• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.122-131
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• 2010

This clinical study was performed to evaluate whether supplementation of proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-based triple therapy with Korean red ginseng can enhance Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication and reduce levels of halitosis-associated volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in the stomach. Seventy-six patients were randomized into an eradication regimen-only group (n=45) or an eradication regimen plus 10 weeks of Korean red ginseng supplementation group (n=31). The eradication regimen consisted of PPI b.i.d., clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d., and amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d.. for seven days. Korean red ginseng supplementation commenced on the last day of the eradication regimen. $^{13}C$-urea breath test and halimeter measurements were performed prior to protocol repetition. By intention-to-treat analysis, the H. pylori eradication rate in the Korean red ginseng group (77.4%, 24 of 31) was higher than that in the control group (45.0%, 26 of 45). However, by per protocol analysis, the eradication rate in the Korean red ginseng group was significantly higher than that in the control group (92.3%, 24/26 vs. 69.4%, 26/38; p<0.05). H. pylori infection was significantly associated with increased VSC levels. However, VSC levels decreased significantly in the Korean red ginseng group (p<0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of triple therapy with Korean red ginseng increased the H. pylori eradication rate and led to significant reductions in VSC levels, suggesting the usefulness of this substance in combating H. pylori infection.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.192-196
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• 2007

Oral malodor in companion animals is noticed by owners at first and it makes owners unpleasant. Therefore oral malodor affects the relationship between pet and owner. Oral malodor is produced by some putrefactive bacteria which putrefy proteins to volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) such as methyl mercaptan, hydrogen sulfide and dimethyl sulfide in the food remnants. And oral malodor is mostly consisted with these VSC. On oral examinations in dogs with oral malodor, it is common that plaque and calculus index were increased than normal dogs'. But organoleptic method is subjective to evaluate halitosis, in this study we measured VSC using organoleptic method and portable sulfide monitor to clarify the relationship between halitosis and periodontal disease in dogs with halitosis. And we found that plaque index and calculus index were significantly related with VSC (P<0.05, P<0.05) in measurement using Halimeter. However there was not significant relationship between gingivitis index and VSC. In conclusion, there was the significant, positive relationship between periodontal disease and halitosis.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2005

Since many reports for the influence of the essential oils on the oral microorganism were presented, it is important to use the essential oils in clinical field. At the present day which emphasized the quality of life, oral malodor is one of the serious problems, so we need to try to decrease of oral malodor. This study was designed to make on evidence of the effect of essential oils to oral malodor clinically and to develop on effective treatment for oral malodor by using the dental paste which contains essential oils. 40 dental students volunteered to participate in this study and double blind test was used. At the beginning, all subjects were measured their morning malodor prior to this experiment, at the 3cm posterior to their incisal edge of the oral cavity by Halimeter(Interscan Co. Chatsworth, CA). After that we divided the students in half into two groups A and B. We have supplied different tooth pastes, dental paste A and B, to two groups respectively. The dental paste B contained essential oils which are tea tree, lemon and peppermint. All students used different tooth pastes everyday for 3 weeks. And all students were measured their morning malodor every week with the same method by using Halimeter. This study was resulted that ; 1. The dental paste which contains essential oils has continuously decreased the morning malodor during the whole period of experiments. 2. The number of students with increase in their morning malodor was generally decreased in the group B who used the toothpaste which contains essential oils, compared with the group A who used the toothpaste which didn't contain essential oils on the 2nd and 3rd week of the experiment. 3. In the group B, the average data on increasing rate of morning malodor was less than in the group A. 4. In the 2nd and 3rd week of the experiment, the data on the rate of morning malodor of the group B was generally decreased continuously compared with the group A. These results have statistically significance under 95% confidence interval of the difference.(p$\leq$0.05) As the result, the toothpaste which was containing essential oils was effective in decreasing the morning malodor.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.115-128
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• 2010

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate deodorizing effectsof medicinal herbs (Mume Fructus, Eriobotryae Folium, Acanthopanacis Cortex, Angelicae Dahuricae Radix) for development of a gargle solution. Methods: 1. The antimicrobial effects of medicinal herbs were evaluated with the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and the change of the number of viable cells in the herb extracts(1%) for 48 hrs against P. gingivalis 2561 and Pr. intermedia ATCC 25611. 2. Deodorizing activity of each herb and Garglin $Mint^{(R)}$gainst methyl mercaptan were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). 3. We used the malodor modeling of the salivary sediment system with a Halimeter. 4. In the preliminary clinical study, the baseline concentration of VSC in the oral cavity of each subject was measured by Halimeter. Subjects would gargle for 30 seconds with cysteine. After 4 minutes subjects would gargle for 30 seconds with Garglin and herb extracts (2%). Subsequently, concentration of VSC were measured at 0, 4, 8, 12 and 20 minutes. Results: 1. MBC of Mume Fructusfor P. gingivalis 2561 was determined to be <1% and MBCs of Eriobotryae Folium for P. gingivalis 2561 and Pr. intermedia ATCC 25611 were determined to be <2% and <1%, respectively. Mume Fructus (1%) completely suppressed the P. gingivalis cell viability from 5 hrs and Eriobotryae Folium (1%) completely suppressed the Pr. intermedia cell viability from 48 hrs. 2. In GC analysis, deodorizing activities were 91.54% with Mume Fructus, 87.97% with Eriobotryae Folium, 100% with Acanthopanacis Cortex, 72.36% with Angelicae Dahuricae Radix and 40.54% with Garglin $Mint^{(R)}$. 3. In malodor modeling of the salivary sediment system, each of the medicinal herbs had significantly inhibitory effect on malodor formation (p<0.05). 4. In the preliminary clinical study, the concentration of VSC of the herb groups was significantly lower than of the control group, but not in Garglin $Mint^{(R)}$. Conclusions: Mume Fructus, Eriobotryae Folium, Acanthopanacis Cortex and Angelicae Dahuricae Radixhave deodorizing activities and potential as an effective mouthwash against oral malodor.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 2007

Objectives : This study investigated the correlation between dry mouth and comprehensive diagnosis of Qi xu and Qi yu in patients with halitosis. Methods : We surveyed 124 halitosis patients by reviewing the questionnaires from the Halitosis Clinic in the Hospital of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University from January 2004 to March 2006. The halitosis questionnaires contained self-awareness of halitosis, self-assessed severity of halitosis, dry mouth and taste abnormality. Among comprehensive diagnosis of Qui Xue Shui, Qi xu and Qi yu parts were investigated by questionnaire and physical examination, and each Qi xu and Qi yu part scores were summed. Winkel tongue coating index was estimated by investigator, the level of volatile sulfur compounds were measured by halimeter, and salivary function was assessed by salivary scan test. All patients were divided into two groups based on salivary scan test (salivary function normal and decreased). Results : Qi xu score of halitosis patients with decreased salivary function was higher than normal halitosis patients. There was highly significant correlation between Qi yu score and dry mouth, and another significant correlation between self-assessed halitosis severity and dry mouth was noted. Conclusions : The results of this study suggest that Qi yu condition influences dry mouth in halitosis patients, and halitosis is affected by dry mouth. Therefore. we assume that treating Qi yu condition can be a potentially effective way of treating dry mouth and halitosis.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 2009

Objective: This study assessed five respective herbs in Cheonggugamrosu (CGGRS) for ability to inhibit malodor in vitro. Methods: We used malodor modeling of the salivary sediment system. Incubation mixtures were prepared with sediment at 16.7% (v/v), amino acids (cysteine and tryptophan) at 6mM and either herb extract at 1% (w/v) or water as control. Mixtures were incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ and odor was monitored organoleptically and for volatile sulfur compounds with the Halimeter. Indole/skatole was determined by Kovac's colorimetric method. Results: Two of the herbs, Caryophilli Flos and Glycyrrhizae Radix, had inhibitory effect on malodor generation. Both of them significantly reduced VSC, organoleptic odor and indole/skatole formation (p<0.05). Conclusions: We found Caryophilli Flos and Glycyrrhizae Radix played a main role in CGGRS. Both herbs have potential as effective anti-malodor agents and this suggests they are worthy of further exploration.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.898-906
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of Oral Function Improvement Exercises on salivation, xerostomia and halitosis in elderly people. Methods: The participants in the study were 48 female community-dwelling elders in D city. The Oral Function Improvement Exercises were given 3 times a week, for a total of 24 times from August to October 2011. Spitting method, Visual Analogue Scale, and halimeter (mBA-21) were used to evaluate the effects of Oral Function Improvement Exercises on salivation, xerostomia, and halitosis. The data were analyzed using ${\chi}^2$-test and t-test with the SPSS program. Results: The experimental group had significantly better salivation, and less xerostomia and halitosis than the control group. Conclusion: The results indicate that Oral Function Improvement Exercises were effective for salivation, xerostomia and halitosis in the elders. Therefore, it was suggested that Oral Function Improvement Exercise are applicable in a community nursing intervention program to improve the quality of life for elders.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.41 no.1 s.404
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• pp.42-47
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• 2003

Dental professions recommend that mandibular impacted third molar be extracted for the prevention of osteomyelities crneoplasm or for the treatment of halitosis. Even the possibility of emergence of unexpected halitosis after the preventive extraction exists, there are few studies describing the unexpected halitosis. This study intended to measure the emergence of halitosis after extraction of mandibular impacted third molar. Thirty-eight patients who visited Daejin Medical Center participated in this study. Halitosis was objectively measured using Halimeter in 3 intervals-before, after I day, after 7 days. Third factors, scaling and gender, which may influence the halitosis were analyzed with stratification. This study finds that in general halitosis decreased after 1 day but increased after 7 days. Scaling was helpful in decreasing halitosis and women have less severe halitosis than men. The effects of time interval(p<0.05), gender(p=0.836), and scaling(p=0.7929) on the severity of halitosis were not statistically significant. However, since this study's patients are neither a representative sample nor a random sample, all data interpretation was focused on clinical significance instead of conventional statistical significance. Clinical significance of this study's findings are: 1) scaling should be conducted in advance, 2) men should be notified of the higher possibility of halitosis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition Conference
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• 2001.12a
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• pp.140-151
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• 2001

This study was performed to examine a possible application of the beverage as a bad breath controlling food. To achieve this objective, methods of gas chromatography, electronic nose, sensory analysis and halimeter were used to detect reduction in odor intensities of bad breath caused by the functional beverage as well as its active ingredients. According to results of GC and electronic nose, adding green tea and champignon extracts to bad breath indicators, methylmercaptan and trimethylamine, resulted in significant reduction in headspace concentrations of two indicators. GC results revealed that headspace concentrations of 5 ug/ml of methylmercaptan and 30 ug/ml of trimethylamine added to various concentrations of two extracts were reduced up to $100\%$ after incubating mixtures at $37^{\circ}C$ for 5min. When the functional beverage was properly formulated with green tea extract, champignon extract and $\alpha$-cyclodextrin and evaluated for its deodorizing effect systematically, it also showed distinctive deodorizing activities against bad breath indicators. Conclusively, results obtained from this study might encourage introduction of a new type of bad breath control food in near future.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.449-459
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• 2004

Bacterial byproducts and volatile sulfur compounds(VSC) have been found to be the leading intra-oral agents, specifically, the byproducts of gram negative anaerobic bacteria have been implicated as primary factors of halitosis in patients presenting with periodontal disease. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between periodontal treatment and the subsequent reduction in the level of halitosis. Forty-three subjects presenting with periodontal disease were examined before periodontal treatment, one week after treatment, one month after treatment, and finally, two months after treatment, using a portable sulfide monitoring $Halimeter^{(R)}$ to measure the VSC concentrations at the prescribed intervals. The results of the study were as follows: 1. Significant decreases in the mean VSC concentration were observed at the one week, one month, and two month post-op intervals relative to the pre-op measurement. (p<0.05) 2. Significant decreases in the mean VSC concentration were observed in subjects after completion of flap operations. Significant decreases in the mean VSC concentration were observed at the one and two month post-flap operation measurement relative to the VSC concentration at one week (p<0.05), but no significant differences between the one month and two month VSC concentrations were found. (p<0.05) 3. Significant decreases in the mean VSC concentration were observed in subjects after completion of subgingival curettage (p<0,05). Significant decreases were found between the one week and one month measurements and between the one month and two month measurements, but significant differences were not observed between the one week and two month measurements. (p<0.05) The results of this study show significant decreases in VSC concentration in test subjects after periodontal treatment. It can be inferred from the results above, that periodontal disease is a significant contributing factor of halitosis, and that treatment of periodontal disease can been an effective means of reducing VSC concentration in patients presenting with halitosis concurrent with periodontal disease.