• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.13-17
• /
• 2007

Owing to improvement of socioeconomic status during recent decades in Korea, incidence of hepatitis A has rapidly decreased, especially among children. However, this status has paradoxically caused a steady increase of adult patients with HAV infection, causing new medical issues associated with aggravated clinical symptoms. The present study reports an adult case of acute viral hepatitis type A treated with oriental medicine. The elevated biochemical findings(AST, ALT, gamma-GTP, bilirubin), physical symptoms (general weakness, nausea, right flank pain, itching sign), and serological makers (anti-HAV IgM and anti-HAV IgG) were normalized within four weeks. Also, sonographic examination showed a normal pattern on an enlarged liver image. This study informed us about the clinical capacity of oriental medicine for adult patients with acute viral hepatitis type A.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.21 no.4 s.53
• /
• pp.185-190
• /
• 1982

One new species and three newly recorded species of anthomyiid flies from Korea are treated as: Meliniella sobaeksana sp. nov., Fucellia apicalis Kertesz, 1908 gen. et sp. hav. nov., Fucellia kamtchatica Ringdahl, 1930 gen. et sp. hav. nov., and Delia robustiseta Judin, 1974 sp. hav. nov. Some male genitalic characters are given here respectively.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.40-45
• /
• 1999

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the seroepidemiology of hepatitis A and hepatitis B in Korean children. Methods: 801 children aged 6 to 12 years were enrolled. IgG antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs), and IgG antibody to HBc (anti-HBc) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Results: Of the 801 children, the seroprevalence of anti-HAV was 0%. Three (0.4%) were seropositive for HBsAg. The seroprevalence of anti-HBs was 61.8%. Two (0.4%) of 495 anti-HBs positive subjects were positvie for anti-HBc. Of the 801 children, 658 (82.1%) had received hepatitis B vaccination. Conclusions: Since natural anti-HAV is not acquired in the childhood, the outbreak of hepatitis A is possible in adolescents and young adults. The decrease in seroprevalence of HBsAg and the increase in seroprevalence of anti-HBs might result from hepatitis B vaccination program in childhood.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.346-353
• /
• 2009

Viral, bacterial, and fungal infection can be transmitted from donor to recipient via transplantation of human amniotic membrane. Therefore human amniotic membrane for transplantation should be disinfected and sterilized before use. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of the disinfection process and sterilization processes used at human tissue bank in the inactivation of viruses, bacteria, and fungi. A variety of experimental model viruses, bacteria, and fungus for human pathogens, including the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), bovine herpes virus (BHV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans were all selected for this study. Enveloped viruses such as HIV-1, BHV, and BVDV were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by 70% ethanol treatment, gamma irradiation process, and ethylene oxide (EO) gas sterilization process. Also non-enveloped viruses such as HAV and PPV were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by gamma irradiation and EO gas treatment. However HAV and PPV showed high resistance to 70% ethanol treatment. E. coli and C. albicans were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by 70% ethanol treatment, gamma irradiation process, and EO gas treatment. Also B. subtilis was effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by gamma irradiation process and EO gas treatment. However it showed high resistance to 70% ethanol treatment.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.19-25
• /
• 2006

With particular regards to the hepatitis A virus (HAV), a terminal dry-heat treatment ($100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min) process, following lyophilization, was developed to improve the virus safety of a solvent/detergent-treated antihemophilic factor IX concentrate. The loss of factor IX activity during dry-heat treatment was of about 3%, as estimated by a clotting assay. No substantial changes were observed in the physical and biochemical characteristics of the dry-heat-treated factor IX compared with those of the factor IX before dry-heat treatment. The dry-heat-treated factor IX was stable for up to 24 months at $4^{\circ}C$, The dry-heat treatment after lyophilization was an effective process for inactivating viruses. The HAV and murine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) were completely inactivated to below detectable levels within 10 min of the dry-heat treatment. Porcine parvovirus (PPV) and bovine herpes virus (BHV) were potentially sensitive to the treatment. The log reduction factors achieved during lyophilization and dry-heat treatment were ${\ge}5.60$ for HAV, ${\ge}6.08$ for EMCV, 2.64 for PPV, and 3.59 for BHV. These results indicate that dry-heat treatment improves the virus safety of factor IX concentrates, without destroying the activity. Moreover, the treatment represents an effective measure for the inactivation of non-lipid enveloped viruses, in particular HAV, which is resistant to solvent/detergent treatment.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.18 no.5
• /
• pp.997-1003
• /
• 2008

Viral safety is a prerequisite for manufacturing clinical antihemophilic factor VIII concentrates from human plasma. With particular regard to the hepatitis A virus (HAV), a terminal dry-heat treatment ($100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min) process, following lyophilization, was developed to improve the virus safety of a solvent/detergent-treated antihemophilic factor VIII concentrate. The loss of factor VIII activity during dry-heat treatment was of about 5%. No substantial changes were observed in the physical and biochemical characteristics of the dry-heat-treated factor VIII compared with those of the factor VIII before dry-heat treatment. The dry-heat-treated factor VIII was stable for up to 24 months at $4^{\circ}C$. The dry-heat treatment after lyophilization was an effective process for inactivating viruses. The HAV, murine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were completely inactivated to below detectable levels within 10 min of the dry-heat treatment. Bovine herpes virus (BHV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were potentially sensitive to the treatment. However porcine parvovirus (PPV) was slightly resistant to the treatment. The log reduction factors achieved during lyophilization and dry-heat treatment were ${\geq}5.55$ for HAV, ${\geq}5.87$ for EMCV, ${\geq}5.15$ for HIV, 6.13 for BHV, 4.46 for BVDV, and 1.90 for PPV. These results indicate that dry-heat treatment improves the virus safety of factor VIII concentrates, without destroying the activity. Moreover, the treatment represents an effective measure for the inactivation of non-lipid-enveloped viruses, in particular HAV, which is resistant to solvent/detergent treatment.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.239-244
• /
• 1998

Purpose : The incidence of hepatitis A virus infection in Korea has decreased recently. However, the prevalence in children and young adults is on an increasing trend in Inchon-Kyunggi prefecture. Economic development that leads to better living conditions and improves hygiene facilities has reduced the rate of HAV infection. This study was designed to evaluate the recent seroprevalence rate of hepatitis A in children and adolescents. Methods : Study population consisted of 612 children and adolescents aged 1 to 17 years in Inchon-Kyunggi prefecture. Serum samples were collected between 1996 and 1997 and tested for anti HAV by Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay(MEIA). Results : According to age, the seropositive rates were 10.5%(male 13%, female 6.7%) in 1 year-old group, 0% in 3, 5, 11 and 13 year-old group, 6%(male 8%, female 4%) in 15 year-old group, and 11%(male 14%, female 8%) in 17 year-old group. Conclusion : This study showed that seropositive rate of HAV infection increased with age. While it revealed extremely low incidence of HAV infection in children less than 13 years old, they are also likely 10 be exposed 10 the infection. Our findings suggest that the effective administration of vaccination is needed in selected and high risk groups.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.386-392
• /
• 1999

A large-scale culture of hepatitis A virus in human diploid MRC-5 cells was conducted. In a roller bottle culture, the virus was grown to a maximum titer in 3 weeks after infection. Over 95％ of the cell-associated virus was excreted after culturing the infected cells in suspension media without fetal bovine serum for 3 days. The cultured virus was inactivated with formalin, concentrated by ultrafiltration, and partially purified by ultracentrifugation in a non-ionic gradient medium of Renocal. Two separate peak fractions showing high anti-HAY ELISA titer were pooled and about 40％ of HAV antigen was recovered by this purification procedure. Of the partially purified vaccine, the protein pattern in SDS-PAGE and immunogenicity in mice were compared with a commercial HAV vaccine. In SDS-PAGE, the purified vaccine in this study and the commercial vaccine showed almost the same protein pattern. The seroconversion rate of the purified vaccine in mice was not different from that of the commercial vaccine. Therefore, we could prepare a good grade of HAV vaccine by a simple purification procedure although the purification itself was not completed.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.106-111
• /
• 2020

Objectives: Hepatitis A is a typical acute hepatitis caused by hepatovirus, and then most patients recover easily without progression to chronic condition. However, certain cases have the risk of severe symptoms or even death. This case report presented a hepatitis A accompanied with pancreatitis, which had been completely recovered in a Korean medicine hospital. Case presentation: A 38-year woman had felt the malaise, mild chilling, muscle pain and abdominal discomfort for 10 days, which led her visit doctors and took anti-pyretic analgesics and digestants. The symptoms, especially epigastric pain and fatigue, became worse, and then she hospitalized in a Korean medicine hospital. Based on the drastic elevations of hepatic enzymes (aspartate transaminase 1,604 IU/L and alanine transaminase 2,825IU/L) with an anti-HAV IgM positive, she was diagnosed with hepatitis A. After bed rest and herbal drug treatment (CGX and Innae-Tang) for 5 days, the laboratory abnormalities and subjective symptoms had been improved gradually, except the upper gastric discomfort and pain. Those symptoms had anticipated the comorbidity with HAV-induced pancreatitis, supported by the high level of serum lipase release. Another 5-day hospitalized treatment improved all subjective symptoms and then the laboratory results were completely normalized including detection of anti-HAV IgG within 15 days after discharge. Conclusion: This study presented a typical hepatitis A accompanied with pancreatitis, which should be considered in diagnosis and management of hepatitis A.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.103-114
• /
• 2023

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate hand-arm vibration (HAV) exposure levels due to the use of power hand tools and to evaluate the determinants in the automobile assembly process. Methods: The exposure level to HAV was evaluated for 30 work lines in five assembly processes (body, engine, chassis, door, and design) that use air-powered tools and battery-powered tools and operate in circulation for two hours. The 2-hr equivalent energy vibration acceleration, A (2), of the task was measured. The 8-hr equivalent energy vibration acceleration, A (8), was estimated in consideration of the number of tasks that can be performed per day by each process. In addition, a survey on the working environment was conducted with workers exposed to vibration. Results: The geometric mean of the HAV exposure level, A (2), for a total of 30 tasks was 2.51 m/s², and one case was 10.30 m/s², exceeding TLV (2hr). The HAV exposure level of A (8) was evaluated from 1.03 m/s² to 5.36 m/s². A (2) showed a statistically significant difference (P<0.01) for each process, and the chassis process (GM=3.90 m/s²) was the highest. The larger the tool size and the longer the tool length, the higher was the vibration acceleration when using a battery-powered tool than an air-powered tool (P<0.01). Battery-powered tool users showed higher dissatisfaction on all items than did air-powered tool users. Conclusions: As a result of this study, it is necessary to implement a program to reduce the HAV exposure levels.