• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.437-444
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• 2007

This paper experimentally investigates the effects of oxygen-enriched air (OEA) on the running behaviors of an LPG SI engine during both start/warm-up (SW) and hot idling (HI) stages. The experiments were performed on an air-cooled, single-cylinder, 4-stroke, LPG SI engine with an electronic fuel injection system and an electrically-heated oxygen sensor. OEA containing 23% and 25% oxygen (by volume) was supplied for the experiments. The throttle position was fixed at that of idle condition. A fueling strategy was used as following: the fuel injection pulse width (FIPW) in the first cycle of injection was set 5.05 ms, and 2.6 ms in the subsequent cycles till the achieving of closed-loop control. In closed-loop mode, the FIPW was adjusted by the ECU in terms of the oxygen sensor feedback. Instantaneous engine speed, cylinder pressure, engine-out time-resolved HC, CO and NOx emissions and excess air coefficient (EAC) were measured and compared to the intake air baseline (ambient air, 21% oxygen). The results show that during SW stage, with the increase in the oxygen concentration in the intake air, the EAC of the mixture is much closer to the stoichiometric one and more oxygen is made available for oxidation, which results in evidently-improved combustion. The ignition in the first firing cycle starts earlier and peak pressure and maximum heat release rate both notably increase. The maximum engine speed is elevated and HC and CO emissions are reduced considerably. The percent reductions in HC emissions are about 48% and 68% in CO emissions about 52% and 78%; with 23% and 25% OEA, respectively, compared to ambient air. During HI stage, with OEA, the fuel amount per cycle increases due to closed-loop control, the engine speed rises, and speed stability is improved. The HC emissions notably decrease: about 60% and 80% with 23% and 25% OEA, respectively, compared to ambient air. The CO emissions remain at the same low level as with ambient air. During both SW and HI stages, intake air oxygen enrichment causes the delay of spark timing and the increased NOx emissions.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 1997년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.99-102
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• 1997

An electronic nose system is an instrument designed far mimicking human olfactory system. It consists generally of gas (odor) sensor array corresponding to olfactory receptors of human nose and artificial neural network pattern recognition technique based on human biological odor sensing mechanism. Considerable attempts to develop the electronic nose system have been made far applications in the fields of floods, drinks, cosmetics, environment monitoring, etc. A portable electronic nose system has been fabricated by using oxide semiconductor gas sensor array and pattern recognition technique such as principal component analysis (PCA) and back propagation artificial neural network The sensor array consists of six thick film gas sensors whose sensing layers are Pd-doped WO$_3$ Pt-doped SnO$_2$ TiO$_2$-Sb$_2$O$_3$-Pd-doped SnO$_2$ TiO$_2$-Sb$_2$O$_{5}$-Pd-doped SnO$_2$+Pd filter layer, A1$_2$O$_3$-doped ZnO and PdCl$_2$-doped SnO$_2$. As an application the system has been used to identify CO/HC car exhausting gases and the identification has been successfully demonstrated.d.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.1227-1232
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 압력센서와 초음파센서를 사용하여 시각장애인이 교통 정보를 이용하는데 있어서 불편함과 교차로에서의 사고율을 줄이기 위한 시스템을 연구하였다. 압력센서를 이용하여 strip LED를 점등시켜 운전자가 보행자를 인식함으로써 사고율을 줄이고, 보행자 신호등 정보 외에 초음파센서와 블루투스를 통해 버스 위치 정보를 애플리케이션으로 전송하여 음성으로 들을 수 있도록 하였다.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.19-29
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• 2022

Natural user interface (NUI) is used for the natural motion interface without using a specific device or tool like a mouse, keyboards, and pens. Recently, as non-contact sensor-based interaction technologies for recognizing human motion, gestures, voice, and gaze have been actively studied, an environment has been prepared that can provide more diverse contents based on various interaction methods compared to existing methods. However, as the number of sensors device is rapidly increasing, the system using a lot of sensors can suffer from a lack of computational resources. To address this problem, we proposed a real-time multi-device control system for natural interactive platform. In the proposed system, we classified two types of devices as the HC devices such as high-end commercial sensor and the LC devices such astraditional monitoring sensor with low-cost. we adopt each device manager to control efficiently. we demonstrate a proposed system works properly with user behavior such as gestures, motions, gazes, and voices.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.277-282
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• 2006

With the aim of achieving half the regulated value of EURO-3 Emission Regulations, an ultra low emission motorcycle has been developed based on a motorcycle with an 1800 $cm^3$, horizontal opposed 6-cylinder engine. For the fuel supply system, an electronically controlled fuel injection system was applied. For the emission purification system, three-way catalysts, a feedback control system with a LAF(Linear Air-Fuel ratio) sensor, and a secondary air induction system were applied. To reduce CO and HC emissions during cold starting, an early catalyst activation method combining RACV(Rotary Air Control Valve) and retarded ignition timing was applied. After the catalyst activation, air-fuel ratio was controlled to maximize the purification ratio of the catalyst according to vehicle speed. For the air-fuel ratio control system, the LAF sensor was used. Furthermore, fine adjustment by the LAF feedback control reduced torque fluctuation due to the air-fuel ratio change. As a result, smooth ride feeling was maintained. Owing to these technologies, half the regulated value of EURO-3 has been achieved without any negative impact to the large-scaled motorcycles' drivability. This paper presents the developed ultra low emission technologies including the control method using an LAF sensor.

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제16C권4호
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• pp.535-542
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• 2009

무선센서네트워크는, 다수의 센서노드가 넓은 지역에 배치되어 자신의 전원에 의해 동작하고 다른 센서노드와 협력하여 환경검침 또는 물리량 검침을 수행하는 무선네트워크로 정의한다. 각각의 센서노드들은 자신의 배터리전원소모를 최소화하여, 장기간 사용할 수 있어야 하며, 센서 노드를 적절하게 배치하여 전체 네트워크 커버리지를 제공할 수 있어야 무선센서네트워크의 수명을 늘일 수 있다. 초기 센서노드의 배치로는 센서들의 배터리 수명 등의 이유로 제약이 있으며, 모바일센서노드는 센서가 이동하여 새로운 커버리지를 제공함으로써, 이러한 제약조건을 완화할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 perimeter coverage property를 만족하는 모바일 센서들의 단계적인 이동을 통한 커버리지 제공기법을 제안한다. 각각의 모바일 센서노드들은 이웃한 센서노드들이 dead 노드인지 판단하게 되며, dead 노드인 경우, 센서네트워크의 커버리지 hole을 만드는지 여부를 판단한 후, 각각의 모바일 센서노드들은 hole의 중심점을 계산하고, 관련된 센서노드들이 협동하여, 단계적으로이동하여, 최종 hole을 커버하는 새로운 센서네트워크를 형성하게 된다. 본 제안기법을 시뮬레이션하여 DCM 기법과 비교한 결과, 에너지 효율을 결정하는 전체 움직임거리 측면에서 최소 50% 이상의 성능향상을 보임을 확인하였다.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.71-75
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• 2019

Sleep apnea is a disease that causes various complications, and the polysomnography is expensive and difficult to measure. The purpose of this study is to develop an unrestricted wearable monitoring system so that patients can be examined in a familiar environment. We used a method to detect sleep apnea events and to determine sleep satisfaction by non-constrained method using SpO2 measurement sensor and 3-axis acceleration sensor. Heart rate and SpO2 were measured at the finger using max30100. After acquiring the SpO2 data of the user in real time, the apnea measurement algorithm was used to transmit the number of apnea events of the user to the mobile phone using Bluetooth (HC-06) on the wrist. Using the three-axis acceleration sensor (mpu6050) attached to the upper body, the number of times of tossing and turning during sleep was measured. Based on this data, this algorithm evaluates the patient's tossing and turning during sleep and transmits the data to the mobile phone via Bluetooth. The power source used 9 volts battery to operate Arduino UNO and sensors for portability and stability, and the data received from each sensor can be used to check the various degree between sleep apnea and sleep tossing and turning on the mobile phone. Through thisstudy, we have developed a wearable sleep apnea measurement system that can be easily used at home for the problem of low sleep efficiency of sleep apnea patients.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2023년도 학술발표회
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• pp.172-172
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• 2023

The use of low-cost IoT sensors for flow measurement in open channels has gained significant attention due to their potential to provide continuous and real-time data at a low cost. However, the accuracy and reliability of these sensors in real-world scenarios are not well understood. This study aims to compare the performance of low-cost IoT sensors in the laboratory and real-world conditions to evaluate their accuracy and reliability. Firstly, a low-cost IoT sensor was integrated with an IoT platform to acquire real-time flow rate data. The IoT sensors were calibrated in the laboratory environment to optimize their accuracy, including different types of low-cost IoT sensors (HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor & YF-S201 sensor) using an open channel prototype. After calibration, the IoT sensors were then applied to a real-world case study in the Dorim-cheon stream, where they were compared to traditional flow measurement methods to evaluate their accuracy.The results showed that the low-cost IoT sensors provided accurate and reliable flow rate data under laboratory conditions, with an error range of less than 5%. However, when applied to the real-world case study, the accuracy of the IoT sensors decreased, which could be attributed to several factors such as the effects of water turbulence, sensor drift, and environmental factors. Overall, this study highlights the potential of low-cost IoT sensors for flow measurement in open channels and provides insights into their limitations and challenges in real-world scenarios.

• 한국자기학회:학술대회 개요집
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• 한국자기학회 1991년도 춘계연구발표회 논문개요집
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• pp.73-74
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• 1991

The films with ferromagnetic fine particles dispersed in nonmagnetic matrix, such as $Fe-Al_2O_3$ and Fe-Cu have been studied for use of magnetic recording medium, optically device and sensor. Their magnetic properties depend strongly on structural parameter such as size and volume fraction of ferromagnetic particles. Fe-Cr-Ni alloy sputtered films also have microstructure with ferromagnetic -- b.c.c phase and nonmagnetic f.c.c phase grains. Magnetic properties of these films depend strongly on such a unique structure. These are depend on the ratio in volume of ferromagnetic particles to nonmagnetic ones $V_F/V_N$, the saturation magnetization Ms increased with increase of $V_F/V_N$. The coercivity Hc of the as-deposited films took maximum value of about 200 Oe at adequate $V_F/V_N$ and then Ms and Squareness S were 500 emu/cc and 0.5, respectively.(omitted)

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.42-48
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• 1999

Engine misfire causes of the negative effect on exhaust emission such as HC, CO, and NOX . Moreover, it causes damage to the three-way-catalyst(TWC) system permanently. The crankshaft velocity fluctuation(CVF) method has been applied for the real cars as misfire detection system usually, which utilizes the crank angle sensor input to calculate the variation of the crankshaft rotational speed. But this approach has the limit due to the fact that three could be problem under certain engine condition like as deceleration or high speed condition . Therefore the development of new methods are requested today. This study introduced the new method of misfire detection using breakdown voltage(BDV) characteristics between spark plug electrouds.