• IE interfaces
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.128-141
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• 2004

Although a number of container terminal simulators have been developed for various purposes, none of the existing simulators allow the system structure to reuse the system structure depending on application. Our goal is to develop highly reusable, highly inter-operable and flexible container terminal simulation system. The High Level Architecture(HLA) is an architecture for reuse and inter-operation of simulation. It is based on premise that no simulation can satisfy all use and users. An individual simulation or set of simulations developed for one purpose can be applied to another application under the HLA concept of the federation : a composable set of interacting simulations. The intent of the HLA is a structure which will support reuse of capabilities available in different simulations, ultimately reducing the cost and time required to create a synthetic environment for a new purpose, and the possibility of distributed collaborative development of complex simulation applications. In this paper, we discuss the design of a HLA-based port container terminal simulation system. Furthermore, we describe various technical motivations for HLA, the key elements of the architecture and how they are minimum and essential to the goal of reuse and interoperability.

• BMB Reports
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 1996

Most expressed HLA loci exhibit a remarkable degree of allelic polymorphism, which derives from sequence differences predominantly localized to discrete hypervariable regions of the amino-terminal domain of the molecule. In this study, the HLA-DRB1 genotypes were determined in eighteen control cell lines and 112 unrelated Koreans using the PCR-SSP (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Sequence Specific Primer) technique. 29 specific primer pairs in assigning the DRB1 gene were used. The results of control cells correlated well with the data which was previously reported. The heterozygosity and homozygosity of the DRB1 gene were 0.786 and 0.214, respectively. In a total of 41 different DRB1 alleles and 83 genotypes, the most frequent allele and genotype were DRB1*04 and DRB1*0901/1501, respectively. This study shows that the PCR-SSP technique is relatively simple, fast and a practical tool for the determination of the HLA-DRBI genotypes. Moreover, these results-allele and genotype frequency and heterozygosity of the HLA DRB1 gene-could be useful for database study before being applied to individual identification and transplantation immunity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.1253-1261
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• 2022

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection causes dramatic harm to human health as well as to livestock development. As an important virulence factor, alpha-hemolysin (hla) is critical in the process of S. aureus infection. In this report, we found that bavachin, a natural flavonoid, not only efficiently inhibited the hemolytic activity of hla, but was also capable of inhibiting it on transcriptional and translational levels. Moreover, further data revealed that bavachin had no neutralizing activity on hla, which did not affect the formation of hla heptamers and exhibited no effects on the hla thermal stability. In vitro assays showed that bavachin was able to reduce the S. aureus-induced damage of A549 cells. Thus, bavachin repressed the lethality of pneumonia infection, lung bacterial load and lung tissue inflammation in mice, providing potent protection to mice models in vivo. Our results indicated that bavachin has the potential for development as a candidate hla inhibitor against S. aureus.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 2001

Introduction: Narcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy, is known to be closely associated with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQB1*0602. Several studies have suggested that HLA-DQB1*0602 is strongly linked with narcolepsy-cataplexy. However, no studies have yet been made on whether HLA DQB1*0602 is associated with Korean patients with narcolepsy. This study was designed to investigate the frequency of HLA-DQB1*0602 of Korean patients with narcolepsy. Methods: Twenty patients were selected (mean age: $28.2{\pm}3.0$, 11 men and 9 women). The patients were confirmed to have narcolepsy by the overnight polysomnography and multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) in addition to their clinical history and symptoms at St. Vincent's Hospital and Korea University Hospital Sleep Disorders Clinic. Any subjects co-morbid with other hypersomnic sleep disorders such as sleep apnea or periodic limb movements during sleep were excluded. Clinical data was collected through a semi-structured interview for narcoleptic patients. All patients and 21 control did HLA typing for the presence of DQB1*0602. Results Obtained were as Follows: 1) Mean sleep latency was 2.4 (${\pm}2.0$ minutes) and mean frequency of sleep-onset REM period was 3.0 (${\pm}1.6$) by MSLT. 2) Characteristic symptoms of narcolepsy investigated were as follows: excessive daytime sleepiness (100%), cataplexy (100%), sleep paralysis (60%), hypnagogic hallucination (70%) and disrupted nocturnal sleep (75%). 3) Strong emotional expression such as laughing (80%) and joking (70%) triggered cataplexy which affects the knee and leg region (80%) and jaw region (30%). 4) HLA-DR2 was found in 90% of patients and 35% in controls. The frequency of HLA-DQB1*0602 in patients and controls was 90%, and 24%, respectively. Conclusions: These results, which exhibit high HLA-DQB1*0602 expression in Korean patients with narcolepsy, suggest that HLADQB1*0602 could be a strong genetic marker in narcolepsy.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.399-402
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• 2011

In recent years, the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) derived from various tissues have been widely tested for developing cell therapies, tissue repair and transplantation. Although there has been much interest in the immunomodulatory properties of MSC and their immunologic reactions following autologous, allogeneic and xenogenic transplantation of MSC in vivo, up to date, the expression of immunogenic markers, such as class I and II human leukocyte antigens (HLA), after differentiation of human umbilical cord blood (hUCB)-derived MSC has been poorly investigated and require extensive in vitro and in vivo testing. In this experiment, the expression of the HLA-ABC and HLA-DR on hUCB-derived MSC have been tested by immunocytochemical staining. The undifferentiated MSC were moderately stained for HLA-ABC but very weakly for HLA-DR. In order to investigate the inhibitory effect of allogeneic lymphocytes on proliferation of MSC, the MSC were cultured in the presence or absence of peripheral allogeneic lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A. The allogeneic lymphocytes did not significantly inhibit MSC proliferation. We conclude that hUCB-MSC expressed moderately class I HLA antigen while almost negatively class II HLA antigen. The MSC have an immunomodulatory effect which can suppress the allogeneic response of lymphocytes. These in vitro data suggest that allogeneic MSC derived from cord blood can be useful candidate for allogeneic cell therapy and transplantation without a major risk of rejection.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 2008

The High Level Architecture(HLA) specifies a framework for interoperation between heterogeneous simulators, and Run-Time Infrastructure(RTI) is a implementation of the HLA Interface Specification. The Data Distribution Management(DDM) services, one category of IEEE 1516 HLA/RTI management services, control filters for data transmission and reception of data volume among simulators. In this paper, we propose design concept of DDM and show its implementation for light-weighted RTI. The design concept of DDM is to minimize total amount of message that each federate and a federation process generate using the rate of RTI service execution. The design of our proposed DDM follows that a data transfer mechanism is differently applied as the rate of RTI service execution. A federate usually publishes or subscribes data when it starts. The federate constantly updates the data and modifies associated regions while it continues to advance its simulation time. Therefore, the proposed DDM design provides fast update or region modification in exchange of complex publish and subscribe services. We describe how to process the proposed DDM in IEEE 1516 HLA/RTI and experiment variable scenarios while modifying region, changing overlap ratio, and increasing data volume.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 2005

The HLA is the simulation architecture standard that the civilian and military simulation communities are deeply interested in. We can find various successful practices applying HLA to constructive simulations such as war games in domestics and overseas. However, any case of real-time distributed simulations has not been reported. The reason is that a message transmission period via RTI in a network layer varies according to computing power, simulation nodes, transmission types, and packet size; further a message processing time in an application layer depends on its processing methods, thus too difficult to set up real-time constraints for the enhancement of a real-time resolution. Hence, in this paper we have studied the real-time constraints of RTI for the development of the M-SAM simulator. Thus we have developed a HLA based pilot simulator using 6 PC's in LAN and then measured and analysed the performance of the RTI. As the results of our work, we could obtain the quantitative values for message delay, RTI overhead and RTI packet transmission ratio by a real operation scenario and loads, which are not shown in the previous works. We also expect that the results can be used as a guideline to set up the number of targets, transmission frequency and message processing method in the development of the M-SAM simulator and similar applications.

• BMB Reports
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.418-425
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• 2006

A human bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was constructed with high molecular weight DNA extracted from the blood of a male Korean. This Korean BAC library contains 100,224 clones of insert size ranging from 70 to 150 kb, with an average size of 86 kb, corresponding to a 2.9-fold redundancy of the genome. The average insert size was determined from 288 randomly selected BAC clones that were well distributed among all the chromosomes. We developed a pooling system and three-step PCR screen for the Korean BAC library to isolate desired BAC clones, and we confirmed its utility using primer pairs designed for one of the clones. The Korean BAC library and screening pools will allow PCR-based screening of the Korean genome for any gene of interest. We also determined the allele types of HLA-DRA and HLA-DRB3 of clone KB55453, located in the HLA class II region on chromosome 6p21.3. The HLA-DRA and DRB3 genes in this clone were identified as the DRA*010202 and DRB3*01010201 types, respectively. The haplotype found in this library will provide useful information in future human disease studies.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.248-255
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• 2002

Background: TAP1 and TAP2 are two ABC transporter genes located within the class II region of the human MHC. Their protein products form a heterodimer whose function is to transport peptides from the cytoplasm into the endoplasmic reticulum. This study was performed to examine the polymorphism of TAP genes and the distribution of HLA-TAP haplotypes in the Korean population through family analysis. Methods: The subjects used in this study were 50 healthy Korean families consisting of 233 individuals. TAP1 (codons 333 and 637) and TAP2 (codons 379, 565, 577, 651, 665, and 687) typings were carried out by the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 genotyping results from a previous study were used for HLA-TAP haplotype analysis. Results: The number (gene frequency) of TAP1 and TAP2 alleles detected were 3 for TAP1 (A 81.5%, B 17.0%, and C 1.5%) and 8 for TAP2 (A1 32.0%, A2 12.5%, B 34.0%, Bky2 6.5%, C 7.0%, D 3.0%, E 4.5%, and G 0.5%). Eleven TAP1-TAP2 haplotypes were observed with $frequency{\geq}1%$, among which 4 haplotypes (A-B, B-A1, A-Bky2, and C-E) showed weak but significant positive linkage disequilibrium (P<0.05). When DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes were extended to TAP1 and TAP2 loci, much diversification of haplotypes was observed: 19 different DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes formed 58 different haplotypes extended to TAP1 and TAP2 loci. These results add more evidence to the view that recombination hotspot is present within and around TAP gene region. Conclusion: The allele frequencies of TAP1 and TAP2 genes and the distribution of TAP1-TAP2 and HLA-TAP haplotypes were studied in Koreans based on a family study.

• BMB Reports
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 1998

HLA-DR4 is the dominant allele of MHC class II genes in Koreans. In particular, the $DRB1^*0405$ subtype has been reported to be almost exclusively expressed in Far East Asians, and has also been observed to be strongly associated with rheumatoid arthritis in Koreans and the Japanese. Identification of this specific allele has been mainly performed by PCR-based methods, which is often time consuming, costly, and involves tedious procedures such as the isolation of genomic DNA, PCR, and gel electrophoresis. To develop a more convenient tool for screening vast amounts of samples as well as to generate reagents which might also be used in other applications, in this study, antibodies were produced against this specific HLA subtype. By PCR, an allelespecific region covering the ${\beta}1$ domain of $DRB1^*0405$ was amplified and recombinantly expressed in E.coli. Immunization of Lewis rats with the purified protein yielded an allele specific antiserum. Western blot analysis showed the selective detection of the HLA-DR ${\beta}-chain$. Using this antiserum, established cell lines and peripheral blood lymphocytes were analyzed on their HLA haplotype by fluorescence activated flow cytometry. These novel antibodies will provide a powerful tool in the detection and investigation of DR4 alleles.