• 펄프종이기술
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2010

Many efforts to understand the deterioration processes of the beeswax-treated volume of "The Annals of Joseon Dynasty" have been made. However, most previous studies have focused on individual sample sheet of the beeswax-treated paper but not book volume format. In this study, humid cycling accelerated aging for duplicated beeswax-treated book volume and Hanji book volume were carried out to examine differences in the deterioration of different parts of each volume as well as between the two book volumes during the aging. As results, it is found that the deterioration rate for the beeswax-treated volume is higher than that for the Hanji book volume. Different parts in each volume show different magnitude of deterioration. In particular, outer sides in both beeswax-treated and Hanji book volumes, which are directly exposed to the air, are deteriorated more seriously than inner sides. It is also observed that inner sides are considerably deteriorated during the aging, implying that inner deterioration may have different mechanisms from outer deterioration.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2012

Currently a variety of efforts to conserve and restore the injured the Annal of the Joseon Dynasty are continued and many studies about the aging pathway of the beeswax-treated volume have being progressed. In this study, two chambers were set up to assess the influence of VOCs(Volatile Organic Compounds) generated in process of beeswax deterioration. One chamber was closed and the other was continuously ventilated in order to remove the VOCs. In results, the acid compounds of beeswax-treated Hanjis aged in closed chamber was more than that aged in ventilated chamber. The folding endurance of beeswax-treated Hanjis aged in closed chamber was lower than that aged in ventilated chamber. Accumulated acid compounds of beeswax-treated Hanji in closed chamber may cause accelerated aging and strength decrease. In conclusion, accumulated acid compounds can accelerate the aging of beeswax-treated Hanji and cause the severe deterioration of inside of beeswax-treated volume. Therefore, to preserve more safely beeswax-treated volumes of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, it is essential that VOCs emitted from beeswax-treated volume are ventilated.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2008

The annals of Joseon Dynasty is the most valuable resource containing the record of Korean history and has been known as one of the UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. In some period, wax-treated paper was used in the annals of Joseon Dynasty to prevent the damage from pests. But, wax-treated volumes were discolored to brown, white or black, and partially cracked by the stiffened wax. It means that wax-treated volumes were damaged by the hardening and oxidizing of wax. The wax is considered as the first reason in damages on the wax-treated volume. Therefore, in this study we analysed the oxidation index of Korea traditional paper(Hanji) which is used as the restoration paper of the waxed volume in the annals of Joseon Dynasty by using FT-IR. As the analysis of FT-IR, the traditional two-layed stamping paper (Hanji sample F), which was treated by starch in its surface, was shown the most stable state after the accelerated ageing test.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.482-489
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to reevaluate the performance of Hanji as a architectural material. Recent studies report that one of the causes of the Sick-HouseㆍSick-Building Syndrome is due to the contaminants from interior materials and the lack of ventilation. In this study, the properties of Hanji are investigated. The major focuses of this research are (1) how efficient the Hanji is for ventilation of the house and (2) whether the usage of Hanji brings required ventilation volume to the house. According to the test results, differential pressure in the air and the amount of ventilation showed linear relationship. Test results differ from various kinds of Hanji. Since houses usually have double window system, Hanji can be used to the windows system, especially for inner part of double window system. It is suggested that the combination of Hanji windows for the inner part and glass windows for outer part is very effective, and offers a solution to improvement of indoor air quality and the lack of ventilation with passive ventilation that has less energy consumption.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2013

This study aims to carry out the final evaluation on the deterioration stability of dewaxing and strengthening treatments devised to conserve and restore the beeswax-treated volumes of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty. Thus, this study artificially deteriorated dewaxed Hanji, strengthened Hanji and beeswax-treated Hanji with optimized processing conditions applied, and comparatively analyzed the deterioration characteristics of each kind of Hanji. As a result of this study, it turned out that there was the loss of physical strength and the value of $L^*$ was increased and the values of $a^*$ and $b^*$ were decreased from removing beeswax after dewaxing by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Also deteriorated strength during dewaxing was reinforced by strengthening treatment with methylcellulose and it showed higher strength than beeswax-treated Hanji. From the evaluation on deterioration stability after dewaxing and strengthening, it turned out that deterioration stability of strengthened Hanji is the superior. Therefore, it is presumed that conservation of aged beeswax-treated Hanji can be improved and extended when dewaxing and strengthening are applied under optimum conditions.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.43-56
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• 2008

The purpose of the experiment was to evaluate the material stability of the paper of the annals of Joseon Dynasty for the conservation purpose and the categories were as listed below : 1. Procuring traditional Hanji and semi-Hanji from different regional hanji paper mill. 2. Artificial accelerated aging treatment to examination its stability (UV irradiation, dry heat) 3. Analysis of optical, physical characteristic. The suitable Hanji for categories would be used as a reconstruction material for the waxel paper in the papers of the annals of Joseon Dynasty.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.28-36
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• 2010

Today We have three full series of the annals of Joseon Dynasty. Taebaeksan volume which is one of them shows comparatively good maintenance but Taebaeksan volume also decomposed in patches. The size of cover and inner paper were increased in late Joseon Dynasty, but the weight, thickness and basis weight bears no relation to each other. The oxidation index of paper in annals of pre-periods of King Sunjo shows very high value. After the annals of King Sunjo, the oxidation index of paper is very similar to today's Hanji. L.a.b values of inner paper in the Taebaeksan volume are similar generally. The average length of fiber using image analysis soft ware is 8.08~9.92 mm, that like immediate value of measurement. The air fraction of fiber's range is 1.20~2.12%. It lower than today's Hanji. After considering the factors of the length of fiber, air fraction and FE-SEM, we reached that no difference between raw material of inner paper in the Taebaeksan volume.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권28호
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• pp.5-19
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• 2007

The annals of Joseon Dynasty is the most valuable resource containing the record of Korean history and has been known as one of the UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. There was a period that the annals of Joseon Dynasty was used with beeswax to control pests. It is considered as the prior reason of damage on the annals of Joseon Dynasty. Therefore, in this study we examined the restoration paper(Hanji) as the solution of damage in the waxed volume of the annals of Joseon Dynasty. FT-IR spectrometer was used to examine traditional paper inside and outside of Korea and accelerated artificial aging paper. As a result of FT-IR analysis, spectrum did not showed its big difference in all paper used in this study. However, there was a different spectrum in paper which was made with not Broussonetia kazinoki, but Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentacea and Dioscorea batatas. Among traditional papers in various countries, spectrum of Korean paper showed the most similarity from the annals of Joseon Dynasty. In comparison between accelerated artificial aging paper and waxed volume, we could identify the change of spectrum affected by the damage.

• 공업화학
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.151-156
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• 2008

조선왕조실록은 우리나라의 역사를 기록한 중요한 자료이며 세계기록문화유산이기도 하다. 조선왕조실록 제작 시 방충의 효과를 위해 밀랍을 사용한 시기가 있었으며, 이 때 제작된 조선왕조실록의 밀랍이 현재 조선왕조실록 손상의 주원인이 되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 조선왕조실록 밀랍본 손상에 대한 대책으로써 손상 복원용 한지 탐색의 일환으로 국내 및 국외 전통종이, 인공경화된 재현밀랍지에 대해 FT-IR을 이용한 표면분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 전체적으로 종이에 대한 spectrum은 크게 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 기존의 종이원료로써 사용되던 Broussonetia kazinoki 외의 Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentacea, Dioscorea batatas 등의 재료로 제조된 종이의 경우 spectrum의 차이를 나타냈다. 또한, 각국의 전통종이 중 한국종이가 가장 유사한 spectrum을 보였다. 인공경화된 재현밀랍지와 실록 밀랍본에 대한 비교 시 손상에 따른 spectrum 차이를 확인할 수 있었다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.52-69
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• 2021

고려시대의 사경은 어느 시기보다도 정교하고 화려한 기록물로 우리나라 서지학상 매우 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있다. 그 가운데에서도 감지(紺紙) 바탕에 제작된 사경은 장식성과 귀족들이 선호하였을 법한 품위와 격을 여지없이 보여주는 예라고 할 수 있다. 특히 이 시기에 제작된 많은 양의 사경들은 감지에 권자본(卷子本)과 절첩본(折貼本)의 장황 형태가 대표적인 것이다. 권자본은 유연성이 보장되지 않으면 그 자체가 갖는 구조적 한계 때문에 취급에 있어 불편함과 손상을 야기한다. 이를 보완하기 위해 절첩 형태로 바꿔 제작함으로써 편의성과 구조적인 안정성을 꾀하여 단점을 극복할 수 있게 되었다. 절첩 형태는 병풍의 형태와 유사하여 접었다 펼 수 있는 구조로 한 면의 크기에 맞추어 규칙적으로 연결되어 만들어진 것이다. 아무리 작은 크기라 하더라도 얇은 한지로 제작하면 취급에 어려움이 따르고, 형태를 유지하기 힘든 구조라고 볼 수 있다. 이러한 이유로 통상 절첩형의 사경은 두꺼운 종이로 만들어 첩의 구조를 지탱할 수 있는 힘을 가지도록 하였으며, 표지는 내지보다 더 두껍게 제작되어 내지를 보호할 수 있도록 하였다. 즉, '절첩형'은 종이에 두께를 주어 강도를 유지해야 하는 특성에 맞게 제작되는 것이 일반적이다. 그렇기 때문에 많은 양의 한지를 진하게 염색 가공하는 것은 오롯이 장인의 몫이 될 수밖에 없었다. 비단에 비해 흡수량이 몇 배 이상이고, 수십 차례 염색을 하여야만 진한 감색을 얻을 수 있는 '감지 제작 기법'은 구체적으로 문헌에 남아 있지 않고, 기법도 명맥이 끊긴 지 오래이다. 최근 한지장인과 천연염색가, 수리복원가에 의해 제각기 시도는 되고 있으나 유물에서 보이는 질감과 깊은 색감은 도저히 흉내낼 수 없다. 본 연구에서는 고려 말 사경을 보존 처리하기 위해 실제 유물에 적합한 보강지를 제작하는 과정에서 염색장과 한지장, 그리고 수리복원가의 협업으로 고려시대 감지를 재현하는 일련의 과정을 소개하고, 감지의 재현·제작 방법을 유추해보고자 한다.