• 분석과학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.9-19
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• 1993

최근 합성계면활성제의 사용 증가에 따른 수질오염의 우려로 인하여 천연 유지비누의 사용이 증가되고 있는 실정이다. 그러나 하천의 자정용량을 초과하는 오염물질의 유입이 수질 오염을 유발하는 원인이 되므로 과도한 사용량의 증가 역시 환경에 부하를 준다. 현재까지 비누 지방산의 생분해 측정방법이 공정화되어 있지 않아 비누에 의한 수질오염도를 파악하기 어려웠다. 따라서 본 연구에서 새로이 측정방법을 고안하였고 환경 중 비누의 생분해도를 측정, 평가하였다. 본 연구의 내용 및 결과는 다음과 같다. 비누 중의 지방산염들은 비극성, 비양자성 용매하에서 crown ether를 촉매로 하여 p-BPB(p-bromophenacyl bromide)와 고체-액체 상전이 반응으로 유도체화시켰고 역상 고성능 액체크로마토그래피에 의해서 분리시켰다. 검출한계는 탄소사슬 길이에 따라 대략 10~50ng이었고, EDTA 첨가에 의한 유도체화 반응은 칼슘염 뿐만 아니라 다른 금속염에도 적용시킬 수 있었다. Yeast extract 존재 유무에 따라 지방산 유도체화 반응의 회수율은 각각 $95.4{\pm}1.2$,$85.2{\pm}2.4%$였다. 본 분석법은 진탕배양법과 같은 인위적인 조건 뿐만 아니라 자연계에 존재하는 지방산염의 생분해도 측정에 적용하였다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.331-336
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• 2016

Methiozolin의 토양, 유출수, 잔디 중 잔류 분석법 확립 및 토양과 그린잔디에서 잔류량 감소현상을 연구하였다. 잔류량은 acetone으로 추출 후, dichloromethane으로 분배하고, SPE를 이용하여 정제하여 자외선 검출기가 부착된 HPLC로 280 nm에서 검출하였다. 최소검출량과 정량한계는 유출수, 잔디, 토양에서 각각 1.0, 0.5, 1.0 ng과 0.001, 0.1, 0.01 mg/kg이었다. 분석법의 회수율은 유출수, 잔디, 토양에서 각각 87.5~111.3, 92.8~97.4, 78.2~98.5 %로 methiozolin 잔류분석에 적합하였다. 골프 코스 그린에 약제 처리 후 0, 1, 4, 7, 14, 30, 45, 60일차에 토양과 잔디시료를 채취하여 분석한 결과, methiozolin 잔류량은 하부 토양으로 이동현상이 관찰되지 않았고, 잔디와 잔디 근권토양에 존재하였다. 잔디와 토양 중 반감기는 각각 10.7일과 8.8일로 확인되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.149-154
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• 2007

건조 미역 10.4 kg을 acetone으로 추출, 여과한 다음 액-액 분배, 각종 크로마토그라피를 통하여 충치원인균, Streptococcus mutans에 대한 항균물질의 한 성분을 분리, 정제하고(160 mg, 수율 $1.5\times10^{-3}$%) 물질을 동정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 건조 미역 30 g 상당량의 추출액을 기준으로 용매 획분별 항균활성을 조사하였을 때, $CHCl_3$층이 73.2%로 가장 강하였고, hexane층이 62.0%이었으며, BuOH층이나 물층은 거의 없었다. 알루미나 칼럼에서는 산성 획분인 1% $NH_4OH:MeOH(1:1)$용매 획분이 81.0%의 항균활성을 나타내었으며, 실리카 칼럼에서는 $CHCl_3:MeOH(95:5)$용매에서 가장 높은 95.5%의 항균성을 나타내었고, ODS칼럼에서는 85% MeOH에서 96.4%의 항균성을 나타내었다. 최종적으로 ODS칼럼에서 95% MeOH를 이동상으로 하여 3개의 물질 S1(10 mg), S2(90 mg), S3(60 mg)을 분리 정제하였다. TLC에서 각 성분은 동일한 Rf값 0.42를 나타내어 동일한 물질로 추정되었으며, 이들을 메칠 유도체화한 성분들은 Rf값이 0.95로 바뀌어 이들 물질이 carboxyl기를 가지는 지방산으로 추정되었다. GC분석에서 표품 지방산과 비교한 결과, 이들은 $C_{18:4,n-3}$ 지방산과 retention time이 일치하였다. 또한, 메칠 유도체의 mass spectrum 분석 결과, m/z 290에 분자 이온 peak가 관측되어 $C_{18:4,n-3}$ 지방산의 methyl 유도체의 분자량과 일치하여, 이 물질을 3,6,9,12-octadecatetraenoic acid(stearidonic acid, $C_{18:4,n-3}$) 지방산으로 동정하였다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.13-18
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• 2000

The bioequivalence of two clarithromycin tablets, the $Klaricid^{TM}$ (Ciba-Geigy Korea Ltd.) and the $Pylocin^{TM}$ (Kyungdong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), was evaluated according to the Korean Guidelines for Bioequivalence Test (KGBT 1998). Sixteen healthy male volunteers ($20\sim26$ years old) were randomly divided into two groups and a randomized $2\times2$ cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 250 mg of clarithromycin was orally administered, blood sample was taken at predetermined time intervals, and the concentrations of clarithromycin in serum were determined using high-performance liquid chromatographic method with electrochemical detector. The pharmaco-kinetic parameters (area under the concentration-time curve: $AUC_t$, maximum concentration; $C_{max}$ and time to maximum concentration; $T_{max}$) were calculated and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized for the statistical analysis of parameters. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two tablets based on $Klaricid^{TM}$ tablet were $-0.22\%,\;-0.48\%\;and\;-1.63\%$, respectively. The powers $(1-\beta)\;for\;AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}\;were\;99.07\%,\;88.15\%\;and\;99.99\%$, respectively. Detectable differences $(\Delta)\;and\;90\%$ confidence intervals ($\alpha$=0.10) were all less than $\pm20\%$ All the parameters above met the criteria of KGBT 1998, indicating that $Pylocin^{TM}$ tablet is bioequivalent to $Klaricid^{TM}$ tablet.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.122-132
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• 1998

SB-31 which contains Pursatilla, Licoris and Ginseng extracts was recently proved as an anticancer agent. In a preclinical effort to be applied this drug to human, pharmacokinetics of SB-31 was carried out in rats and rabbits. Glycyrrhizin(GZ), a saponin of Licoris was used as a standard ingradient for the pharmacokinetics of SB-31. The rat's blood, bile and urine samples were serially collected in femoral vein, common bile duct and bladder, respectively, after bolus i.v. injection at a dose of 1 or 1/5 ampul/rat and rabbit's blood samples from the marginal ear vein at a dose of 1 or 3 amp./rabbit. GZ and glycyrrhetic acid(GA), a major metabolite of GZ in the physiological samples were analysed by HPLC with UV detection. The decline of GZ in plasma concentration was generally biexponential at each dose. GZ was almost completely recovered in bile within 18 hour. GA wasn't detected in the samples with UV detector. In the rat, Vss and Kel at a dose of 1 and 1/5 ampul of SB-31 were $98.06\pm6.07\;ml,\;0.33\pm0.05\;hr^{-1}\;and\;65.46\pm11.19\;ml,\;0.68\pm0.25\;hr^{-1}$, respectively. Those in rabbits at a dose of 3 and 1 ampul of SB-31 were $235.24\pm30.72\;ml,\;0.13\pm0.36\;hr^{-1}\;and\;341.32\pm28.58\;ml,\;0.27\pm0.04\;hr^{-1}$, respectively. 'WinNonlin' was utilized for the compartmental analysis. A two-compartment model was chosen as the most appropriate pbarmaco-kinetic model. The data were best described by using a weighting factor of $1/y^2$. To evaluate the effect of SB-31 on cardiovascular system, serially diluted SB-31 was directly injected into coronary artery in the isolated perfused rat heart and the effect of PSF, PSH, saponins of Pursatilla, and SB-31 on PT, APTT of healthy human plasma was examined. Except the positive inotropic effect of ten times diluted solution of SB-31, there was no significant effect on LVDP, (- dp/dt)/(+dp/dt), heart rate and coronary flow in comparision with that of vehicle. SB-31 had no effect on PT but slightly delayed APTT about $6.9{\sim}11.5\%$. There was no significant effect of PSF and PSH on PT & APTT. Conclusively, SB-31 did not show any notable toxic effects on cardiovascular system.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.537-541
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• 2005

곡류, 서류, 두류 및 그 가공품 총 200건을 대상으로 benzo(a)pyrene등 8개 PAHs 화합물에 대하여 분석하였다. 시료 중 PAHs 화합물을 n-hexane으로 추출한 후 Sep-Pak Florisil cartridge로 정제한 후 HPLC-fluorescence로 분석하였다. 분석한 대상식품 중 PAHs 평균 함량은 각각 benzo(a)anthracene $0.13{\mu}g/kg$, chrysene $0.08{\mu}g/kg$, benzo(b)fluoranthene $0.06{\mu}g/kg$, benzo(k)fluoranthene $0.03{\mu}g/kg$, benzo(a)pyrene $0.08{\mu}g/kg$, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene $0.15{\mu}g/kg$, benzo(g,h,i)perylene $0.45{\mu}g/kg$, indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene $0.14{\mu}g/kg$이었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.186-191
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: Carotenoids which are a major source of vitamin A are contributed to have great potential role in anti-carcinogenic effects and eyesight. Carotenoids which can not synthesize in human body are required for food supply. The objectives of this study are to investigate compositions and contents of pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) germplasms based on their pulp color. METHODS AND RESULTS: Carotenoids were extracted with 0.2% ascorbic acid in ethanol and saponified with 80% potassium hydroxide. Insoluble compounds were extracted into hexane. A total of nine carotenoids (three xanthophylls and six carotenes) were identified from pumpkin germplasms using HPLC equipped with photodiode array detector (450 nm). Especially, lutein and ${\beta}$-carotenes were major compound in germplasms. Among isomers of ${\beta}$-carotene, all-trans-${\beta}$-carotene (16-27% of total carotenoids) was predominant compositions. The mean of total carotenoid contents was showed as brown (286.1 mg/100 g dw) > dark green (217.0) > orange (153.4) > primrose (85.8) > dark yellow (80.3). On the basis of carotenoid information, PLS-DA score plots showed different patterns by cluster in pumpkin germplasms. It was considered that these differences of phenotype were relative closely to genotype. CONCLUSION: This study indicated that dark color of pumpkin pulp was presented in high-level of biological pigments. It may contribute to develop potentially beneficial functional food ingredients.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.153-164
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• 1995

Sympathomimetic amines, especially ephedrine, are a major ingredient in proprietary medications for symptomatic treatment of upper respiratory infections. Their frequent uses can lead to occasional instances of abuse and habituation. The clinical symptoms of ephedrine abuse are similar to that of amphetamine psychosis and resemble closely that of schizophrenia. Because both amphetamine psychosis and schizophrenia are thought to be mediated primarily through the action on catecholamines, ephedrine-induced changes of the biogenic amines can be suspected. However, there were few studies about the central effects of ephedrine because of the milder central action than peripheral. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to elucidate the relations between the effects of single or repeated administration of ephedrine on the regional levels of biogenic amines in rat brain and ephedrine-induced CNS stimulation. The male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing $100{\sim}200\;g$ were used. After single or repeated administrations of ephedrine, blocks of tissue were obtained from frontal cortex, corpus striatum, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, substantia nigra and cerebellum. The concentration of biogenic amines(norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)) and their metabolites (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid(HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid(5-HIAA)) were measured by means of high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detector(HPLC-ECD). The results obtained were as follows: 1) In the normal rat, the concentration of norepinephrine was the highest in hypothalamus. Dopamine, DOPAC and HVA were highest in corpus striatum, and 5-HT and 5-HIAA were highest in substantia nigra. Epinephrine was not detectable in any part of the brain tissue. 2) In a single administration of ephedrine, the concentration of DOPAC was decreased in corpus striatum. However, the other biogenic amines and their metabolites were not changed. 3) In repeated administration of ephedrine, the concentration of norepinephrine was decreased in all brain region checked. Dopamine was decreased in corpus striatum and substantia nigra and, increased in hypothalamus, and HVA was decreased in corpus striatum. 5-HT was decreased in all brain region except cerebellum and, 5-HIAA was decreased only in frontal cortex. The ratio of 5-HIAA/5-HT was increased in corpus striatum, thalamus, hypothalamus and substantia nigra. These data indicated that, although a single administration of ephedrine did not change the central neurotransmitters, repeated administration of ephedrine caused the decreases of norepinephrine and 5-HT in the most regions of brain, which may be responsible for the emergence of abnormal behavioral effect after ephedrine abuse.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.515-523
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• 1998

Oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species (ROS) damages cellular DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids and others causing various diseases such as cancer, arthritis, and heart diseases. 8-Hydroxyguanine (8-OHG) is one of the products formed from DNA or RNA damaged by ROS. Since high amounts of 8-OHG can be excreted in urine, it may serve as a potential biomarker indicating the level of oxidative damage to nucleic acids. Residents in industrial area with severe air pollution are expected to be affected by higher level of oxidative stress from pollutants like polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), etc. Smokers are also expected to be damaged by higher level of oxidative stress from cigarette smoke components like PAHs than non-smokers. To examine if the determination of the urinary concentration of 8-OHG could be used as exposure biomarker for the oxidative stress caused by air-pollutants, this study was performed to determine and compare the urinary concentrations of 8-OHG in smokers and non-smokers, or non-polluted area residents and polluted area residents. Urine samples were collected and purified by a strong cation exchange and cellulose partition column, then analyzed by HPLC with electrochemical detector at 600 ㎷ potential. Concentrations of urinary 8-OHG in non-smokers and smokers of Seoul area college male students were determined as 15.12$\pm$9.68 (ng/mg creatinine) and 34.72$\pm$11.72 (ng/mg creatinine), respectively, showing significantly higher level of 8-OHG in smokers than in non-smokers. Urine samples of elementary school students were collected from Sokcho area, which is known to be non-polluted, and 3 representative polluted areas; Yocheon industrial area, Ulsan urban and Ulsan industrial area. The concentrations of 8-OHG in these samples were 12.42$\pm$8.27 (ng/ mg creatinine, Sokcho), 22.55$\pm$9.12 (ng/mg creatinine, Yocheon), 17.41$\pm$2.30 (ng/mg creatinine, Ulsan urban), 55.04$\pm$39.73 (ng/mg creatinine, Ulsan industrial). Thus, samples from polluted area tend to have higher level of 8-OHG and the levels of Yocheon and Ulsan industrial area were significantly higher than that of Sokcho area. The results indicate that the residents of polluted industrial area or smokers are more severely exposed to oxidative stress probably caused by air pollutants like PAHs. Thus, the determination of urinary 8-OHG concentration could be used as biomarker for the extent of body exposure to oxidative stress caused by various pollutants.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.276-282
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 UPLC를 이용하여 시네프린과 n-메틸티라민을 단시간에 동시 분석할 수 있는 새로운 방법을 개발한 후 시험법에 대한 평가를 수행하였으며, 확립된 방법으로 21종의 오렌지 및 감귤 주스와 5종의 오렌지 및 감귤에서 시네프린과 n-메틸티라민을 정량 분석을 실시하였다. UPLC를 이용하여 분석한 결과 HPLC에 비해 분석시간을 3배 이상 단축하여 15분 이내에 분석하였고, 각 성분의 감도가 월등히 높아져 UPLC로 분석 시 시간적, 경제적인 면에서 효율적으로 두 성분의 동시 분석이 가능하였다. UPLC 분석 시 검출한계는 시네프린과 n-메틸티라민이 각각 0.02 mg/L과 0.01 mg/L, 정량한계는 시네프린과 n-메틸티라민이 각각 0.06 mg/L과 0.04 mg/L로 설정되었다. 시네프린과 n-메틸티라민의 회수율은 각각 96.4%와 100.9%로 분석되었다. 확립된 분석법으로 시중에서 판매하는 오렌지 및 감귤의 과육과 과피에서 시네프린과 n-메틸티라민을 분석한 결과 모두 과육보다 과피에서 7-12배 이상 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 시판 오렌지 및 감귤 주스를 분석한 결과 시네프린 함량이 14.61-120.39 mg/kg으로 분석되었으며, n-메틸티라민은 불검출에서 3.34 mg/kg으로 분석되었다. 감귤 주스 중 과육보다 약간 높은 수준의 샘플이 있었으나 이는 천연 유래 범위 이내로 판단하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 확립된 UPLC 분석법은 시네프린과 n-메틸티라민을 신속하고 효과적으로 동시 분석하는데 이용될 수 있을 것이며, 본 실험에 사용된 시중에 판매하고 있는 오렌지 및 감귤 주스는 자연에서 유래되는 허용 범위 내 함량을 나타내어 안전성에 문제가 없음을 알 수 있었다.