• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.58-65
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• 2021

As aging progresses, reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduces skin moisturization and collapses skin barrier function. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of skin moisturizing and skin barrier function enhancement by extracts from halophytes using HaCaT cells. Spartina anglica (S. anglica; SAE) and Calystegia soldanella (C. soldanella; CSE), a kind of halophytes, were collected from Dongmak beach in Incheon, and extracted with 70% ethanol. At the first, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of extracts in HaCaT cell using WST-8 Kit. As a result, the other experiment was conducted by setting the concentration at which the cell viability was 90% or more. SAE and CSE showed high radical scavenging activity through ABTS assay. Expression levels of genes related to skin moisturizing and skin barrier functions, were analyzed by real-time qPCR. As a result, it showed that the expression of aquaporin 3, hyaluronan synthase 2, and transglutaminase 1 was increased by SAE treatment but not changed by CSE. Activation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase was induced by SAE. These results suggest that SAE can be used as functional materials for cosmetics for skin moisturizing and barrier function enhancement.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.257-260
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• 2007

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2009

In order to elucidate the mechanisms affecting plant distributions in the reclaimed dredging area in the Gwangyang steelworks, in the Gwangyang Bay, Korea, we examined soil characteristics and plant distributions in four study sites and a control site in the study area. Desalination occurring along a gradient with increasing elevation, resulting in decrease of soil pH, EC, P, K, Cl, Ca, Mg, and salt and an increase in soil T-N, silt, clay contents. From site 1 (the lowest-elevation site) to site 5 (the highest-elevation site), halophytes decreased in abundance and nonhalophytes increased. The dominant species in each site were: Phragmites communis, Limonium tetragonum, and 12 additional species at site 1, Carex pumila, Suaeda japonica, and 15 additional species at site 2, Spergularia marina, Scirpus planiculmis, and 22 additional species at site 3, Miscantus sinensis, Lespedeza bicolor, and 26 additional species at site 4 and Pinus thunberii, Rhododendron mucronulatum, and 39 additional species at site 5, which resembled a naturally-occurring P. thinbergii community. Cluster analysis of the vegetation data matrix grouped the 35 plots into 5 major groups, and cluster analysis using the soil environment data matrix revealed 4 major groups. CCA of the floristic and environmental data matrix showed a positive relationship of SAR, EC, Na, Cl, and Ca, which are related to salt, in the $1^{st}$ axis and $2^{nd}$ axis, but negative relationships for altitude, organic contents, silt, and clay contents. Notably, plant species in the reclaimed dredging area that were separated along the $1^{st}$ axis showed strong relationships with factors that related to salt. Long-term exposure to natural rainfall in the reclaimed dredging area changed the soil characteristics, such as salinity. This change in soil characteristics might alter the SAR, which affects plant survival strategies in a given habitat. These results strongly indicated that factors related to salt and elevation play important roles in determining the overall plant distribution in the reclaimed dredging area.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.178-213
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Baengnyeongdo (Isl.). The vascular plants which were collected in 5 times (from Aug. 2011 and Nov. 2012) were identified as 732 taxa in total, including 124 families, 411 genera, 647 species, 8 subspecies, 68 varieties, 7 forms and 2 hybrids. 193 of these taxa were first records for the region. In the flora of this area, the endangered plants designated and protected by the wildlife protection law, the Ministry of Environment, Korea were counted to two taxa. Korean endemics plants numbered 8 taxa, and 78 taxa of specially designated floristic regional indicator plants by the Ministry of Environment. And rare plants were identified as 20 taxa. Based on the list of southern and northern limit of distribution plants, 30 taxa and 43 taxa of halophytes were recorded in the investigated area. The naturalized plants were identified as 92 taxa, and their naturalization ratio were found to be 12.5%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.50-62
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• 2007

The flora of Banwol, Donghwa and Samhwa stream of the Sihwaho Phragmites communis wetland park was listed as 242 taxa; 72 families, 175 genera, 201 species, 38 varieties, 2 forms and 1 cultivar. Among these taxa, there were 92 taxa (38.0%) for the planted species, while 150 taxa (62.0%) for the native species. The halophytes were summarized as 13 taxa (5.4% among total 242 taxa); 5 families, 9 genera, 12 species, 1 variety. The naturalized plants were composed of 17 families, 41 genera, 45 species, 1 variety, totaling 46 taxa and naturalization index, urbanization index were 19.0%, 17.0%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.526-534
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• 2010

Genomes of clusters of related eukaryotes are now being sequenced at an increasing rate. In this paper, we developed an accurate, low-cost method for annotation of gene prediction and exon-intron structure. The gene prediction was adapted for delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate-synthetase (p5cs) gene from China wild-type of the halophytic Leymus chinensis (Trin.), naturally adapted to highly-alkali soils. Due to complex adaptive mechanisms in halophytes, more attentions are being paid on the regulatory elements of stress adaptation in halophytes. P5CS encodes delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate-synthetase, a key regulatory enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of proline, that has direct correlation with proline accumulation in vivo and positive relationship with stress tolerance. Using analysis of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and PCR, and direct sequencing, 1076 base pairs (bp) of cDNA in length and 2396 bp of genomic DNA in length were obtained from direct sequencing results. Through gene prediction and exon-intron structure verification, the full-length of cDNA sequence was divided into eight parts, with seven parts of intron insertion. The average lengths of determinated coding regions and non-coding regions were 154.17 bp and 188.57 bp, respectively. Nearly all splice sites displayed GT as the donor sites at the 5' end of intron region, and 71.43% displayed AG as the acceptor sites at the 3' end of intron region. We conclude that this method is a cost-effective way for obtaining an experimentally verified genome annotation.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.120-125
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• 2014

Halophytes are plants of saline habitats that grow under conditions that may vary in extremes of temperatures (freezing to very hot), water availability (drought to water logging) and salinity (mild to almost saturation). Halophytes may also face sudden micro-environmental variations within their habitats. In this study, we examine some of the factors that determine the ability of seeds of Artemisia fukudo to germinate when conditions are optimal for seedling growth and survival. Germination percentage was the highest at 77.5% when treated in 0% seawater and seedling growth was best in 0% seawater plug cell tray. Physiological quality (chlorophyll contents) and mean germination time were best in the condition in which seeds were treated with 0% seawater (control). Germination performance index in the control group showed the highest value to 3.8. Seedling growth, seedling vigor index in the length of seedling growth andthe relative growth rate were the highest values of 0.76 cm, 1.43, 0.0099, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.86-92
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• 2012

Halophyte samples, such as Suaeda japonica, Phragmites australis, Limonium tetragonum, Suaeda maritima were collected from Go-chang salt marsh. Thirty-nine endophytic fungal strains were isolated from the roots of halophytes naturally growing in salt marsh. All endophytic fungal strains isolated were analyzed by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) containing ITS1, 5.8 s and ITS2 region. Endophytic fungal strains belong to eight orders, i.e., Eurotiales (36%), Pleosporales (26%), Hypocreales (18%), Incertae sedis (8%), Glomerellales (5%), Sordariales (2%), Xylariales (2%), and Capnodiales (3%). On genus level, they were composed of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Coniothyrium, Dothideomycete, Fusarium, Gibberella, Macrophoma, Penicillium, Pestalotiopsis, Phaeosphaeria, Phoma, Pleosporales, Pseudozyma, Talaromyces, and Termitomyces. Of them, Penicillium (26%), Fusarium (13%) of Eurotiales and Hypocreales were predominant.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.39 no.spc1
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• pp.180-188
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• 2006

We examined the effect of salt marsh vegetation on the benthic environment in macro-tidal flats at Donggeomdo, Ganghwa, on the west coast of Korea. Nine stations were established along a transect across the tidal flats, including salt marsh, and field sampling was conducted monthly from July 1997 to June 1998. During the study period, environmental parameters fluctuated as follows: salinity, 15.0 to 28.2 psu, exposure time, 613 to 702 hr/m, inundation time, 28 to 117 hr/m, sediment organic carbon, 0.71 to 1.34%, nitrogen, 0.07 to 0.16%, sulfur from 0.07 to 0.22%, mean grain size from 6.3 to $6.9{\phi}$, water content from 19.4 to 44.4%, water temperature from 4.4 to $20.4^{\circ}C$ and temperature of the surface sediments, 2.7 to $31.1^{\circ}C$, in total, seven halophyte species were sampled and found to be vertically distributed across the tidal levels. Carer scabrifolia, Suaeda maritima, Limonium tetragonum and Phragmites communis dominated the upper zone of the salt marsh, Juncus haenkei, Triglochin maritimum and P. communis dominated the middle zone, and Suaeda japonica predominated in the lower area. Principal component analysis (PCA) and non-metric multi-dimensional scaling revealed that the zonation of halophytes was related to environmental variables such as salinity and exposure time. The halophyte communities were likely related to the organic content of the surface sediment.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.509-523
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• 2012

This basic study is to present the methods and raw data for carrying out to objectively assess an ecosystem by developing the plant ecological indices. The results are as follows. The plant ecological indices were 7 units including RI (Rare Index), EI (Endemic Index), SI (Specific Index), NI (Naturalized Index), UI (Urbanized Index), Pte-Q (Pteridophyta Index) and HI (Halophytes Index). The vascular plants in Mt. Waryong, Mt. Bongmyeong and Bito island were summarized as 471 taxa including 104 families, 294 genera, 419 species, 3 subspecies, 41 varieties and 8 forms. We surveyed 5 taxa of rare plants, 7 taxa of endemic plants, 38 taxa of specific plants by floristic region, 40 taxa of naturalized plants, 1 taxa of invasive alien plant, 19 taxa of pteridophyta and 14 taxa of halophytes. Bito island had the highest RI was 1.2%. Mt. Bongmyeong was 1.4% higher than other sites. If the SI of 2.9% was the highest in Bito island. Bito island was the highest NI, and the UI was the hightest in Mt. Waryong. Mt. Bongmyeong was the lowest NI and UI. In Mt. Waryong and Bito island, the highest DI was 9.1%. The Pte-Q of Mt. Waryong was 1.3 higher than the other sites. Bito island, the highest HI was 8.1%. Overall, 1.5% of RI, 1.9% of EI, 2.3% of SI, 8.5% of NI, 14.3% of UI, 9.1% of DI, 1.0 of Pte-Q and 3.0% were analyzed with HI.