• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.1195-1201
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• 2004

Tyrosinase was covalently immobilized on platinum electrode according to the method we developed for laccase (Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2002, 23(7), 385) and p-chlorophenol, p-cresol, and phenol could be detected with sensitivities of 334, 139 and 122 nA/ ${\mu}M$ and the detection limits of 1.0, 2.0, and 2.5 ${\mu}M$, respectively. The response time ($t_{90\%}$) is 3 seconds for p-chlorophenol, and 5 seconds for p-cresol and phenol. The optimal pHs of the sensor are in the range of 5.0- 6.0. This sensor can tolerate at least 500 times repeated injections of p-chlorophenol with retaining 80% of initial activity. In case of tyrosinase and laccase co immobilized platinum electrode, the sensitivities are 560 nA/ ${\mu}M$ for p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and 195 nA/ ${\mu}M$ for p-chlorophenol, respectively. The sensitivity of the bi-enzyme sensor for PPD increases 70% compared to that of only laccase immobilized one, but the sensitivity for p-chlorophenol decreases 40% compared to that of only tyrosinase immobilized one. The sensitivity increase for the bi-enzyme sensor for PPD can be ascribed to the additional catalytic function of the co-immobilized tyrosinase. The sensitivity decrease for p-chlorophenol can be explained by the “blocking effect” of the co-immobilized laccase, which hinders the mass transport through the immobilized layer. If PPD was detected with the electrode that had been used for p-chlorophenol, the sensitivity decreased 20% compared to that of the electrode that had been used only for PPD. Similarly, if p-chlorophenol was detected with PPD detected electrode, the sensitivity also decreased 20%. The substrate-induced conformation changes of the enzymes in a confined layer may be responsible for the phenomena.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.565-577
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• 2022

In this study, a series of three-dimensional numerical parametric study was conducted to investigate deformation mechanisms of an existing box culvert due to an adjacent multi-propped basement excavation in clays. Field measurements from an excavation case history are first used to calibrate a baseline Hardening Soil Small Strain (HS-small) model, which is subsequently adopted for parametric study. Results indicate that the basement-box culvert interaction along the basement centerline can be considered as a plane strain condition when the length of excavation (L) reaches 14 H_e (i.e., final excavation depth). If a plane strain condition (i.e., L/H_e=12.0) is assumed for analyzing the basement-box culvert interaction of a short excavation (i.e., L/H_e=2.0), the maximum settlement and horizontal movement of the box culvert are overestimated significantly by up to 15.7 and 5.1 times, respectively. It is also found that the deformation of box culvert can be greatly affected by the basement excavation if the distance between the box culvert and retaining wall is less than 1.5 H_e. The induced deformation in the box culvert can be dramatically reduced by improving the ground inside the excavation or implementing other precautionary measures. For example, by adding jet grouting columns within the basement and installing an isolation wall behind the retaining structures, the maximum settlements of box culvert are shown to reduce by 37.2% and 13.4%, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권4호
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• pp.770-781
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• 2022

Meteorological disasters caused by climate change like heat, cold waves, and unusually long rainy seasons affect the milk productivity of cows. Studies have been conducted on how milk productivity and milk compositions change due to heat stress (HS). However, the estimation of losses in milk production due to HS and hereby environmental impacts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are yet to be evaluated in Korean dairy farms. Dairy milk production and milk compositions data from March to October 2018, provided by the Korea Dairy Committee (KDC), were used to compare regional milk production with the temperature-humidity index (THI). Raw data for the daily temperature and relative humidity in 2018 were obtained from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). This data was used to calculate the THI and the difference between the maximum and minimum temperature changing rate, as the average daily temperature range, to show the extent to which the temperature gap can affect milk productivity. The amount of milk was calculated based on the price of 926 won/kg from KDC. The results showed that the average milk production rate was the highest within the THI range 60-73 in three regions in May: Chulwon (northern region), Hwasung (central region), and Gunwi (southern region). The average milk production decreased by 4.96 ± 1.48% in northern region, 7.12 ± 2.36% in central region, and 7.94 ± 2.57% in southern region from June to August, which had a THI range of 73 or more, when compared to May. Based on the results, the level of THI should be maintained like May. If so, the farmers can earn a profit of 9,128,730 won/farm in northern region, 9,967,880 won/farm in central region, and 12,245,300 won/farm in southern region. Additionally, the average number of cows raised can be reduced by 2.41 ± 0.35 heads/farm, thereby reducing GHG emissions by 29.61 ± 4.36 kg CO₂eq/day on average. Overall, the conclusion suggests that maintaining environmental conditions in the summer that are similar to those in May is necessary. This knowledge can be used for basic research to persuade farmers to change farm facilities to increase the economic benefits and improve animal welfare.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2014

Objectives Advanced researches on the relationship between obesity and heart rate variability (HRV), heretofore, focused on characteristics of HRV depending on the state of obesity. However, the previous researches have not quantified predictive power of HRV toward the obesity-related variables, which is rather more meaningful for clinicians who regularly treat obese patients. Hence, we designed a research to investigate whether HRV could predict serum levels of obesity-related metabolites. Methods Ninety obese premenopausal women meeting the inclusion criteria were recruited. The HRV test, blood sampling, and measurement of physical traits were conducted. Multiple regression analysis of the measurement data was carried out, putting obesity-related metabolites (insulin, glucose, triglyceride, hs-CRP, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol) as outcome variables and the others as predictors. To select appropriate predictive variables, the Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) was applied. Normality and homoskedasticity of residuals for each model were tested to identify if there were any violations of the regression analysis's basic assumption. Logarithm transformation was used for the values of the concentration of metabolites and the HRV. Results The regression model including Total Power (TP) value and BMI had significant predictive power for serum insulin concentration (F(2, 88)=835.7, p<0.001, $R^2=0.95$). The regression coefficient of ln (TP) was -0.1002. However, it was not sure if the HRV could predict concentrations of other metabolites. Conclusions The results suggest that the Total Power (TP) value of the HRV can predict the level of serum insulin. If the BMI could be assumed as being constant, when the TP value is multiplied by n, the predicted change of insulin could be drawn by multiplying $n^{-0.1002}$. The uncertainty of this model can be assumed as approximately 5%.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.169-175
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• 2006

The changes of contaminants and odor corresponding to anaerobic maturation process of piggery slurry were investigated by applying the additives, such as different kinds of complex microorganism products and deodorants containing microorganism activating agents. The pHs during 20-day anaerobic maturation were operated stably without great change regardless of the additives, although they were rather lower in the case that the additives were contained than the case that they were not contained. The effects of removing CODcr, $NH_3-N$, T-N, and T-S in case that the additives were not contained, were not so great during the 20-day operation and so it would be difficult to remove the organic materials and nitrogen ingredients simply with anaerobic maturation process. However, in case of anaerobic maturation process that the additives were contained, their average removal rates were improved with the values of $49\%,\;63.5\%,\;48.5\%,\;and\;30.7\%$ for above each of items, even if the 20-day of short-term maturation period was applied. Especial1y, odor intensity with the additives was lowered continuously during the operation period and it had more than two times of lowering effect compared to that without those.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.127-140
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• 1998

Organic farming excludes any use of the herbicide. The present paper reviews what can be done for effective weed control with existing weed control technology by farmers crop-ping paddy rice, field crops, vegetables, and fruit trees. If condition of the crop-land-al-lows diversified rotational use of the paddy land as paddy and upland field would minimize weed problem. Practising this is limited in acreage due to extremely limited governmental investment to the land for the purpose. Secondly, rotation of crops in the upland field breaking life cycles of various weeds adapted to each crop should reduce the weed problem. This is also limited as only a few crops are making the farmer profitable. In addition climate and tolerance of crops to high and low temperature. Monsoon rains and poor drainage restrict the freedom of choice. For any crop land year-round multiple cropping in denser planting shall lessen the weed problem, this multiple cropping practiced by 1960s has been abandoned due to laborshortage and increased production cost. Deep flooding the rice is impractical at present in Korean. Mulching crop with transparent, black , or combinated polyethylene sheet, hs been in-creasingly used. Progresses in development and use of mulch with allelopathic crop residues. inexpensive paper mulch, allelopathic crop residues, inexpensive paper mulch, allelopathic crop cultivar development, recently developed ex-perimental weeding machinaries, flamers, microbial herbicides, biological control organisms, soil sterilization techniques have been critically reviewed for their adoption into existing in-tegrated weeding system. Unfortunately, information on cost-benifit, and labor-benefit, for the various methods above mentioned are lacking. Urgent need for the research on rational weeding in organic farming, and herbicide low-input farming is emphasized.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 오존 및 UV 소독을 통해 Cryptosporidium 불활성화 특성을 파악하고 소독의 방향성을 제시하고자 하였다. ozone을 이용한 Cryptosporidium 불활성화 효과는 소독지표의 하나인 CT값$(mg{\cdot}min/L)$으로 평가할 수 있으며, 1 log(90%) 불활성화 CT값은 5.77 $mg{\cdot}min/L$이고 2 log(99%) 불화성화 CT값은 21.30 $mg{\cdot}min/L$인 것으로 나타났다. UV 소독을 통한 Cryptosporidium oocysts 불활성화 효과의 경우 pH(5, 7, 9)와 저탁도(5 NTU 이하) 그리고 UV 강도(0.2, 0.6 $mWs/cm^2$)에 따른 효과는 뚜렷하게 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 20 NTU 이상의 고탁도인 경우에는 불활성 효과가 뚜렷하게 감소하였다. 따라서 정수처리공정에서 UV 소독을 실시할 경우 탁도를 충분히 낮춰야만 만족할 만한 소독 능을 얻을 수 있으며 높은 UV 강도에서 충분한 시간 동안 UV가 조사된다면 더 높은 Cryptosporidium oocysts의 불활성화 효과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국위성정보통신학회논문지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.53-56
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• 2015

최근 스마트폰과 태블릿 PC 등의 무선 랜(WLAN: Wireless Local Area Networks)을 지원하는 디바이스가 급증하고, 이를 이용한 모바일 서비스가 기하급수적으로 빠르게 보급되었다. 이런 상황에 따라 무선 랜은 더 빠른 속도의 데이터 전송에 대하여 요구하였고, 이를 만족하기 위하여 IEEE 802.11n의 표준이 확정되었다. 특히, IEEE 802.11n의 표준에서 A-MPDU(Aggregation MAC Protocol Data Unit)이라는 핵심적인 기술을 발표하였다. 이는 데이터를 전송할 때 발생하는 오버헤드를 감소하여 전송속도 향상에 도움을 주었다. 본 논문에서는 이 A-MPDU 전송하는 데이터 중 TCP 트래픽을 전송할 때 발생하는 문제점에 대하여 논하고, 해결 방안도 제시한다. A-MPDU 방식으로 TCP 데이터를 전송할 때, 특정 MPDU 데이터가 전송이 실패하는 경우 TCP Duplicate ACK을 발생하여 불필요한 TCP 재전송이 발생하게 된다. 이에 TCP가 갖고 있는 TCP cumulative ACK을 이용하여 불필요하게 발생하는 TCP duplicate ACK 생성을 막고 전송효율을 높이는 방안을 해결책으로 제시한다. 이 해결 방안은 여러 개의 TCP ACK을 집적하여 보내는 대신 시퀀스 번호가 가장 높은 TCP ACK을 하나만 대표하여 보내어 불필요한 오버헤드를 감소할 수 있다. 이 방식을 이용하면 기존 표준에서 제안된 방식에 비해 최대 20% 이상의 전체 처리율 향상을 볼 수 있다.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.131-144
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• 1996

연약지반의 압밀침하속도를 증가시키고, 요구되는 전단강대를 얻기 위하여 연직배수재가 병행된 선행압밀하중공법이 널리 사용된다. 그러나 배수재가 설치된 연약지반의 압밀거동을 해석하기 위하여 아무리 정교한 수치해석기법을 사용하더라도 지반정수,수치모델링 및 계측시스템 등과 관련된 불확실성 때문에 실제 현장에서 관측되는 거동은 설계단계에서 예측된 거동과 종종 다르다. 본 연구에서는 simplex 방법 및 BFGS 방법의 역해석 기법을 축대칭 비선형 압밀해석 프로그램인 AXICON에 적용하였다. AXICON은 배수재가 설치된 연약지반의 압밀과정동안에 발생하는 압축성과 투수계수의 변화를 고려할 수 있는 유한차분해석 프로그램이다. 배수재가 설치된 연약지반의 압밀과정 초기 단계에서 계측된 거동을 바탕으로 본 프로그램에 적용된 역해석적 기법을 이용하여 압밀거동과 관련된 주요 설계변수를 최적화함으로써 장래의 압밀거동을 비교적 정확히 예측하는 것이 가능하다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2006

Conventional coagulation is still the main treatment process for algae removal in water treatment. The coagulation efficiency can be significantly improved by the preoxidation of algae-containing water. Jar test was conducted to determine the optimal condition for the removal of diatoms, especially Cyclotella sp. by preoxidation and the subsequent coagulation. The effects of various concentration of PAC (Polyaluminum chloride) on coagulation with and without preoxidation using chlorine or potassium permanganate at different pHs (7.7 and 9.0) were evaluated. At pH 7.7, preoxidation with 2ppm $Cl_2$ followed by coagulation with 7.5 ppm PAC coagulant could reduce Cyclotella sp. concentration by 86%. At pH 9.0, preoxidation with 1 mg $KMnO_4/L$ followed by coagulation with 12.5 ppm PAC coagulant reduced Cyclotella sp. concentration by 85%. Non-linear regression was applied to determine the optimal condition. At pH 7.7 and 9.0, R was over 0.9, respectively. The pH of algal blooming water is over 9.0. Algae (diatom; Cyelotella sp.) can be controlled in the following ways: preoxidation with 1 mg $KMnO_4/L$ followed by coagulation with 12.5 ppm PAC coagulant can remove 80% algae from water. If water pH is adjusted to 7.7, it was expected that less amount of coagulant (7.5 or 10 mg PAC /L) after preoxidation ($Cl_2$ 2 ppm or $KMnO_4$ 0.33, 1 ppm) would be needed to achieve similar level of algae removal. The oxidation with 0.33ppm $KMnO_4$ followed by coagulation with 7.5 ppm PAC coagulant was preferable due to cost-effectiveness of treatment condition and color problem after treatment.