에 적용하였다. 수문 변수의 관측 자료가 부재한 지역에 대해서는 원격 탐사를 이용하여 수문 변수보다 추정이 용이한 강수량, 증발산량 등 기상 변수의 추정을 통해 물 수지에 기초하여 가뭄상태에 대한 정보를 얻을 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 2002-2013년의 기간에 대하여 원격 탐사 자료를 이용하여 대기의 온도를 추정하고, 이로부터 증발산량을 도출하여 강수량과 증발산량 차의 백분위가 유량 백분위와 가지는 상관성을 분석하였다. Aqua위성에 탑재된 MODIS 센서의
본(本) 연구(硏究)는 습식(濕式) 硬纖維板(경섬유판) 제조(製造)에 있어 보강제(補强劑)로서 국내생산(國內生産)이 되며 가격(價格)이 저렴한 뇨소(尿素)와 멜라민을 원료(原料)로 수용성(水溶性) 변성(變性) 아마노수지(樹脂)를 제조(製造)하여 석탄산수지(石炭酸樹脂)에 대체(代替)할 수 있는지의 여부(與否)와 이에 따른 제품(製品)의 품질(品質)을 비교(比較)하기 위(爲)해 시행하여 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. 아미노형수지(型樹脂)는 습식(濕式) 경질섬유판(硬質纖維板) 제조(製造)에 있어 석탄산수지(石炭酸樹脂)를 사용(使用)하는 대신(代身) 좋은 보강제(補强劑)로서 대체(代替)할 수 있으며 제품(製品)의 성질(性質) 및 경제적인 면을 고려한 다면 변성(變性) 뇨소(尿素) 멜라민 공축합수지(共縮合樹脂)가 제일 우수하다고 생각된다. 2. 석탄산수지(石炭酸樹脂)와 아미노형수지(型樹脂)를 사용(使用)한 섬유판(纖維板)의 비중(比重)은 유의차(有意差)가 없었으며 뇨소 멜라민수지(樹脂)의 경우 다소 떨어지는 경향을 보이고 있으나 경질섬유판(硬質纖維板)의 규격(規格)을 모두 만족시켜 주고 있다. 3. 석탄산수지(石炭酸樹脂)를 사용(使用)한 경우 함수율(含水率)은 다른 수지(樹脂)에 비(比)해 낮았으며 뇨소(尿素) 멜라민공축합수지(共縮合樹脂) 및 메라민수지(樹脂)의 경우 별차(別差)가 없었다. 4. 석탄산수지(石炭酸樹脂)를 사용(使用)할 경우 흡수율(吸水率)이 제일 높았으며 규정흡수율(規定吸收率) 이하(以下)로 내리기 위(爲)해서는 2%의 파라핀 왁스유탁액(乳濁液) 처리함이 필요하다. 뇨소(尿素)멜라민공축합수지(共縮合樹脂) 및 멜라민수지(樹脂)의 경우 내수성(耐水性)은 석탄산수지(石炭酸樹脂)보다 좋고 이 둘의 경우 유의차(有意差)는 없었으며 1%의 파라핀 왁스유탁액(乳濁液)으로서 충분하였다. 5. 보강용(補强用) 접착제(接着劑)에 따른 곡강도(曲强度)의 차(差)는 유의성(有意性)이 있었으며 높은 순위로 멜라민수지, 뇨소(尿素)멜라민공축합수지(共縮合樹脂), 폐놀수지(樹脂)로 나타나며 경질섬유판(硬質纖維板)의 규정요구강도(規定要求强度) 얻기 위(爲)해서는 공히 3% 수지를 처리함이 필요하다.
This article is concerned with the comment on "Some New Problems of International Aviation Security-Considerations Forcused on its Legal Aspects". Ever since 1970, in addition to the problem of failure to accept the Tokyo, Hague and Montreal Conventions, there has been also the problem of parties to them, failing to comply with their obligations under the respective treaties, in the form especially of nominal penalties or the lack of any effort to prosecute after blank refusals to extradite. There have also been cases of prolonged detention of aircraft, passengers and hostages. In this regard, all three conventions contain identical clauses which submit disputes between two or more contracting States concerning the interpretation or application of the respective conventions to arbitration or failing agreement on the organization of the arbitration, to the International Court of Justice. To the extent to which contracting States have not contracted out of this undertaking, as I fear they are expressly allowed to do, this promision can be used by contracting States to ensure compliance. But to date, this avenue does not appear to have been used. From this point of view, it may be worth mentioning that there appears to be an alarming trend towards the view that the defeat of terrorism is such an overriding imperative that all means of doing so become, in international law, automatically lawful. In addition, in as far as aviation security is concerned, as in fact it has long been suggested, what is required is the "application of the strictest security measures by all concerned."In this regard, mention should be made of Annex 17 to the Chicago Convention on Security-Safeguarding International Civil Aviation against Acts of Unlawful Intereference. ICAO has, moreover, compiled, for restricted distribution, a Security Manual for Safeguarding Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference, which is highly useful. In this regard, it may well be argued that, unless States members of ICAO notify the ICAO Council of their inability to comply with opecific standards in Annex 17 or any of the related Annexes in accordance with Article 38 of the 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, their failure to do so can involve State responsibility and, if damage were to insure, their liability. The same applies to breaches of any other treaty obligation. I hope to demonstrate that although modes of international violence may change, their underlying characteristics remain broadly similar, necessitating not simply the adoption of an adequate body of domestic legislation, firm in its content and fairly administered, but also an international network of communication, of cooperation and of coordination of policies. Afurther legal instrument is now being developed by the Legal Committee of ICAO with respect to unlawful acts at International airports. These instruments, however, are not very effective, because of the absence of universal acceptance and the deficiency I have already pointed out. Therefore, States, airports and international airlines have to concentrate on prevention. If the development of policies is important at the international level, it is equally important in the domestic setting. For example, the recent experiences of France have prompted many changes in the State's legislation and in its policies towards terrorism, with higher penalties for terrorist offences and incentives which encourage accused terrorists to pass informations to the authorities. And our government has to tighten furthermore security measures. Particularly, in the case an unarmed hijacker who boards having no instrument in his possession with which to promote the hoax, a plaintiff-passenger would be hard-pressed to show that the airline was negligent in screening the hijacker prior to boarding. In light of the airline's duty to exercise a high degree of care to provide for the safety of all the passengers on board, an acquiescence to a hijacker's demands on the part of the air carrier could constitute a breach of duty only when it is clearly shown that the carrier's employees knew or plainly should have known that the hijacker was unarmed. The general opinion is that the legal oystem could be sufficient, provided that the political will is there to use and apply it effectively. All agreed that the main responsibility for security has to be borne by the governments. A state that supports aviation terrorism is responsible for violation of International Aviation Law. Generally speaking, terrorism is a violation of international law. It violates the sovereign rights of states, and the human rights of the individuals. We have to contribute more to the creation of a general consensus amongst all states about the need to combat the threat of aviation terrorism. I think that aviation terrorism as becoming an ever more serious issue, has to be solved by internationally agreed and closely co - ordinated measures.
The Fundamental purpose of the Warsaw Convention was to establish uniform rules applicable to international air transportation. The emphasis on the benefits of uniformity was considered important in the beginning and continues to be important to the present. If the desire for uniformity is indeed the mortar which holds the Warsaw system together then it should be possible to agree on a worldwide liability limit. This liability limit would not be so unreasonable, that it would be impossible for nations to adhere to it. It would preclude any national supplemental compensation plan or Montreal Agreement type of requirement in any jurisdiction. The differentiation of liability limits by national requirement seems to be what is occurring. There is a plethora of mandated limits and Montreal Agreement type 'voluntary' limits. It is becoming difficult to find more than a few major States where an unmodified Warsaw Convention or Hague Protocol limitation is still in effect. If this is the real world in the 1980's, then let the treaty so reflect it. Upon reviewing the Warsaw Convention, its history and the several attempts to amend it, strengths become apparent. Hijackings of international flights have given rise to a number of lawsuits by passengers to recover damages for injuries suffered. This comment is concerned with the liability of an airline for injuries to its passengers resulting from aviation terrorism. In addition, analysis is focused on current airline security measures, particularly the pre-boarding screening system, and the duty of air carriers to prevent weapons from penetrating that system. An airline has a duty to exercise a high degree of care to protect its passengers from the threat of aviation terrorism. This duty would seemingly require the airline to exercise a high degree of care to prevent any passenger from smuggling a weapon or explosive device aboard its aircraft. In the case an unarmed hijacker who boards having no instrument in his possession with which to promote the hoax, a plaintiff-passenger would be hard-pressed to show that the airline was negligent in screening the hijacker prior to boarding. In light of the airline's duty to exercise a high degree of care to provide for the safety of all the passengers on board, an acquiescene to a hijacker's demands on the part of the air carrier could constitute a breach of duty only when it is clearly shown that the carrier's employees knew or plainly should have known that the hijacker was unarmed. A finding of willful misconduct on the part of an air carrier, which is a prerequisite to imposing unlimited liability, remains a question to be determined by a jury using the definition or standard of willful misconduct prevailing in the jurisdiction of the forum court. Through the willful misconduct provision of the Warsaw Convention, air carrier face the possibility of unlimited liability for failure to implement proper preventive precautions against terrorist. Courts, therefore, should broadly construe the willful misconduct provision of the Warsaw Convention in order to find unlimited liability for passenger injuries whenever air carrier security precautions are lacking. In this way, the courts can help ensure air carrier safety and prevention against terrorist attack. Air carriers, therefore, would have an incentive to increase, impose and maintain security precautions designed to thwart such potential terrorist attacks as in the case of Korean Air Lines Flight No.858 incident having a tremendous impact on the civil aviation community. The crash of a commercial airliner, with the attending tragic loss of life and massive destruction of property, always gives rise to shock and indignation. The general opinion is that the legal system could be sufficient, provided that the political will is there to use and apply it effectively. All agreed that the main responsibility for security has to be borne by the governments. I would like to remind all passengers that every discovery of the human spirit may be used for opposite ends; thus, aircraft can be used for air travel but also as targets of terrorism. A state that supports aviation terrorism is responsible for violation of International Aviation Law. Generally speaking, terrorism is a violation of international law. It violates the soverign rights of the states, and the human rights of the individuals. I think that aviation terrorism as becoming an ever more serious issue, has to be solved by internationally agreed and closely co-ordinated measures. We have to contribute more to the creation of a general consensus amongst all states about the need to combat the threat of aviation terrorism.
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70