• 제목/요약/키워드: HIGHER CANOPY

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산림지역에서 서식지 환경이 조류군집에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Habitat Environment on Bird Community in Forest)

  • 김정수;신주렬;이화수;구태회
    • 환경정책연구
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    • 제7권3호
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    • pp.141-160
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    • 2008
  • 본 연구는 속리산 국립공원에서 쌍곡계곡 지역과 법주사 지역 내에 위치한 지역 중에서 인간의 의한 교란이 가장 큰 도로개설지역, 교란이 중간 정도인 등산로지역 그리고 간섭이 거의 없는 출입통제지역을 선택하여 산림생태계에서 인간의 교란 정도에 따른 조류군집의 차이를 연구하였다. 번식기와 비번식기의 조사(n=12)에서 조류의 종수와 개체수, 종다양도 및 밀도에서는 세 지역 사이에 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 번식기의 조사(n=9)에서는 조류의 종수(Kruskal Wallis, $x^2$=10.32, p=0.006)와 개체수(Kruskal Wallis, $x^2$=7.118, p=0.028) 및 종다양도(Kruskal Wallis, $x^2$=9.847, p=0.007)가 인간에 의한 교란이 중간정도인 등산로 지역에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 그러나 번식기 조류 군집의 영소 및 취식 길드 분석에서는 세 지역 사이에 영소 및 취식 길드 분포비율은 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 영소길드는 세 지역 모두 나무구멍 영소길드가 가장 높았고, 취식길드는 수관층 취식길드가 가장 높게 나타났다.

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Plant Architecture and Flag Leaf Morphology of Rice Crops Exposed to Experimental Warming with Elevated CO2

  • Vu, Thang;Kim, Han-Yong
    • 한국작물학회지
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    • 제56권3호
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    • pp.255-263
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    • 2011
  • Projected increases in atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration ([$CO_2$]) and temperature ($T_a$) have the potential to alter in rice growth and yield. However, little is known about whether $T_a$ warming with elevated [$CO_2$] modify plant architecture. To better understand the vertical profiles of leaf area index (LAI) and the flag leaf morphology of rice grown under elevated $T_a$ and [$CO_2$], we conducted a temperature gradient field chamber (TGC) experiment at Gwangju, Korea. Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Dongjin1ho) was grown at two [$CO_2$] [386 (ambient) vs 592 ppmV (elevated)] and three $T_a$ regimes [26.8 ($\approx$ambient), 28.1 and $29.8^{\circ}C$] in six independent field TGCs. While elevated $T_a$ did not alter total LAI, elevated [$CO_2$] tended to reduce (c. 6.6%) the LAI. At a given canopy layer, the LAI was affected neither by elevated [$CO_2$] nor by elevated $T_a$, allocating the largest LAI in the middle part of the canopy. However, the fraction of LAI distributed in a higher and in a lower layer was strongly affected by elevated $T_a$; on average, the LAI distributed in the 75-90 cm (and 45-60 cm) layer of total LAI was 9.4% (and 35.0%), 18.8% (25.9%) and 18.6% (29.2%) in ambient $T_a$, $1.3^{\circ}C$ and $3.0^{\circ}C$ above ambient $T_a$, respectively. Most of the parameters related to flag leaf morphology was negated with elevated [$CO_2$]; there were about 12%, 5%, 7.5%, 15% and 21% decreases in length (L), width (W), L:W ratio, area and mass of the flag leaf, respectively, at elevated [$CO_2$]. However, the negative effect of elevated [$CO_2$] was offset to some extent by $T_a$ warming. All modifications observed were directly or indirectly associated with either stimulated leaf expansion or crop phenology under $T_a$ warming with elevated [$CO_2$]. We conclude that plant architecture and flag leaf morphology of rice can be modified both by $T_a$ warming and elevated [$CO_2$] via altering crop phenology and the extent of leaf expansion.

Characteristics of accumulated soil carbon and soil respiration in temperate deciduous forest and alpine pastureland

  • Jeong, Seok-Hee;Eom, Ji-Young;Park, Ju-Yeon;Lee, Jae-Ho;Lee, Jae-Seok
    • Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • 제42권1호
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    • pp.20-29
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    • 2018
  • Background: For various reasons such as agricultural and economical purposes, land-use changes are rapidly increasing not only in Korea but also in the world, leading to shifts in the characteristics of local carbon cycle. Therefore, in order to understand the large-scale ecosystem carbon cycle, it is necessary first to understand vegetation on this local scale. As a result, it is essential to comprehend change of the carbon balance attributed by the land-use changes. In this study, we attempt to understand accumulated soil carbon (ASC) and soil respiration (Rs) related to carbon cycle in two ecosystems, artificially turned forest into pastureland from forest and a native deciduous temperate forest, resulted from different land-use in the same area. Results: Rs were shown typical seasonal changes in the alpine pastureland (AP) and temperate deciduous forest (TDF). The annual average Rs was $160.5mg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$ in the AP, but it was $405.1mg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$ in the TDF, indicating that the Rs in the AP was lower about 54% than that in the TDF. Also, ASC in the AP was $124.49Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$ from litter layer to 30-cm soil depth. The ASC was about $88.9Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$, and it was 71.5% of that of the AP. The temperature factors in the AP was high about $4^{\circ}C$ on average compared to the TDF. In AP, it was observed high amount of sunlight entering near the soil surface which is related to high soil temperature is due to low canopy structure. This tendency is due to the smaller emission of organic carbon that is accumulated in the soil, which means a higher ASC in the AP compared to the TDF. Conclusions: The artificial transformation of natural ecosystems into different ecosystems is proceeding widely in the world as well as Korea. The change in land-use type is caused to make the different characteristics of carbon cycle and storage in same region. For evaluating and predicting the carbon cycle in the vegetation modified by the human activity, it is necessary to understand the carbon cycle and storage characteristics of natural ecosystems and converted ecosystems. In this study, we studied the characteristics of ecosystem carbon cycle using different forms in the same region. The land-use changes from a TDF to AP leads to changes in dominant vegetation. Removal of canopy increased light and temperature conditions and slightly decreased SMC during the growing season. Also, land-use change led to an increase of ASC and decrease of Rs in AP. In terms of ecosystem carbon sequestration, AP showed a greater amount of carbon stored in the soil due to sustained supply of above-ground liters and lower degradation rate (soil respiration) than TDF in the high mountains. This shows that TDF and AP do not have much difference in terms of storage and circulation of carbon because the amount of carbon in the forest biomass is stored in the soil in the AP.

엽장, 엽폭, 엽병장 및 SPAD 값을 이용한 온실 재배 어윈 망고의 엽면적, 엽생체중과 엽건물중 추정 (Estimation of Leaf Area, Leaf Fresh Weight, and Leaf Dry Weight of Irwin Mango Grown in Greenhouse using Leaf Length, Leaf Width, Petiole Length, and SPAD Value)

  • 정대호;조영열;이준구;손정익
    • 생물환경조절학회지
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    • 제25권3호
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    • pp.146-152
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    • 2016
  • 온실에서 재배되는 어윈 망고는 그 수관이 복잡하여 생육을 정확하게 진단할 수 있는 생육 지표 결정이 어렵다. 엽면적, 엽생체중과 엽건물중은 생육을 진단할 수 있는 지표이며, 이를 비파괴적으로 추정할 수 있는 모델 확립이 필요하다. 본 연구의 목표는 어윈 망고 (Mangifera indica L. cv. Irwin)의 엽장, 엽폭, 엽병장, SPAD 값 등의 비 파괴적 생육지표를 이용하여 엽면적, 엽생체중과 엽건물중을 추정하는 모델을 확립하는 것이다. 6년생 어윈 망고의 성엽에 대하여 엽장, 엽폭, 엽병장과 SPAD 값을 측정하였으며, 이에 따른 엽면적, 엽생체중과 엽건물중을 측정하였다. 기존에 사용되는 모델식 중에서 14종의 모델을 선정하였으며, 회귀분석을 통해 각 모델의 계수를 추정하였다. 이중에서 높은 $R^2$과 낮은 평균제곱근오차 값을 보이는 세 모델식에 대하여 검증한 결과, $R^2$ 값은 각각 0.967과 0.743, 0.567로 나타나 신뢰성이 있다고 판단되었다. 이러한 방법은 작물의 생육 지표로 편리하게 추정하는데 도움을 줄 수 있다.

빛 요법이 중년여성의 스트레스, 우울, 수면의 질 및 삶의 질에 미치는 효과: 무작위 대조군 연구 (Effects of Light Therapy on Stress, Depression, Quality of Sleep and Quality of Life in Middle-Aged Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial)

  • 장미경;허명행
    • 한국융합학회논문지
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    • 제12권7호
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    • pp.317-327
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    • 2021
  • 본 연구는 빛 요법이 중년여성의 스트레스, 우울, 수면의 질 및 삶의 질에 미치는 효과를 비교하기 위한 무작위 대조군 연구이다. 본 연구의 대상은 I시 소재 일기관에 근무하는 중년여성 56명이며 자료수집 기간은 대조군은 2019년 8월 26일부터 9월 13일까지 실험군은 9월 16일부터 10월 4일까지 각 3주간 이루어졌다. 중년여성의 주관적 스트레스, 우울, 수면의 질 및 삶의 질은 스트레스 측정도구(NRS), 우울 측정도구(CES-D), 수면 측정도구(VHS), 삶의 질 측정도구(WHOQOL-BREF)로 측정하였으며 객관적 스트레스 지수는 Canopy9 RSA (IEMBIO, Gangwondo, Korea) 장비를 이용하여 측정하였다. 자료 분석은 IBM SPSS Statistics version 25.0을 이용하여 평균과 표준편차, 실수와 백분율, χ2-test, t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, ANCOVA로 분석하였다. 연구결과는 빛 요법을 적용한 실험군은 대조군에 비해 주관적 스트레스(F=6.30, p<.001)가 유의하게 낮았고, 삶의 질 (F=2.80, p=.049)이 유의하게 높았다. 객관적 스트레스 지수, 우울, 수면의 질에는 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 빛 요법은 중년여성의 주관적 스트레스, 삶의 질에 부분적으로 효과를 보이고 있어 빛 노출이 제한된 직무환경에서 근무하는 중년여성을 대상으로 한 반복연구가 필요하다고 본다.

Inorganic Nutrient Inputs from Precipitation, Throughfall, and Stemflow in Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica Stands in an Urban Forest Ecosystem

  • Kim, Kee Dae
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제28권10호
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    • pp.813-829
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    • 2019
  • We measured the amount of precipitation, stemflow, and throughfall and concentrations of nine major inorganic nutrients ($H^+$, ${NH_4}^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$, $Na^+$, $Cl^-$, ${NO_3}^-$, and ${SO_4}^{2-}$) to investigate the nutrient inputs into soil from precipitation in Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica stands from September 2015 to August 2016. The precipitation inputs of $H^+$, ${NH_4}^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$, $Na^+$, $Cl^-$, ${NO_3}^-$, and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ into soil were 0.170, 15.124, 42.227, 19.218, 14.050, 15.887, 22.391, 5.431, and $129.440kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$, respectively. The P. densiflora stemflow inputs were 0.008, 0.784, 1.652, 1.044, 0.476, 0.651, 1.509, 0.278, and $9.098kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$, and those for Q. mongolica were 0.008, 0.684, 2.429, 2.417, 2.941, 1.398, 2.407, 0.436, and $13.504kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$, respectively. The P. densiflora throughfall inputs were 0.042, 21.518, 52.207 27.694, 20.060, 24.049, 37.229, 10.241, and $153.790kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$, and those for Q. mongolica were 0.032, 15.068, 42.834, 21.219, 20.294, 20.237, 24.288, 5.647, and $119.134kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$, respectively. Of the total throughfall flux (i.e., stemflow + throughfall flux) of the nine ions for the two species, ${SO_4}^{2-}$ had the greatest total throughfall flux and $H^+$ had the lowest. The net throughfall fluxes of the ions for the two species had various correlations with the precedent dry period, rainfall intensity, rainfall amount, and pH of precipitation. The soil pH under the Q. mongolica canopy (4.88) was higher than that under the P. densiflora canopy (4.34). The difference in the soil pH between the two stands was significant (P < 0.01), but the difference in soil pH by the distance from the stems of the two species was not (P > 0.01). This study shows the enrichments of inorganic nutrients by two representative urban forests in temperate regions and the roles of urban forests during rainfall events in a year.

시설재배에서 반사필름 멀칭이 금어초 생육 및 개화에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Reflective Film Mulching on the Growth and Flowering of Antirrhinum majus L. 'Fujinoyuki' in Greenhouse Cultivation)

  • 김완순;허건양;조일환;우영회
    • 원예과학기술지
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    • 제16권3호
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    • pp.350-351
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    • 1998
  • 시설재배에서 반사필름 멀칭이 금어초의 생육 및 개화에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 시험하였다. 반사필름의 파장(300nm-1100nm)별 광투과특성은 전체광의 85%를 반사시켰고, 대조구인 흑색PE필름은 95%이상을 흡수하였다. 처리별 군락 내 미기상은 반사필름 멀칭구에서 광량 및 기온, 엽온이 높았으며, 지온과 지중전열량은 흑색필름멀칭구에서 높았다. 초기생육은 반사필름 멀칭구에서 건물중과 줄기경도, 도복율, 증산활동 등에서 우수하였다. 또한 반사필름 멀칭처리로 대조구에 비해 개화가 12일 앞당겨졌고, 이때 절화 품질면에서도 우수하였다.

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Effect of Recycled Paper Mulch on Yield of Fall-grown Potato

  • Lee, Byun-Woo;Cui, Ri-Xian;Lee, Suk-Ha
    • 한국작물학회지
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    • 제47권1호
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    • pp.68-73
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    • 2002
  • High temperature during sprout emergence period of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a major limitation to the yield of fall-grown potato in Korea. To explore the possibility of improving the yield of fall-grown potato through recycled paper mulching, the changes of soil environment and the growth and yield of potato cv. Daeji as affected by three mulching treatments of non-mulched control, recycled paper mulching (RPM), and black polyethylene film-mulching (BPFM) were examined over two fall seasons at Suwon, Korea. The mulching materials were a recycled mulch paper with 110 g/$m^2$ and a thickness of 0.1 mm, which was manufactured from old corrugated containers for this experiment and a commercial black polyethylene film with a thickness of 0.01mm. On an average throughout the growing period, the soil temperature with RPM at the 5-cm depth was lower by 0.4-1.1$^{\circ}C$ than that of the control. The maximum temperature during daytime in RPM was lowered by approximately 1 to 5$^{\circ}C$ according to the weather condition during emergence period, the difference being great on a fine day. The soil temperature with BPFM was much higher than the control. The effect of the mulching treatments diminished as the canopy became developed. The mulching treatments were more advantageous than the control in the conservation of soil water. Moreover, RPM and BPFM efficiently suppressed the occurrence of weeds until the potato harvest. RPM improved the emergence significantly due to lower soil temperature, whereas BPFM showed much poorer emergence than the control. Growth after emergence and yield were significantly higher in RPM than in the control and BPFM. It was concluded that the significantly improved yield in RPM compared to that in the control was mainly due to the improvement of the sprout emergence and tuber growth accompanied by lower soil temperature and better conservation of soil water.

임도 미개설지와 개설지에서 소형 설치류의 개체군 특성 차이 (Differences in Small Rodent Populations between Forest and Forest Road Areas)

  • 임신재;이주영;김민진;박성진;이은재;이우신
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제96권3호
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    • pp.245-250
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    • 2007
  • 본 연구는 충북 진천의 활엽수림 지역에서 임도의 개설이 소형 설치류에 대한 영향을 파악하기 위해 실시되었다. 임도의 개설로 인해 하층식생의 피도량 증가, 상층 임관의 감소, 소경목의 증가와 같은 서식지의 변화가 발생하였다. 소형 설치류에 대한 포획 결과 두 지역에서 모두 흰넓적다리붉은쥐와 등줄쥐가 포획되었다. 흰넓적다리붉은쥐는 개설지에 비해 미개설지에서 행동권의 크기가 컸으며 포획된 개체수가 적었다. 등줄쥐는 포획 개체수와 평균 체중이 미개설지에 비해 개설지에서 모두 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 개설지의 임도 주변에서 많은 개체수의 소형 설치류가 포획된 반면, 미개설지에서는 전 지역에 걸쳐 비교적 고른 분포를 보였다. 임도의 개설은 그 지역에 서식하고 있는 소형 설치류의 개체수, 종 구성 및 서식지 이용 유형에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다.

A Comparison between Wet-only and Bulk Deposition at Two Forest Sites in Japan

  • Imamura, Naohiro;Iwai, Noriko;Tanaka, Nobuaki;Ohte, Nobuhito
    • Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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    • 제12권1호
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    • pp.67-77
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    • 2018
  • To investigate the effects of forest and the surrounding natural and anthropogenic sources on the bulk depositions on forested land, this study examined differences in ion concentrations between wet-only and bulk samples at two forested sites in Japan. The surrounding natural and anthropogenic sources at each site were different; Shirasaka is in a rural area and Tanashi is an urban environment. The volume weighted (vw) mean concentrations of $K^+$ and $Ca^{2+}$ in the bulk samples were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in the wet-only samples at both sites. The forest canopy and a nearby incineration plant were hypothesized to be the main sources of $K^+$ contaminants at Shirasaka and Tanashi, respectively. The transport of sea salt and urban dust may explain the presence of enriched $Ca^{2+}$ concentrations in the bulk samples at Shirasaka and Tanashi, respectively. The $NH_4{^+}$ concentrations in the Shirasaka bulk samples were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those in the wet-only samples. The vw mean $SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ concentrations in both sample types were not significantly different at either site. This study demonstrated that the ion concentration differences between wet-only and bulk samples were affected by nearby natural and anthropogenic sources even at forest sites, similar to previous findings for non-forested locations. However, the $K^+$ concentration differences between wet-only and bulk samples may be higher owing to forest sources, even in the absence of anthropogenic sources.