• 전자공학회논문지B
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• 제30B권10호
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• pp.59-68
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• 1993

This paper describes implemation of 'General-purpose ETRI MAP interface module' (GEM) for Mini-MAP network. GEM operates as a Mini-MAP node in our FA system. To communicate between GEM and programmable devices(PD) such as PLC and CNC, serial communication is used. Application programs of a MiNi-MAP host system control and monitor programmable devices via GEM. GEM is implemented and tested on the basis of the MAP 3.0. TBC in the Nini-MAP board performs the function of the MAC sublayer. The LLC sublayer is implemented according to the specification of Class 3 that includes Type 1 and 3. And the MMS services are designed within the scope of implementation class MAP3. All the softwares are implemented under the real-time multitask OS for real-time application of the Mini-MAP and they are loaded into PROMs at the network board of GEM. We tested the LLC functions to make use of a protocol analyzer for the token-passing protocol. Also the MMS conformance test was carried out by exchanging primitives between GEM and a MMS product that had already passed the conformance test. Therefore GEM is proposed as a network tool of Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) to integrate PDs which don't support MAP functions.

• 대기
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.85-97
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• 2015

This study is to investigate future changes in carbon cycle using the HadGEM2-Carbon Cycle simulations driven by $CO_2$ emissions. For experiment, global carbon budget is integrated from the two (8.5/2.6) representative concentration pathways (RCPs) for the period of 1860~2100 by Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model, version 2, Carbon Cycle (Had-GEM2-CC). From 1985 to 2005, total cumulative $CO_2$ amount of anthropogenic emission prescribed as 156 GtC. The amount matches to the observed estimates (CDIAC) over the same period (136 GtC). As $CO_2$ emissions into the atmosphere increase, the similar increasing tendency is found in the simulated atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration and temperature. Atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration in the simulation is projected to be 430 ppm for RCP 2.6 at the end of the twenty-first century and as high as 931 ppm for RCP 8.5. Simulated global mean temperature is expected to rise by $1.6^{\circ}C$ and $3.5^{\circ}C$ for RCP 2.6 and 8.5, respectively. Land and ocean carbon uptakes also increase in proportion to the $CO_2$ emissions of RCPs. The fractions of the amount of $CO_2$ stored in atmosphere, land, and ocean are different in RCP 8.5 and 2.6. Further study is needed for reducing the simulation uncertainty based on multiple model simulations.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제21권spc호
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• pp.51-60
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 기후변화 시나리오 자료를 이용하여 지점빈도해석(At-site Frequency Analysis, AFA)과 지역빈도해석(Regional Frequency Analysis, RFA) 등을 수행하였고, Monte Carlo simulation을 통한 RRMSE(relative root mean squared error) 값을 비교·분석함으로써 각 빈도해석 방법에 따른 성능을 평가하고자 하였다. 확률강우량 산정을 위하여 기상청에서 국가표준시나리오로 제공하는 RCM(Regional Climate Model) 자료 중 하나인 HadGEM3-RA(12.5km) 기후모델 자료로부터 우리나라 615개 지점에 대한 일 강우 자료를 추출하였고, 자료의 편의보정(bias correction)과 공간상세화(spatial disaggregation)를 위하여 분위사상법(quantile mapping)과 역거리제곱법(inverse distance squared method)을 적용하였다. 분석 결과 지역빈도해석 방법이 지점빈도해석보다 정확하게 확률강우량을 산정하는 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 기후변화 시나리오 기반의 확률강우량 산정시 지역빈도해석의 결과가 보다 합리적인 전망 결과를 도출할 것으로 판단된다.

• 대기
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.367-380
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• 2019

Global warming causes various problems such as the increase of the sea surface temperature, the change of coastlines, ocean acidification and sea level rise. Sea level rise is an especially critical threat to coastal regions where massive population and infrastructure reside. Sea level change is affected by thermal expansion and mass increase. This study projected future sea level changes in the 21st century using the HadGEM2-AO with RCP8.5 scenario. In particular, sea level change due to water mass input from ice-sheets and glaciers melting is studied. Sea level based on surface mass balance of Greenland ice-sheet and Antarctica ice-sheet rose 0.045 m and -0.053 m over the period 1986~2005 to 2081~2100. During the same period, sea level owing to dynamical change on Greenland ice-sheet and Antarctica ice-sheet rose 0.055 m and 0.03 m, respectively. Additionally, glaciers melting results in 0.145 m sea level rise. Although most of the projected sea level changes from HadGEM2-AO are slightly smaller than those from 21 ensemble data of CMIP5, both results are significantly consistent each other within 90% uncertainty range of CMIP5.

• 대기
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.425-441
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• 2013

This study investigates the projections of water cycle, budget and river discharge over land in the world at the end of twenty-first century simulated by atmosphere-ocean climate model of Hadley Centre (HadGEM2-AO) and total runoff integrating pathways (TRIP) based on the RCP scenario. Firstly, to validate the HadGEM2-AO hydrology, the surface water states were evaluated for the present period using precipitation, evaporation, runoff and river discharge. Although this model underestimates the annual precipitation about 0.4 mm $mon^{-1}$, evaporation 3.7 mm $mon^{-1}$, total runoff 1.6 mm $mon^{-1}$ and river discharge 8.6% than observation and reanalysis data, it has good water balance in terms of inflow and outflow at surface. In other words, it indicates the -0.3 mm $mon^{-1}$ of water storage (P-E-R) compared with ERA40 showing -2.4 mm $mon^{-1}$ for the present hydrological climate. At the end of the twenty-first century, annual mean precipitation may decrease in heavy rainfall region, such as northern part of South America, central Africa and eastern of North America, but for increase over the Tropical Western Pacific and East Asian region. Also it can generally increase in high latitudes inland of the Northern Hemisphere. Spatial patterns of annual evaporation and runoff are similar to that of precipitation. And river discharge tends to increase over all continents except for South America including Amazon Basin, due to increased runoff. Overall, HadGEM2-AO prospects that water budget for the future will globally have negative signal (-8.0~-0.3% of change rate) in all RCP scenarios indicating drier phase than the present climate over land.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.89-102
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• 2016

In this study, we evaluated the model performance with respect to Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Net Heat Flux (NHF) by considering the characteristics of seasonal temperature variation and contributing factors and by analyzing heat budget terms in the Northwestern Pacific and East Asian Marginal Seas ($110^{\circ}E-160^{\circ}E$, $15^{\circ}N-60^{\circ}N$) using the HadGEM2-AO historical run. Annual mean SST of the HadGEM2-AO is about $0.065^{\circ}C$ higher than observations (EN3_v2a) from 1950 to 2000. Since 1960, the model has simulated well the long-term variation of SST and the increasing rate of SST in the model ($0.014^{\circ}C/year$) is comparable with observations ($0.013^{\circ}C/year$). Heat loss from the ocean to the atmosphere was simulated slightly higher in the HadGEM2-AO than that in the reanalysis data on the East Asian Marginal Seas and the Kuroshio region. We investigated the causes of temperature variation by calculating the heat budget equation in the two representative regions. In the central part of the Kuroshio axis ($125^{\circ}E-130^{\circ}E$, $25^{\circ}N-30^{\circ}N$: Region A), both heat loss in the upper mixed layer by surface heat flux and vertical heat advection mainly cause the decrease of heat storage in autumn and winter. Release of latent heat flux through the heat convergence brought about by the Kuroshio contributes to the large surface net heat flux. Positive heat storage rate is mainly determined by horizontal heat advection from March to April and surface net heat flux from May to July. In the central part of the subtropical gyre ($155^{\circ}E-160^{\circ}E$, $22^{\circ}N-27^{\circ}N$: Region B), unlike Region A, vertical heat advection predominantly causes the decrease of heat storage in autumn and winter. In spring and summer, surface heat flux contributes to the increase of heat storage in Region B and the period is two times longer than the period for Region A. In this season, shoaling of the mixed layer depth plays an important role in the increase of SST.

• 대기
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.553-563
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• 2016

Land evaporation contribution to precipitation over East Asia is studied to understand terrestrial moisture source of continental precipitation. Moisture recycling of precipitation relying on terrestrial evaporation is estimated based on the analysis method of Van der Ent et al. (2010). We utilize HadGEM2-AO simulations for the period of 1970~1999 and 2070~2099 from RCP8.5. Globally, 46% of terrestrial precipitation is depending from continental evaporation. 58% of terrestrial evaporation returns as continental precipitation. Over East Asia, precipitation has been affected by local evaporation and transported moisture. The advection of upwind continental evaporation results from the prevailing westerlies from the midwestern of Eurasian continent. For the present-day period, about 66% of the precipitation over the land of East Asia originates from land evaporation. Regionally, the ratios change and the ratios of precipitation terrestrial origin over the Northern inland and Southern coast of East Asia are 82% and 48%, respectively. Seasonally, the continental moisture recycling ratio is larger during summer (JJA) than winter (DJF). According to RCP8.5, moisture recycling ratio is expected to change. At the end of the 21st century, the impact of continental moisture sources for precipitation over East Asia is projected to be reduced by about 5% compared to at the end of 20th century. To understand the future changes, moisture residence time change is investigated using depletion and replenishment time.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to examine accuracy of predicted resting energy expenditure (REE), relationship fat free mass (FFM) and REE. Methods : 60 normal, obese women $(body\;mass\;index\;{\geq}25kg/m^2)$ were recruited for this study, they had low calorie diet for 8 weeks. At week 0, 4, and 8, REE was measured by MedGem (indirect calorimeter), Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) using Cunningham equation, and Harris-Benedict (H-B) equation, FFM was also measured by BIA. Results : The REE predicted by BIA was lower than the REE measured by MedGem (MG) in every measurement. The REE predicted by H-B equation predicted REE was lower than that of MG in the second measurement (p<0.01). The REE measured by MedGem was declined after 8 weeks, BIA and H-B equation predicted REE were declined after 4 weeks (p<0.01). H-B equation predicted REE had more significant correlation with the REE measured by MedGem than that of BIA. There was significant correlation between measured REE and FFM, but measured REE declined after 8 weeks, FFM declined after 4 weeks (p<0.01). We derived a prediction equation as follows : REE = 108.36+31.42 (FFM), $R^2=0.23$.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제32권7호
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• pp.750-760
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 신뢰성 있는 국가표준 지역기후변화 시나리오 생산을 위해 현재기후에 대한 SNURCM과 WRF의 재현성을 검증하였다. 국립기상연구소에서 생산된 HadGEM2-AO 전구자료를 지역기후모형의 경계조건으로 사용하여 CORDEX 규준 하에 28년(1978-2005)간의 장기적분을 수행하였다. 두 모형은 연평균 지표 온도 분포를 관측과의 공간상관계수가 0.98 이상으로 매우 높은 일치성을 나타내었지만, 모형 영역의 북쪽 경계를 중심으로 한랭 편차를 공통적으로 보였다. 강수의 경우 또한 육지 지역을 대상으로 한 관측과의 공간 상관 계수는 SNURCM이 0.85, WRF가 0.79로 나타나 우수한 모의 결과를 보였다. 두 모형에서 모의된 강수 분포는 적도와 중위도 지역 간에 상반되는 특성을 보였다. SNURCM은 WRF에 비교하여 중위도 동아시아 몬순 강수대의 분포를 적도 지역의 강수대보다 상대적으로 잘 모의하였으나, WRF는 그 반대의 결과를 나타내었다. 여름철(JJA) 보다 봄철(MAM)에 과다 모의되었지만 모의된 강수 분포의 일치성은 봄철에 높게 나타났다. 세부영역 별 분석에서 두 모형은 7월 강수 최대 시점과 양을 비교적 정확히 모의하였고, 특히 내륙 지역 강수량의 모의 정확도가 해양에 영향 받는 지역보다 높았다. 모의결과는 한반도 상의 높은 일평균 지표온도일수와 강한 강수일수를 표현하는데 한계를 보였다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.249-258
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• 2014

대기 중 이산화탄소 등의 농도가 지속적으로 증가하고 있음에도 최근 10여 년 동안(2002-현재) 전지구 지표 온도는 거의 답보상태에 머물러 있다. 이처럼 온실기체 강제력에도 불구하고, 지구 온난화 경향이 사라진 듯 보이는 현상을 지구 온난화 멈춤(hiatus)이라 한다. 이 연구는 HadGEM2-AO가 모의한 RCP8.5 시나리오 실험(95년간) 자료를 분석하여, 온난화 멈춤 시기의 특징을 분석하였다. 온난화 멈춤 기간을 나타내는 시계열은 동서 평균한 연직 해수 온도 분포를 EOF 분석하여 구한 두 번째 PC (PC2)로 정의하였다. PC2를 이용하여 온난화 멈춤과 엔소와의 관련성, 기후시스템의 변화 등을 분석하였다. 라니냐 지수(NINO3지수에 -1을 곱하여 정의)가 PC2를 약 11개월 앞서는 것으로 보아 라니냐 발생이 온난화 멈춤을 유도할 수 있음을 발견하였다. 또한 기후시스템의 냉각은 해수 표층의 열이 해양 내부로 침강으로 나타남을 보였다. 이는 해양의 열흡수에 의해 전지구 온도 상승률이 약화되었음을 의미한다. 온난화 멈춤 시기에 북태평양과 북반구 극지는 양의 온도 편차가 나타났으며, 열대 해양에서는 무역풍이 강화되었다.