• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.155-164
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• 2019

This study comparatively analyzed hair bleaching and degree of damage by the temperature of a heating tool after coloring hair with a permanent, semi-permanent or plant hair dye. According to analysis by spectrophotometer, 'semi-permanent hair dye' was the highest, followed by 'permanent hair dye' and 'plant hair dye' in terms of changes in $L^*$ values. In terms of changes in hair shape when analyzed using FE-SEM, 'semi-permanent hair dye($150^{\circ}C$ or lower)' was the greatest, followed by 'plant hair dye($180^{\circ}C$ or lower)' and 'permanent hair dye($200^{\circ}C$ or lower)'. Therefore, it is reasonable to flat iron hair at low temperature. According to the test, amino acid values gradually decreased in both bleached and colored hair. The results obtained through TGA-based thermal analysis confirmed that as brightness increases, hair moisture contents decrease. This study aimed to protect hair by suggesting a correct use of a flat iron by the hair dye type during hair coloring. It appears that the study results would help hairdressers minimize hair damage by using a hair dye at proper temperature.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.553-562
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• 2008

These days hair perm and dye is a modern trend that women prefer to create their own image and personality. However, chemicals for hair perm and dye are easy to damage hair. This study, then, is to find out some effective skills to minimize hair damage when hair perm and dye is done in a same time. The subjects were 200 hairs picked from five healthy women in their twenties which have not been permed and dyed since one year and more ago. The experimental group was divided into two groups: 1)the perm- nutritional treatment- dye (PNT) group 2)the dye- perm- nutritional treatment(DPN) group. After experiments, the states of "hair scale", "hair damage", and "color tone in dyed hair" were compared between two groups. The results are as follows: to lessen hair damage when hair perm and dye is done in a same time, nutritional treatments must be necessarily used on hair. To make hair colored more clearly when hair dye is done, it is more desirable to use nutritional treatments on hair.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1051-1059
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• 2007

This study intends to find out possible variations in physical properties and color of hair depending on dye type(acidic and alkalic) and permanent treatment/hair dyeing procedure. To meet the goals, healthy hair samples were taken from 5 women's hair speciment in 20's without experiencing in any harmful substance via long-term medications. and beauty care using chemicals. To get possible findings depending upon hair dye type and treatment procedure, both acidic and alkalic hair dye were applied on some specimens after permanent treatment, while on other specimens before permanent treatment. In order to determine scale damage, this study used SEM(Hitachi S-2500C) both hair thickness and tensile strength were measured with optical microscope(Nikon, MM-60/L3T) and Instron (4482-standard). Wave configuration was measured transverse and longitudinal round diameter. The chromaticity of each specimen was measured using a spectrocolorimeter(Color Techno System, JP/JX-777) with visual $C/2^{\circ}$ (at $2^{\circ}$ with C light source) monitor fixed to determine Lab and CMYK values. As a result, it was found that hair specimens were more significantly damaged with alkalic hair dye treatment than with acidic hair dye treatment, while hair specimens were more effectively dyed with the former hair dye type than with the latter one. For possible results depending on treatment procedure, it was found that hair specimens were less damaged but more effectively dyed with permanent treatment followed by hair dyeing than vice versa. Therefore, it was concluded that permanent treatment followed by acidic hair dyeing would be more effective in reducing hair damages.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.42-50
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• 2008

The objective of this study is to investigate the efficacy of pomegranate hull colorant as a natural hair coloring dye. The extract of pomegranate hull was concentrated and freeze-dried to get colorant powder. Effect of dyeing condition and mordanting on the dye uptake of hair by using Al, Fe, Cu, Cr, Sn compounds, color change and colorfastness were explored. In addition, tensile strength was measured and the surface of the hair was observed. Dye uptake of hair measured by K/S value (400 nm) indicated that ionic bonding seems to be involved in the sorption of pomegranate colorant to hair. Maximum sorption was obtained at pH 3.5 and the concentration of 50% (on the weight of hair, o.w.h.). Acidic dyeing condition (pH $3.5{\sim}5.0$) showed yellow color however alkaline dyeing condition (pH $7{\sim}11$) gave reddish yellow color. Pomegranate hull colorant produced greyish brown color on hair and the hair mordanted with Fe showed dark brown color. Mordants except Fe did not increase dye uptake significantly. Mordants except Cu increased light fastness and mordants except Cr increased washing fastness level slightly. According to SEM observation and the tensile strength retention measurement, the mordant dyed hair gave more damage to hair by ultraviolet light and washing than the hair dyed without mordanting. Experimental results of K/S value and colorfastness(light and washing) supported that pomegranate hull colorant without mordanting can be used as a semi-permanent natural hair coloring dye.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.1273-1281
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to increase the power of color and examine the long-lasting power, which is a disadvantage of one-pack acid hair dye by using chestnut shell pigment. For this, hair dyeing power was measured using a spectrophotometer, the optical density(O.D.) value was measured to examine the degree of fading of the hair, and the elasticity of the hair was analyzed by measuring the tensile strength. As a result of comparing the results of applying different leaving times and treatment methods to the hair samples of each level, the experimental group that was heat-treated for 20 minutes showed the highest dyeing power. Then, it was confirmed in the order of 40 minutes of natural exposure, 10 minutes of heat treatment, and 20 minutes of natural exposure. And it was also confirmed that the color expression visually improved as it went up to level 10. However, at level 10, it was confirmed that some water loss occurred even after 3 days and the tensile strength was low. These findings that indicated the beauty industry will popularize a one-step acid hair dye containing various natural dye ingredients to help maintain modern people's well-being and healthy mind and body.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.206-213
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• 2023

This study attempted to investigate what color would fade more during hair bleaching and examine what should be done to make hair color last longer. For this, hair was colored differently in ash gray with permanent hair dyes and semi-permanent hair dyes each. Hair in multiple levels was created through such bleaching. Color retention was improved in consideration of the degree of color fading in sample hair. In terms of post-bleaching hair coloring, it was more efficient to color hair by eliminating redness without hair damage after shampooing with a permanent hair dye. Therefore, it is anticipated that the study results would be highly useful for beauty salons to find a base level in consideration of bleaching effects and make improve- ments according to hair retention and moisturizing effects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.12 s.159
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• pp.1708-1713
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of juglone, which shows hish affinity to wool, for hair dyeing as a natural dye. Before dyeing hair with juglone, virgin hair was bleached by a conventional method using hair shops in the city. In order to study the dyeing properties of juglone on hair, the effects of dyeing conditions on dye uptake, color, tensile strength, and morphology were investigated. And the effect of Fe-mordanting on color change was also investigated. Dye uptake changed marginally as dye concentration increased in the range of 0.02-0.04g. Dye uptake increased progressively is dyeing time increased in the range of 10-20 min. Juglone produced YR colors on hair and the color of dyed hair got duller as juglone concentration increased. The hair was little damaged by bleaching, but cuticles were melted and stripped away by dyeing for longer time. Tensile strength retention decreased up to 65% at 20 min dyeing. Simultaneous mordanting with Fe did not improved dye uptake, but led to darker brown color compared with unmordanted hair.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.173-183
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• 2021

Objectives: This study evaluated the skin permeability of lawsone in henna hair dyes to understand the exposure characteristics of henna hair dyes in the human body. It examined the protective effects of protectants by applying protectants A, B, and C to test skin. Methods: Skin absorption tests were conducted using Franz diffusion cells according to OECD test guideline 428. After applying one kind of natural henna hair dye and chemical henna hair dye, respectively, to a standardized pig skin model, samples of receptor fluid were collected at 1h, 3h, 6h, and 24h. The skin permeation of lawsone was determined using HPLC. After the skin absorption experiment, the skin to which hair dye was applied was analyzed to determine the residual amount of lawsone in the skin. Results: The cumulative permeation of both natural and chemical henna hair dyes increased over time, and the natural henna hair dye had a flux value (t=3.194, p<.05) high both in the K_p value (t=3.207, p<.05) and the residual amount (t=22.701, p<.001). For skin treated with a protectant, the cumulative permeation of natural henna hair dye 24h control and the cumulative permeation of protectant A, B, and C increased over time. Flux and K_p values were in the order control > protectant A > protectant C > protectant B. The residual amount (F=4.469, p<.05) was in the order of protectant C > protectant A > protectant B > control. At 3h, the dye application time of natural henna hair dye, the lawsone flux value (F=4.454, p<.05) and K_p value (F=4.455, p<.05) were higher in the control group than in the protectant groups. The 24h cumulative permeation of the chemical henna hair dye increased with time in both the control and the protectant groups, and the flux and K_p values were in the order of protectant A > protectant C > protectant B > control. The residual amount (F=7.901, p<.01) was in the order of protectant B > protectant A> protectant C > control. Conclusions: Within the normal dyeing time for henna hair dye (three hours for natural henna hair dyes and 30 minutes for chemical henna hair dyes) lawsone skin penetration was not observed even when no protective agent was applied. After that time, however, evidence of skin penetration and retention of lawsone and the protective effect of protective agents were observed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.391-400
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of safflower yellow colorant as a natural dye for hair coloring. The dyeing properties of safflower yellow colorant on hair were explored to obtain optimum conditions. Also, the effect of mordant was studied in terms of dye uptake, colorfastness, and hair damage to better understand the characteristics of the colorant. Tensile strength measurement and SEM analysis were carried out for investigating hair damage to light exposure and washing. On the basis of obtained results considering possible hair damage, optimum dyeing conditions were set 100%(o.w.h.) colorant concentration, pH 5, $40^{\circ}C$, and 20min. Dye uptake was improved more effectively by repeated dyeing rather than by increasing concentration. Pre-mordanting method improved dye uptake slightly, irrespective of mordant type. The safflower yellow colorant produced Y colors on hair. Cu and Fe mordants improved washing and light fastness slightly. Better strength retention was obtained with the mordanted-dyed hair than the unmordanted-dyed hair after light irradiation for 40 hours and 10 repeated washing. The hair was more damaged by light exposure than by washing. It was concluded that the safflower yellow colorant can be used as a natural semi-permanent hair dye producing Y color without mordanting.

• CELLMED
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.7.1-7.12
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• 2018

Greying of hairs or Canities (Sheeb) is a hair disorder characterized by premature graying of scalp hair, beard, moustache etc. In Unani system of medicine (USM), the causes of premature greying of hairs, concept behind graying of hairs, principles of treatment, preparations that prevent premature greying of hairs, regimen, systemic and local treatment to stimulate pigmentation and the most interesting point is the use of different type of hair dyes (khizabat) is all illustrated. Classical texts described black, red, blond and white hair dye preparations with formulae and method of use. Initially for the hair graying management, utilizing simple and complex substances from plants, minerals, metals and mixture of these was the main method, which satisfied the desire to change the colour of the hair. With the advancement in chemical science, dyes formulaes, method of formation and application are changed. But due to the awareness about demerits of chemical dyes, people are looking back towards the natural ways to combat hair greying and herbal hair dye is an alternative. This paper is an overview of Unani drugs of local and internal use for hair greying with special attention towards herbal dyes. Most commonly used herbs in khizaab with their actions and constituents has been summarized. This is an effort to globalize the benefits of Unani herbs in hair greying problem. In short, International demand for hair dyes has been steadily growing and there is a wide scope for exploring different aspects of hair greying treatment and dyes in USM.