• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.462-468
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• 2006

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the effects of three exercise types on anthropometric and serum lipids and physiological index factors, which are known to be the three risk factors of cardiovascular disease in male workers. Methods : The experimental study period was 12 weeks. In this study, 30-40's males (N=31) were assigned to 3 experimental groups: regular aerobic(treadmill walking) exercise group, regular anaerobic(muscular endurance) exercise group, irregular aerobic & anaerobic exercise group and a control group using a stratified random assignment method. Results : In relation to anthropometric factors, the regular aerobic & anaerobic exercise groups showed significant decreases in Weight, Broca's index, WC, BMI, WHtR, WHpR and HRrest. With regard to the serum lipid factors, the TC was decreased, but the HDL-c increased among the regular aerobic & anaerobic exercise groups. However, no significant difference was found between the other groups in respect to the LDL-c and TG. Considering the physiological factors, the TC/HD-c, TC-HDL/HDL-c, LDL-C/HDL-c and NON-HDL-c ratios were decreased, but the HDL-c/TC ratio increased among the regular aerobic & anaerobic exercise groups. The TG/HDL-c and HDL-c/LDL-c ratios showed no significant differences between the groups. These results indicated that the positive change for each factor is much larger in the regular exercise groups, especially in the anaerobic exercise group. Conclusions : The results indicate that not only regular aerobic exercise, but also regular anaerobic(muscular endurance) exercise could be utilized in lessening the deleterious effects of the risk index factors for cardiovascular disease.

• BMB Reports
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.148-154
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• 2000

The glycation process plays an important role in accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes, and the uptake of atherogenic lipoproteins by macrophage in the intima of the vessel wall leads to foam cell formation, an early sign of atherosclerosis. Besides the lipolytic action on the plasma triglyceride component, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) has been reported to enhance the cholesterol uptake by arterial wall cells. In this study, some properties of LPL-mediated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake and the effect of LDL glycation were investigated in RAW 264.7 cell, a murine macrophage cell line. In the presence of LPL, $^{125}I$-LDL binding to RAW 264.7 cells was increased in a dose-dependent manner. At concentrations greater than $20\;{\mu}g/ml$ of LPL, LPL-mediated LDL binding was increased about 17-fold, achieving saturation. Without LPL, both very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were ineffective in blocking the binding of $^{125}I$-LDL to Cells. However, LPL-enhanced LDL binding was inhibited about 50% by the presence of VLDL, while no significant effect was observed with HDL. Heat inactivation of LPL caused a 30% decrease of LDL binding. In the presence of LPL, the cells took up 40% of cell-bound native LDL. No significant difference was observed in cell binding between native and glycated LDL. However, the uptake of glycated LDL was significantly greater than that of native LDL, reaching to 70% of the total cell bound glycated LDL. These results indicate that LPL can cause the significant enhancement of LDL uptake by RAW 264.7 cells and the enhanced uptake of glycated LDL in the presence of LPL might play an important role in the accelerated atherogenesis in diabetic patients.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.338-347
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• 1997

Apo E polymorphism(e2, e3, e4) was among the first reported genetic polymorphism that explained part of the normal vairation in plasma cholesterol concentrations. Both alleles E2 and E4 are significantly more frequent in patients with mixed forms of hyperlipidemia and contribute on the observed differences in CHD risk among different populations. Effects of apo E polymorphism on the distribution of plasma lipid profiles were studied in 89 normolipidemic healthy females, aged 19 up to 22 years. The relative frequencies of E3/3 was 0.787, E3/2 was 0.101, E3/4 allele was 0.112 and no E2/2, E2/4 and E4/4 were found. Weight, height and %LBM were elevated in E2 than those in E3&E4. No differences in the blood pressure among apo E isomers were found, otherwise the pulsation was higher in E4 than that in the others. There were no differences in plasma total-, total DL-, HDL$_3$-, HDL$_2$ cholesterol, apo B-100 and apo A-I, However, phenotype means rank E3/2>E3/3>E3/4 in average TG levels(p<0.0001) significantly, and rank E3/4>E3/3>E3/2 in LDL cholesterol levels. These results were related to the correlation between atherogenic indiced (AI) such as LDL/HDL, (TC-HDL)/HDL, HDL$_3$/HDL$_2$. The ratio of HDL$_3$& HDL$_2$was significantly increased in E2 & E4 than that in E3(P=0.043). LCAT activity was not different between E2 and E3 but was highly increased in E4 (p<0.0001 among apo E isomers), but CETP was not different. Since the negative correlation between LCAT and CETP in apo E2(r=-0.491) was stronger than that in apo E3, E2 allele impacts the clearance of plasma apo E mediated lipoproteins. In conclusion firstly, E4 mediated alteration through LDL or E receptors results in lower TG or higher $\beta$-lipoprotein levels and E2 shows reciprocal effects of E4, respectively. Second, E4 allele was more atherogenic than E2 allele because the higher levels of AI such as HDL$_3$/HDL$_2$ were criticized.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.87-92
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• 1996

This study describes a stable and simple method for the measurement of cholesteryl ester transfer protein(CETP) activities using reconstituted HDL and LDL as substrates. Apolipoproteins (apo) A-I and -B were purified from hog plasma by a new strategy without ultracentrifugation and delipidation. a simple two-step column chromatography was administered. In the first step of phenyl-sepharose CL-4B column chro-matography, hydrophobic plasma proteins were isolated. The most hydrophobic proteins bound to the column appeared to be A-I and apo-B. Contaminat proteins were efficiently eliminated from the sample by washing the column with 0.3M NaCI containing buffer after loading the plasma on the column. Two pure proteins showing each single band on SDS-PSGE of apo A-I and apo-B were individually obtained by a subsequent gel filtration column chromatography(Sephadex G-200). This two-step purification was simple and inexpensive compared to the ultracentrifugation and/or delipidation method that are most commonly used. Reconstituted hight-density lipoproteins(HDL) and low-density lipoproteins(LDL) were prepared using the purified apo A-I and-B, respectively. When these artificially prepared HDL and LDL were used in the assays for CETP as the cholesteryl ester(CE) donor and acceptor respectively, the specific transfer of CE increased up to two fold compared to that used the native HSL and LDL.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.301-307
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to find out how diagnosis of hyperlipemia differed for according to BMI and %Fat. The included subjects were 224 adult women, they performed physical measurement and BMI measured %Fat by BIA. Blood pressure and lipid profiles were measured in the NPO state. The LDL calculated in using a formula of Friedwald and an atherogenic index was calculated using the serum TC lever divided by th HDL level As a results, HDL decreases so that BMI and %Fat increase and TC, TG, LDL, AI appeared by increasing. There was significant correlation(r=.585) between BMI and %Fat, and lipid profile correlation with BMI is higher than %Fat. In conclusion, diagnosis results of hyperlipemia according to BMI and %Fat could become different conclusively. In study it seems that BMI's diagnosis ability on hyperlipemia is high but the most desirable method uses BMI and %Fat together and evaluates lipid profile.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.129-135
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• 2010

This study was performed to determine the risk factors associated with increased body mass index (BMI) in 672 heavy industry men workers. Subjects were examined in March, 2010 to September, 2010 in Gyeongnam province. Height, weight, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were measured. And fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were measured by Olympus AU 680, and their BMIs calculated. Age, smoking statue, and alcohol drinking of the workers were surveyed by questionnairs. The mean total cholesterol levels were $190.06{\pm}36.62mg/dL$, HDL-cholesterol $53.65{\pm}11.92mg/dL$, LDL-cholesterol $104.28{\pm}30.31mg/dL$, triglyceride $151.11{\pm}99.53mg/dL$, and fasting blood glucose $96.92{\pm}19.53mg/dL$. Mean systolic blood pressure was $126.08{\pm}13.78mmHg$, and diastolic blood pressure $71.88{\pm}10.45mmHg$. Subjects were categorized into two BMI groups, BMI ${\geq}23$ and BMI ${\leq}22.9$. The subjects with BMI of 23 or above had significantly higher levels of LDL-cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and triglyceride, with lower levels of HDL-cholesterol. BMI showed the highest level at the age of thirties, increasing with age. BMI of smokers was higher than BMI of non-smokers, not showing a link between alcoholics and non alcoholics. In conclusion, age, systolic blood pressure, and HDL-cholesterol are mostly relevant to the increase of BMI in this study.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.404-413
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• 2023

Objectives: This study compared serum lipid concentration according to drinking habits. Methods: We analyzed data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII). The study included 8,525 adults (3,651 males and 4,874 females), aged 30 - 59 years. Results: There were differences in age, gender, education level, smoking status, physical activity, and waist circumference between drinkers and abstainers. The serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) level of the drinkers was lower than those of the abstainers (P < 0.05). The serum triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations were highest in the group that consumed alcohol 'more than twice a week' relative to the other groups (P < 0.001). The LDL-C and atherogenic index (AI) levels were lowest in the 'more than twice a week' drinking group compared to the other groups (P < 0.001). The serum TG and HDL-C concentrations were the highest in the '7 glasses/time' group (P < 0.001). The serum LDL-C concentration was the lowest in the '7 glasses/time' group (P < 0.001). Notably, the higher the frequency of binge drinking (7 glasses or more), the higher the concentration of TG (P < 0.001). The serum HDL-C concentration was significantly higher in the 'no binge' and 'more than once a week' groups compared to the other groups (P < 0.001). The serum LDL-C concentration and AI score were the lowest in the 'more than once a week' group (P < 0.001). Conclusions: As the quantity and frequency of drinking increased, the serum TC concentration increased. Moreover, an increase in the serum HDL-C concentration led to a decrease in AI. The factors exacerbating cardiovascular disease increased simultaneously due to drinking. Our results suggest that for individuals with hypertriglyceridemia and patients with low HDL-cholesterolemia, separate guidelines based on the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption are warranted.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.4843-4853
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of blood pressures, hematological and biochemical properties of blood according to the degree of obesity in health checkup examinees. Study subjects were 3,731 adults of 20 years and over (2,312 males, 1,419 females), who underwent health package check-up at the Korea Health Management Association from Jan. 2007 to Dec. 2009. As a result, the rates according to the degree of obesity of study subjects were 4.6% in low weight group, 44.3% in normal weight group, 25.0% in over weight group and 26.1% in obesity group. The over weight group were significantly higher in 40's age group than other groups, and the obesity group were significantly higher in 50's age group than other groups. The abnormal rates of SBP, DBP, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, ALT, AST in male were significantly higher than that of female. With respect to degree of BMI, the abnormal rates of SBP, DBP, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, ALT, AST, GGT, ALP were significantly increased with higher level of BMI. The age-adjusted odds ratio in the abnormal level of SBP, DBP, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, AST, ALT and GGT were significantly increased in overweight group and obese group than that of normal weight group.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.1 s.60
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• pp.59-71
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• 1998

To examine the association of hypertension with cluster of obesity, abnormal glucose and dyslipidemia in Korean urban population, we conducted this cross-sectional study among 3027 men and 2127 women age 20-85 years who visited a prevention center between May 1991 and June 1995 for a multiphasic health check at St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul. By the self-administered questionnaire, the informations of educational attainments, monthly income, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and physical excercise level were obtained. Height, weight, and blood pressure were measured by a trained nurse. The fasting blood sugar (FBS), total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglyceride were tested by enzyme method. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was calculated by 'total cholesterol - HDL cholesterol - triglyceride/5'. For testing the differences of cardiovascular risk factors between hypertension and normotension group, 1-test and $\chi^2$-test were performed. For the age adjusted odds ratios of hypertension in persons with obesity, abnormal glucose, and dyslipidemia compared with normal, logistic regression was performed by using SAS pakageprograme. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Age, weight, body mass index(BMI), blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride of hypertension group in men and women were significantly higher than normotension group, but height and HDL cholesterol of hypertension group only in women significantly lower than normotension group. The frequency of obesity $(BMI\geq25kg/m^2)$, abnormal glucose $(\geq\;120mg/dl)$, hypercholesterolemia $(\geq\;240mg/dl)$, lower HDL cholesterol (<45 mg/dl in women only), higher LDL cholesterol $(\geq\;160mg/dl)$, and hyper hypertriglyceridemia $(\geq\;250mg/dl)$ in hypertension group of men and women were significantly higher than normotension group. 2. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were negatively correlated with hight, but positively with age, weight, BMI, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride in men and women. BMI was positively correlated with fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride but negatively with HDL cholesterol. 3. The age adjusted odds ratios of hypertension were as follows in men and women : among persons who were obese compared with those nonobese, 2.53 (95% Confidence Intervals [C.I.] 2.08-3.07) and 2.22 (95%C.I. 1.71-2.87): among persons who were abnormal glucose compared with those normoglycemic, 1.43 (95%C.I 1.13-1.82) and 2.01 (95%C.I 1.36-2.94): and among persons who were dyslipidemia (hypercholesterolemia or lower HDL cholesterol or higher LDL cholesterol or hypertriglyceridemia) compared with those normal lipid, 1.59 (95%C.I 1.30-1.95) and 1.51 (95%C.I 1.16-1.96). After combined more than one risk factor, the odds ratios were increased. Among persons with cluster of obesity, abnormal glucose, and dyslipidemia, the odds ratio of hypertension was 2.25 (95%C.I 1.47-3.37) in men and 3.02 (95%C.I 1.71-5.30) in women. In conclusion, it was suggested that hypertension was associated with cluster of obesity, abnormal glucose, dyslipidemia in this Korean urban population.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.253-260
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• 2018

With the growing prevalence of dyslipidemia in adolescents, its early detection and management is becoming increasingly important. This study overviewed the fasting lipid concentration distribution of adolescents according to the sex and age, and reviewed the percentile of its reference interval. This study targeted 2,713 adolescents aged between 10 and 19 (1,436 boys, 1,275 girls) based on the data from 2013 to 2016, Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The mean fasting lipid concentration of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride of girls was higher than those of boys. Although the $95^{th}$ percentile of the cholesterol value was 200 mg/dL in boys, which was equivalent to the diagnosis criterion, the mean value of girls was 208 mg/dL, staying between the $90^{th}$ and $95^{th}$ percentiles. The $95^{th}$ percentiles of the LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride value were 123, 148, and 147 mg/dL in boys, respectively, and 131, 149, and 139 mg/dL in girls, respectively. Most of the criteria of dyslipidemia were at the proper level, within the $90^{th}$ and $95^{th}$ percentile. While the criteria of LDL cholesterol (130 mg/dL) was higher in boys, the triglycerides was higher in girls. In conclusion, criteria more suitable to Korean adolescents will need to be established with further studies.