• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.404-413
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• 2008

Major objectives were to evaluate effects of three schemes of bST-supplementation of Holstein cows (142.8 mg/14 d, POSILAC) during the prepartum and/or postpartum periods through 63 d (${\pm}3d$) of lactation. Measures evaluated the potential of treatments to improve body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS), provoke changes in plasma concentrations of somatotropin (ST) and IGF-I, and improve milk yield, milk composition (percentages of protein and fat, and somatic cell counts), and several calving variables. Multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments (TRT) to give four groups (I = no bST, n = 26; II = bST postpartum, n = 25; III = bST prepartum, n = 27; IV = bST prepartum and postpartum, n = 25). During the prepartum period, cows in groups I and II were not supplemented but those in groups III and IV were supplemented every 2-wk beginning 21 d before expected calving date through calving. During the first 63 DIM only cows in groups II and IV were supplemented with bST. From 64 DIM through the end of lactation cows in all groups were supplemented with the full lactation dose of bST (500 mg/14 d). The BW and BCS were recorded weekly throughout the prepartum and postpartum periods and every 2-wk beyond 70 DIM. Blood samples were collected 3-times a week for analyses of ST and IGF-I. Milk yields were recorded daily though 150 DIM. Prepartum supplementation of bST did not affect BW or BCS, but mean concentrations of ST were increased 12.2% and were 15.5% greater at calving. Overall, mean concentration of IGF-I was not affected by treatment but concentrations were greater at 1 and 2 wk before calving in bST-supplemented cows. During the first 63 DIM the BW and BCS were not affected by treatment. Significant effects of bST-supplementation were detected on concentrations of ST, IGF-I and on milk yield compared to non-supplemented cows in group I. Postpartum concentrations of ST were greater in bST-supplemented cows (TRT II and IV; +41.9 and 54.6%). However, concentrations of IGF-I were greater only in cows in group IV (+25.9%) during the postpartum period. Overall, the three bST-supplemented groups had greater actual milk yield than the control group (I) during the first 63 and 150 DIM. The actual milk yields during 63 and 150 DIM were 6.5 and 4.6 kg/d greater for cows in group IV than cows in group I and the 305-d ME milk yield also was 15.6% greater. No adverse effects of TRT were observed on calf birth weight, colostrum immunoglobulins, ease of calving or other measures evaluated.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 1999

The totipotential spermatogonial stem cells of adult testis which give rise to mature sperm cells is well-known to incorporate foreign DNA as well as those of somatic cells. Also, the integration rates of foreign DNA after haploid stages are generally known to decrease and /or is simply bound foreign DNA into the sperm plasma membrane. To overcome these problems, liposome and DNA complexes were used to determine how direct injection of these complexes into testis were integrated into sperm genome and resulted in transgenic offspring. To study this purpose, cation liposome was gently mixed with WAF/hGH DNA (1 : 2) and the complexes were injected into testis. At 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 days after direct injection into testis, mature sperm cells were recovered by using artificial virgin method from two goats and each semen except a part of semen used for DNA analysis such as PCR or Southern blotting was cryopreserved for the artificial insemination. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows. 1. By PCR, the presence of exogenous DNA was confirmed up to 80 days after injection with liposome/DNA complexes. The highest integration rates were obtained at day 40 after direct injection. This results suggested that spermatogonial stem cells were integrated exogenous DNA into their genome. 2. Among 23 Korean Native Goats which were artificially inseminated, 4 goats resulted in pregnancy and produced 7 young goats. 3. Two young goats were confirmed as a transgenic by PCR and Southern blot analysis. Therefore, our results suggested that testis-mediated gene transfer can be used as a feasible tools for the production of transgenic livestock.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1164-1172
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• 2011

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Trichoderma reesei derived phytase for pigs fed diets with fixed calcium to total phosphorus ratios (1.5:1). In Exp. 1, 280 weaned pigs (initial BW of $10.32{\pm}1.94$ kg) were allocated to one of five dietary treatments on the basis of weight and gender in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were the low phosphorus (0.6% Ca, 0.4% total P and 0.23% available P) diets supplemented with 0, 250, 1,000, or 2,000 FTU phytase/kg of diet and a positive control diet (PC; 0.85% Ca, 0.58% total P and 0.37% available P). The treatments were applied to seven pens with eight pigs per pen, half male and half female. In Exp. 2, six barrows fitted with ileal T-cannula (initial BW = $35.1{\pm}1.6$ kg) were assigned to three dietary treatments with a double $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. The dietary treatments were the low-phosphorus diet (0.53% Ca, 0.34% total P and 0.14% available P), the low phosphorus diet plus 1,000 FTU phytase/kg and a positive control diet (0.77% Ca, 0.50% total P and 0.30% available P). In Exp. 1, there were linear increases (p<0.01) in weight gain, phosphorus absorption, bone strength, calcium and phosphorus content of fat-free dried bone and plasma phosphorus concentrations with increasing dose rate of phytase. The performance of pigs fed the diets with 250, 1,000, or 2,000 FTU of phytase/kg did not differ from pigs fed the PC diet. Pigs fed diets with 1,000 or 2,000 FTU of phytase/kg did not differ from pigs fed the PC diet in bone characteristics. The apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ash and energy was not affected by dietary treatment. However, pigs fed the PC diet excreted more fecal phosphorus (g/d, p<0.01) and fecal phosphorus per BW gain (g/kg) than pigs fed the diets with phytase. Phytase linearly decreased (p<0.01) fecal phosphorus excreted per BW gain (g/kg), plasma calcium concentration as well as plasma and bone alkaline phosphatase activity. In Exp. 2, phytase supplementation in the low-P diet increased (p<0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of Ca, P, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, alanine and cysteine, tended to AID of crude protein, isoleucine, threonine, asparagine and serine. In conclusion, the novel phytase originated from Trichoderma reesei is effective in releasing Ca, P, and amino acids from corn soy based diet for pigs.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2004

Background: Currently, the cardiopulmonary machine with non-pulsatile pumps, which are low in internal circuit pressure and cause little damage to blood cells, is widely used. However, a great number of experimental studies shows that pulsatile perfusions are more useful than non-pulsatile counterparts in many areas, such as homodynamic, metabolism, organ functions, and micro-circulation. Yet, many concerns relating to pulsatile cardiopulmonary machines, such as high internal circuit pressure and blood cell damage, have long hindered the development of pulsatile cardiopulmonary machines. Against this backdrop, this study focuses on the safety and effectiveness of the pulsatile cardiopulmonary machines developed by a domestic research lab. Material and Method: The dual-pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass experiment with total extracorporeal circulation was conducted on six calves, Extracorporeal circulation was provided between superior/inferior vena cava and aorta. The membrane oxygenator, which was placed between the left and right pumps, was used for blood oxygenation. Circulation took four hours. Arterial blood gas analysis and blood tests were also conducted. Plasma hemoglobin levels were calculated, while pulse pressure and internal circuit pressure were carefully observed. Measurement was taken five times; once before the operation of the cardiopulmonary bypass, and after its operation it was taken every hour for four hours. Result: Through the arterial blood gas analysis, PCO2 and pH remained within normal levels. PO2 in arterial blood showed enough oxygenation of over 100 mmHg. The level of plasma hemoglobin, which had total cardiopulmonary circulation, steadily increased to 15.87 $\pm$ 5.63 after four hours passed, but remained below 20 mg/㎗. There was no obvious abnormal findings in blood test. Systolic blood pressure which was at 97.5$\pm$5.7 mmHg during the pre-circulation contraction period, was maintained over 100 mmHg as time passed. Moreover, diastolic blood pressure was 72.2 $\pm$ 7.7 mmHg during the expansion period and well kept at the appropriate level with time passing by. Average blood pressure which was 83$\pm$9.2 mmHg before circulation, increased as time passed, while pump flow was maintained over 3.3 L/min. Blood pressure fluctuation during total extracorporeal circulation showed a similar level of arterial blood pressure of pre-circulation heart. Conclusion: In the experiment mentioned above, pulsatile cardiopulmonary machines using the doual-pulsatile structure provided effective pulsatile blood flow with little damage in blood cells, showing excellence in the aspects of hematology and hemodynamic. Therefore, it is expected that the pulsatile cardiopulmonary machine, if it becomes a standard cardiopulmonary machine in all heart operations, will provide stable blood flow to end-organs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.76-76
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• 2000

최근 비정질 SiC 박막은 열과 광안정도면에서 비정질 Si 박막에 비해 우수하며 공정변수들을조절함으로써 비교적 쉽고 다양하게 광학적.전기적 특성을 얻을 수 있고, 낮은 광흡수계수 및 105($\Omega$cm)1 이상의 높은 전도도를 가지고 있어 Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition(PECVD)을 통해 가전자제어 (Valency electron control)가 가능한 비정질 SiC 박막이 제작된 이래 대한 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 결정성이 없는 비정질 물질은 상대적으로 낮은 온도에서 성장이 가능하며, 특히 glow-sidcharge 방식으로 저온에서 성장시킬 수 있음에 따라 유리등과 같은 다른 저렴한 물질을 기판으로 이용, 넓은 면적의 비정질 SiC 박막을 성장시켜 여러 분야의 소자에 응용되고 있다. 비정질 SiC 박막이 넓은 에너지띠 간격을 갖는 물질이라는 점과 화학적 안정성 및 높은 경도, 비정질성에 기인한 대면적 성장의 용이성 등의 장점이외에, 원자의 성분비 변화에 의해 에너지띠 간격(1.7~3.1eV)을 조절할 수 있다는 점은 광전소자의 응용에 큰 잠재성이 있음을 나타낸다. PECVD 방식으로 성장된 비정질 SiC 박막은 태양전지의 Window층이나 발광다이오드, 광센서, 광트랜지스터 등에 응용되어 오고 있다. 본 연구에서는, RF-PECVD(ULVAC CPD-6018) 방법에 의하여 비정질 Si1-xCx 박막을 2.73Torr의 고정된 압력에서 RF 전력(50~300W), 증착온도(150~30$0^{\circ}C$), 주입 가스량 (SiH4:CH4)등의 조건을 다양하게 변화시켜가며 증착된 막의 특성을 평가하였다. 성장된 박막을 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS), UV-VIS spectrophotometer, Ellipsometry, Atomic Force Microscopy(AFM)등을 이용하여 광학적 밴드갭, 광흡수 계수, Tauc Plot, 그리고 파장대별 빛의 투과도의 변화를 분석하였으며 각 변수가 변화함에 따라 광학적 밴드갭의 변화를 정량적으로 조사함으로써 분자결합상태와 밴드갭과 광 흡수 계수간의상관관계를 규명하였고, 각 변수에 따른 표면의 조도를 확인하였다. 비정질 Si1-xCx 박막을 증착하여 특성을 분석한 결과 성장된 박막의 성장률은 Carbonfid의 증가에 따라 다른 성장특성을 보였고, Silcne(SiH4) 가스량의 감소와 함께 박막의 성장률이 둔화됨을 볼 수 있다. 또한 Silane 가스량이 적어지는 영역에서는 가스량의 감소에 의해 성장속도가 둔화됨을 볼 수 있다. 또한 Silane 가스량이 적어지는 영역에서는 가스량의 감소에 의해 성장속도가 줄어들어 성장률이 Silane가스량에 의해 지배됨을 볼 수 있다. UV-VIS spectrophotometer에 의한 비정질 SiC 박막의 투과도와 파장과의 관계에 있어 유리를 기판으로 사용했으므로 유리의투과도를 감안했으며, 유리에 대한 상대적인 비율 관계로 투과도를 나타냈었다. 또한 비저질 SiC 박막의 흡수계수는 Ellipsometry에 의해 측정된 Δ과 Ψ값을 이용하여 시뮬레이션한 결과로 비정질 SiC 박막의 두께를 이용하여 구하였다. 또한 Tauc Plot을 통해 박막의 optical band gap을 2.6~3.7eV로 조절할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.225-231
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• 2011

The objective of the present study was to determine the progesterone levels that effects on the pulsatile and surge modes of FSH secretion. In previous studies we have shown that LH surge occurred in the follicular levels of progesterone, whereas there was no surge mode secretion of LH in either the sub luteal or luteal levels of progesterone. LH pulsatile frequencies were high in two groups such as follicular level and sub luteal level. But in the luteal level of progesterone the pulsatile pattern of LH were strongly suppressed. Namely, sub luteal levels of progesterone, around 1 ng/ml, completely suppressed the LH surge but did not affect the pulsatile frequency of LH secretion. Because of this we hypothesized that the two secretory patterns of FSH are similar to that of LH. Long-term ovariectomized Shiba goats that had received implants of estradiol capsules and three different progesterone silastic packet inducing follicular, subluteal and luteal levels of progesterone were divided into three groups such as non-P, low-P and high-P group. Blood samples were collected daily throughout the experiment for the analysis of gonadal steroid hormone levels and at 10-min intervals for 8 h on Days 0, 3, and 7 (Day 0: just before progesterone treatment) for analysis of the pulsatile frequency of FSH secretion. Then estradiol was infused into the jugular vein of all animals at a rate of 3 ${\mu}/h$ for 16 h on Day 8 to determine whether an FSH surge was induced. Blood samples were collected every 2 h from 4 h before the start of the estradiol infusion until 48 h after the start of the infusion. In each group, the mean ${\pm}$ SEM concentration after progesterone implant treatment was 3.3 ${\pm}$ 0.1 ng/ml for the high P group, 1.1 ${\pm}$ 0.1 ng/ml for the low P group, and < 0.1 ng/ml for the non-P group, concentrations similar to the luteal levels, subluteal levels, and follicular phase levels of the normal estrous cycle, respectively. The FSH pulse frequency was maintained highly in all groups on Day 0, Day 3 and Day 7. An FSH surge was induced in all 4 cases of the Non-P group. In the High P and Low P groups, the plasma concentrations of FSH remained low until 48 h after the start of estradiol infusion, and no occurrence of FSH surge was found in any of the animals. The results of this study not only confirm that the pulsatile patterns of FSH were not inhibited strongly relative to LH, they also suggest that some other mechanism and factor may be controlling the FSH secretion.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.66.2-66.2
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• 2010

미니탭(Minitab) 프로그램에 있는 실험계획법(Design of experiment)를 이용하여 박막실리콘 I-layer의 주효과 및 교호작용에 대한 연구를 실시하였다. I-layer의 주요 특성은 증착속도 및 전도도에 대하여 분석을 하였으며, 최종적으로 선택된 증착조건을 사용하여 비정질 실리콘 태양전지를 제조하여 확인 하였다. 실험설계는 2수준 5인자 완전설계요인법을 사용하였다. 분석결과 단막의 증착속도에 영향을 주는 주효과로는 Power와 E/S거리고 나타났으며, Power와 E/S거리, Power와 Pressure에서 큰 교호작용이 일어남을 확인 할 수 있었다. 암전도의 영향을 주는 주효과는 Sub. Temp.를 제외하고는 모두 영향을 주고 있었으며, 상당히 복잡한 교호작용을 이루고 있어 정확한 분석을 할 수는 없었다. 광전도도의 경우도 주효과에서 SiH4 flow rate를 제외하고는 모두 영향을 주고 있었으며, 복잡한 교호작용으로 정확한 분석이 어려웠다. 따라서 P-value를 분석하여 최종 R-제곱값이 증착속도는 97%이상의 높은 값을 얻었으나 전도도의 경우 최대차수 3차항으로 70~80%정도의 낮은 값을 얻었을 수 있었다. 낮은 값을 얻은 이유로는 실험설계시 몇몇 조건이 불안정한 plasma 상태로 인하여 전도도의 측정 편차가 커 분석오차가 높았을 것으로 추정된다. 암전도를 망소특성, 광전도도를 망대특성으로 광민감도 $10^5$으로 최적화 하여 비정질 태양전지를 만들어 평가한 결과 약 9%대의 광변환 효율을 얻을 수 있었으나 만족도 40%대의 낮은 값으로 향후 이와 관련한 더 정밀한 측정 및 분석이 요구된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 2011

A feeding trial was conducted to study the replacement value of concentrates with Barhar (Artocarpus lakocha) leaves on growth performance of kids fed a mixed jungle grass-based diet. Fifteen Sikkim local kids, about 4 months of age and body weight ranging from 5.8 to 9.2 kg, were randomly distributed into three groups of five. Kids were stall fed ad lib with mixed jungle grass collected from the nearby forest and native scrubland. The kids in group I received supplementary concentrate (Maize 35%, mustard cake 32%, rice bran 30%, mineral mixture 2% and common salt 1%) at approximately 2% of BW. For groups II and III, 25 and 50% of the concentrate was replaced with Barhar (Artocarpus lakocha) leaves, respectively. Total dry matter intake (DMI) was not significantly different among groups. Digestibility of CP decreased (p<0.05) and that of NDF increased (p<0.01) with increasing level of Barhar leaves in the diet. Digestibility of ADF (p<0.01), hemi cellulose (p<0.05) and cellulose (p<0.01) was higher in groups II and III than in group I. Ruminal pH and TVFA concentration were not significantly different among groups. Rumen ammonia-N concentration decreased (p<0.01) with increased level of Barhar leaves in the diet. Similarly, plasma urea nitrogen and blood glucose levels were reduced (p<0.05) with increasing level of Barhar leaves in the diet. Replacement of concentrate with Barhar resulted in reduced Hb and lower serum iron concentration. Levels of other serum metabolites including minerals were not altered by the replacement. Average daily gain (ADG) was 53.3, 54.4 and 41.8 g/d in groups I, II and III, respectively. ADG was not adversely affected when the level of replacement was restricted to 25%. However, at 50% of replacement ADG was significantly lower than the control (p<0.05). Thus, it was concluded that Barhar leaves might replace 25% of the supplemental concentrate for growing Sikkim local kids fed on a mixed jungle grass-based diet.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.291-299
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• 2004

DLC films were deposited using the ECR-PECVD method with the fixed deposition condition, such as ECR power, methane and hydrogen gas-flow rates and deposition time, for various substrate bias voltage. We have investigated the ion bombardment effect induced by the substrate bias voltage on films during the deposition of film. The characteristic of the films were analyzed using the FTIR, Raman, and UV/Vis spectroscopy analysis shows that the amount of dehydrogenation in films was increased with the increase of substrate bias voltage and films thickness was decreased. Raman scattering analysis shows that integrated intensity ratio(ID/IG) of the D and G peak was increased as the substrate bias voltage increased and films hardness was increased. Optical transmittances of DLC film were decreased with increasing deposition time and substrate bias voltage. From these results, it can be concluded that films deposited at this experimental have the enhanced characteristics of DLC because of the ion bombardment effect on films during the deposition of film.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.165-165
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• 2013

Nickel oxide was deposited on mesoporous silica by atomic layer deposition (ALD) consisting of sequential exposures to Ni(cp)2 and $H_2O$. NiO/silica samples were characterized by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), etc. The flow-type reactor was used to measure activity of NiO/silica catalyst for catalytic combustion of toluene. The activity of NiO/silica catalyst was evaluated in terms of toluene removal efficiency and selectivity to $CO_2$ and compared with those of bare nickel oxide nanoparticles. In order to investigate influence of reaction temperature on combustion aspect, the catalytic combustion experiments were carried out at various temperatures. We show that both bare and supported NiO can be efficient catalysts for total oxidation of toluene at a temperature as low as $250^{\circ}C$.