• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.135-145
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• 1992

This study was carried out to find out some characteristic responses of biological samples under the exposure of trace metals with the considering of Sex, age, residence period and smoking. Blood, Urine and Hair were collected from 116 dwellers in the vicinity of a smelting factory. Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the following results were found important. 1) The concentrations of trace metals in the blood were 0.010+ 0.003 $\mu$g/ml in Cd, 0.82+ 0.11 $\mu$g/ml in Cu, 0.23_+ 0.13 $\mu$g/ml in Pb and 5.78_+ 1.43 $\mu$g/ml in Zn, those in the urine were 1.7_+ 1.7 $\mu$g/l in Cd, 16.5_+ 16.0 $\mu$g/l in Cu, 24.6_+ 23.0 $\mu$g/l in Pb and 367.7_+ 283.4 $\mu$g/l in Zn, and those in the hair were 0.52_+ 0.56 $\mu$g/g in Cd, 11.00_+4.01 $\mu$g/g in Cu, 8.53_+ 7.05 $\mu$g/g in Pb and 383.23_+ 110.56 $\mu$g/g in Zn. 2) In sex, the concentrations of Zn in the blood and urine of male were higher than those of female, however, the concentrations of Cd and Zn in the hair of female were higher than those of male. 3) The concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in the urine showed an increasing trend by age. 4) While the concentration of Cd in the urine increased, the concentration of Pb in the hair decreased by residential period in all the samples. 5) The concentrations of Cd and Zn in the blood and that of Zn in the urine of smoking group were higher than those of non-smoking group. The concentration of Pb in the blood of smoking group and those of Cd, Pb and Zn in the urine of non-smoking group showed increasing the trend by age. The concentrations of Cd and Zn in the urine of non-smoking group, the concentration of Zn in the hair of smoking group showed increasing trend by residential period, however, the concentrations of Pb in the blood and hair and that of Zn in the hair showed decreasing trend by residential period. 6) When the correlations of the concentrations between Zn (main smelting metal) and other metals were analyzed, Zn in the blood was significantly correlated with Cu, Pb and Zn in the urine (positively) and Zn in the urine was significantly correlated with Zn in the blood, Cd, Cu and Pb in the urine, and Pb in the hair (positively). Zn in the hair was significantly correlated with Cd in the urine and Cu in the hair (positively). 7) Consequently, it was useful to note that samples of urine showed higher sensitivity under the metal exposure than those of blood and hair in individual sampling. In addition, as trace metals showed higher accumulation in the hair of the groups, sampling of hair was more highly recommended than those of urine and blood in group sampling.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2004

Hair driers and chemicals used in beauty shops generate a number of heavy metals and $PM_{10}$. Also many $PM_{10}$ are produced during hair cut. The pollutions raised health problems and uncomfortableness to hair dressers and customers in beauty shops. This study investigated to assess indoor, outdoor and personal particulate pollutants ($PM_{10}$ and Heavy metals) mean concentrations and the source of the pollutants in beauty shops. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The measured mean concentrations of respiratory particulates were $30.5ng/m^2$ in indoor, $30.5ng/m^2$ in outdoor and$44.0ng/m^2$ on personal levels. The personal concentration was found higher than indoor and outdoor concentrations. 2. The heavy metals mean concentrations were showed as indoor (Na>Zn>Cr), outdoor (Cr>Zn>Pb), and personal (Na>Cr>Zn) levels. 3. Chemicals and hair driers were regarded as the major sources of the pollutions. 4. Na was correlated with Mg, Zn and Cd, while Mg was correlated with Ni. Mn was correlated with Cu, Zn and AS, where as Cu was correlated with Zn, As and Cd. Zn and As, and Asand Cd were correlated each other. Na was inversely correlated with Cr.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.141-149
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• 2010

A concern of safety issue for traditional herbal medicine is the possibility of some herbs containing heavy metals responsible for several cases of metal poisoning. In our previous study, the physiological levels of heavy metals, such as Cd, Cu, Hg and Pb, were examined to evaluate a potential risk in patients taking herbal medicine. In this study, the levels of 12 heavy metals, including non-metallic element, Se, were analyzed in hair and compared to the results from the previous study. In the previous study, the levels of Cd, Cu, Hg and Pb in hair showed a significantly lower odds ratio than 1. In this study, however, all metals did not show any significant odds ratio higher or lower than 1 even if 5 of 12 metals showed lower odds ratio than 1. In addition, the levels of metal concentrations, especially for Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn, exceeding the WHO reference values were observed in hair. However, any evidence for metal accumulation in hair caused by taking herbal medicines for long duration was not observed in analysis of multiple regression and odds ratio from case-control study. This result would show another possibility for a role of herbs as a non-enzymatic chelator inhibiting the gastrointestinal absorption of heavy metals.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.233-244
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• 1997

In order to investigate the concentration of trace metals in human hairs from residents living in urban area and rural area, the 120 hair samples of adults were taken from urban areas(industrial area, bus terminal, downtown area) and rural area(Kasan-ri, Yeoju-up, Yeoju-goon) during July - September 1995. Mean concentrations of trace metals including lead and cadmium in human hair were compared by region, sex, presence of smoker, type of water, period of residence. The results were as follows; 1. The average concentrations of lead and cadmium in hairs of urban area are $0.92{\mu}g/g$ ($1.01{\mu}g/g$ industrial area, $1.01{\mu}g/g$ bus terminal, $0.74{\mu}g/g$ downtown area), $0.38{\mu}g/g$ ($0.54{\mu}g/g$ industrial area, $0.49{\mu}g/g$ bus terminal, $0.12{\mu}g/g$ downtown area). The mean concentrations of lead and cadmium in urban area are higher than the corresponding levels in the rural area. 2. Lead concentration for male in the urban and rural area is 0.94 and $0.62{\mu}g/g$, 0.90 and $0.60{\mu}g/g$ for female. But, It does not have any statistical significance. Cadmium concentration for male in the urban and rural area is 0.38 and $0.12{\mu}g/g$, 0.38 and $0.11{\mu}g/g$ for female. But It does not have any statistical significance. 3. Mean concentrations of lead and cadmium in smokers shows higher than non-smokers. It showed that the longer period of residence in urban area, the higher concentrations of three metals.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.75-85
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• 1988

An atomic absorption spectrophotometry analysis study of zinc, cadimium, lead, copper and mercury in human scalp hair samples of 699 subjects in 3 urban and 4 rural communities gave mean values of 170.33/187.00 ppm, 0.18/0.22 ppm, 8.43/8.62 ppm, 9.81/10.24 ppm and 2.13/1.20 ppm for male and female, respectively. The concentration did not differ significantly regardless ages. However, female was higher than male in overall concentration except that of mercury. The percentile methods was partially applied for a reference values of metals in Korean scalp hair to provide more appropriate data for further comparisons.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the association of exposures to heavy metals with positive diagnosis for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Tourette's syndrome (TS). Methods : Study participants included 27 children diagnosed with ADHD ($9.9{\pm}2.9$ years of age), 21 diagnosed with Tourette's disorder ($10.7{\pm}2.2$ years of age), and 45 normal control children ($9.6{\pm}0.5$ years of age). A Perkin-Elmer mass spectrometer was used to measure the concentrations of 5 heavy metals (Pb, Cd, U, Be, Hg) in hair samples obtained from each participant. Each heavy metal concentration was compared among the groups by use of a Kruskal-Wallis test. Results : The levels of lead (p=.006) and cadmium (p=.037) observed in the hair of children diagnosed with ADHD were significantly higher than those found in the control subjects. There were no significant differences observed for heavy metal levels when comparing TS and control subjects. Conclusion : We confirmed that lead exposure is a risk factor for ADHD. We also identified that cadmium may be a new candidate risk factor for manifestation of ADHD. We did not find an association between heavy metals and manifestation of TS.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.551-557
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• 2017

헤어(Hair)의 연출은 현대인의 개성 창출을 위한 요소로 작용하고 있으나 염색(Dye), 펌(Prem) 등과 같은 반복적인 화학 시술은 모발 손상을 초래하게 된다. 손상을 줄이기 위한 화학 시술 방법으로 헤어 트리트먼트(hair treatment)에 대한 중요성이 크게 부각되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 염색 시, 헤어 트리트먼트의 사용이 실제 모발의 형태학적 손상도와 모발 내의 유독성 미네랄과 필수 미네랄의 수치에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 확인하기 위해, 20대 전 후반 5명의 모발(normal hair, NH)을 채취하여 염색 전 모발(NH), 염색 모발(dye hair, DH), 염색제와 헤어 트리트먼트 혼합 모발(dye with treatment hair, DTH)의 형태학적 손상도를 관찰하였으며, 모발 속 중금속 및 미네랄(mineral) 함량분석을 통하여 염모제와 헤어 트리트먼트에 의한 모발 내 중금속 변화를 조사하였다. 모발의 형태학적 영향은 DTH 모발에서 DH나 NH에 비하여 큐티클 형태의 배열이 대체적으로 균일하게 보여 지며, 들뜸이 차분해지고 선이 매끄럽게 관찰 되어 손상도가 적게 관찰되었다. 미네랄 함량의 농도 부분에서는 대체적으로 균형범위에 있었으나 유독성 미네랄 부분에서는 바륨(Ba), 영양미네랄 부분에서는 Na, Ca, Mg의 농도가 NH모발, DH모발, DTH모발에서 균형범위보다 높게 나타났다.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.129-139
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• 2002

This research purpose was to get urine and hair metal correlation by Spearman methods in subjects with long term intake of herbal medicine. And that result can help research for metal absorption mechanism in body. Subjects have been intake 1-124 months(7.55 months mean) in decoction and 1-60 months (1.27 months means) for some disease treatment in sampling point. 1) Metal concentrations in urine and hair of study subjects showed higher than WHO reference limits, especially 0.32-6.17% in urine and 11.69-26.95% in hair. 2) Metal concentration in urine correlated 0.37(p〈0.001) Cu to Cd, 0.37(p〈0.001) Pb to Cu, 0.29(p〈0.001) Pb to Cu, 0.29(p〈0.001) Pb to Cd, and 0.36(p〈0.001) Pb to Cu, -0.13(p〈0.05) Hg to Cu in hair. Also between urine and hair correlated 0.21(p〈0.001) Cd to Cd. 0.17(p〈0.01) Pb to Pb, -0.06 Cu to Hg, -0.01 Hg to Cu. These results showed that occur physical and chemical reaction among many metals in body, respectively. However, further study related this subjects will be need.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2009

인간의 모발은 금속을 배설하는 시스템이며 몸에서 금속의 함유량을 반영한다. 본 연구에서는 현대인의 유해 중금속 노출 정도를 파악하고, 질병 예방 혹은 환경 개선 예측의 도구로서 모발 분석의 필요성에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 많은 만성 질환은 금속의 축척과 관련이 있을 것으로 예상되며 몇몇은 유해 중금속과 관련이 있다. 이에 서울, 수도권지역에 거주하는 20대에서 40대의 성인 남녀 120명(남자 61명, 여자 59명)을 대상으로 시료를 채취한 후 유도 결합 플라즈마 질량 분석기를 사용하여 Hg, Pb, Cd, Al, As, U, Bi, Sb, Ba, Be의 10가지의 독성 미네랄의 함량을 측정하였다. 분석 결과 20대의 유해 중금속 함량 분석에서는 기준치 이상을 보이는 원소가 없었으나, 알루미늄(Al)과 안티몬(Sb)의 수치가 높게 나타났다. 30대의 경우도 기준치 이상의 원소는 보이지 않았으나 수은(Hg)과 알루미늄(Al)의 농도가 높게 나타났다. 40대의 경우 기준치 이상의 수은(Hg)과 안티몬(Sb)이 검출되었다. 또한 성별에서는 남성의 경우 수은(Hg)이, 여성의 경우 안티몬(Sb)이 기준치보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 산업의 발달로 인해 유해 중금속은 여러 가지 경로를 통해 우리 몸속으로 들어오며, 몸 밖으로 배출되지 못하고 인체에 계속 쌓여 면역 기능과 호르몬 기능이 저하시키고 질병을 유발하게 된다. 이에 유해 중금속의 노출 정도를 분석하여 그에 맞는 대체요법을 시행한다면 질병을 예방하고 환경을 예측할 수 있다. 인체 내에 중금속의 추적 상태를 알아보기 위해 우리나라에서도 모발 분석에 대한 관심과 연구를 통해 우리의 건강 상태를 유지하기 위한 수단으로 활용되기를 시사하는 바이다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.241-249
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• 2013

2012년 1월에서 10월 사이에 전국에서 유통 중인 산화형 염모제(1제) 125개 제품에서 납(Pb), 비소(As), 카드뮴(Cd), 크롬(Cr), 망간(Mn), 니켈(Ni), 구리(Cu)의 농도 측정과 국산, 수입산 및 헤나별, 성상별, 색상별로 비교해 봄으로써 이에 관련된 분야의 기초자료를 제공하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 분석된 전체 염모제의 평균 중금속 농도는 납 0.211 ${\mu}g/g$, 비소 0.051 ${\mu}g/g$, 카드뮴 0.008 ${\mu}g/g$, 크롬 0.954 ${\mu}g/g$, 망간 6.250 ${\mu}g/g$, 니켈 0.591 ${\mu}g/g$, 구리 0.544 ${\mu}g/g$으로 측정되었으며 납, 비소의 경우 우리나라 화장품 안전기준 등에 관한 규정에서 허용기준인 납 20 ${\mu}g/g$, 비소 10 ${\mu}g/g$보다 낮은 수치이다(식품의약품안전처 고시 제2013-24 호). 또한 헤나 염모제는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였으며(p < 0.05), 납 1.264 ${\mu}g/g$, 비소 0.267 ${\mu}g/g$, 카드뮴 0.025 ${\mu}g/g$, 크롬 4.055 ${\mu}g/g$, 망간 72.044 ${\mu}g/g$, 니켈 3.076 ${\mu}g/g$, 구리 4.640 ${\mu}g/g$으로 국산 및 수입 염모제보다 높았다. 염모제의 성상별 중금속 농도는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였으며(p < 0.05), 크림과 액체 타입에서 크롬이 각각 0.708 ${\mu}g/g$, 0.478 ${\mu}g/g$로 가장 높았고, 분말타입에서는 망간이 60.041 ${\mu}g/g$로 높았다. 염모제의 색상별 중금속 농도는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 노란색의 경우 납, 크롬이 높은 평균 농도를 보였고, 적색과 분홍색의 염모제는 크롬, 갈색과 흑색은 망간이, 녹색은 니켈이 높은 평균 농도를 나타내었다.