• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제11권4호
• /
• pp.1020-1026
• /
• 2016

Motion estimation (ME) algorithms supporting quarter-pixel accuracy have been recently introduced to retain detailed motion information for high quality of video in the state-of-the-art video compression standard of H.264/AVC. Conventional sub-pixel ME algorithms in the spatial domain are faced with a common problem of computational complexity because of embedded interpolation schemes. This paper proposes a low-complexity sub-pixel motion estimation algorithm in the transform domain utilizing shifting matrix. Simulations are performed to compare the performances of spatial-domain ME algorithms and transform-domain ME algorithms in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the number of bits per frame. Simulation results confirm that the transform-domain approach not only improves the video quality and the compression efficiency, but also remarkably alleviates the computational complexity, compared to the spatial-domain approach.

• 방송공학회논문지
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.216-225
• /
• 2011

최근 3차원 영상 콘텐츠와 디스플레이의 증가에 따라 지상파 방송사들은 스테레오스코픽 3차원 텔레비전(3DTV) 방송을 위한 준비를 시작하고 있다. 하지만 현재 지상파 방송사들이 비디오 전송을 위하여 사용하고 있는 ATSC 방송규격의 약 18Mbps 대역폭 제한 내에서 는 고화질의 스테레오스코픽 영상을 전송하는 데 한계가 있다. 따라서 보다 고화질의 3D 영상 방송 서비스를 제공하는 동시에, 기존 2DTV 시청자를 위한 호환성을 유지하기 위하여 좌영상은 현재 지상파 방송에서 채택하고 있는 MPEG-2 기반, 그리고 우영상은 보다 압축 효율이 높은 H.264/AVC 기반의 비디오 압축 및 전송 시스템이 고려되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 지상파 3DTV 방송 조건 하에서 이종 부호화기로부터 산출되는 비트스트림의 양을 대역폭 제한에 맞게 조절하는 합동 비트율 제어 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 합동 비트율 제어 방법은 H.264/AVC의 비트율 제어 방법인 이차 율-양자화 모델(quadratic rate-quantization model)을 MPEG-2 부호화 과정 내에 구현하여 압축된 두 비디오 비트스트림의 합이 대역폭 조건을 충족시키면서 화질왜곡을 최소화하는 양자화계수를 계산하도록 설계되었다. 또한 시청자의 시각적 피로도가 양안 영상의 화질 차이와 관계가 있다는 가정 하에 좌영상과 우영상의 화질의 차이를 일정하게 유지되도록 하는 제약식을 최적화 문제에 추가하여 양자화계수를 계산하였다. 실험결과 제안한 지상파 스테레오스코픽 3DTV를 위한 합동 비트율 제어 알고리듬은 목표 비트율을 맞추는 동시에, MPEG-2 및 H.264/AVC의 기존 비트율 제어 알고리듬 방법에 비하여 좌/우 영상의 평균 화질 합을 약 2.02% 향상시켰고, 화질 절대차의 평균은 약 77.6%, 화질차의 분산은 약 74.38% 감소시키는 성능을 보였다.

• 전자공학회논문지
• /
• 제51권12호
• /
• pp.150-159
• /
• 2014

최신 영상 압축 표준 방식인 HEVC는 H.264/AVC에 비해 압축 효율을 크게 개선시킬 수 있지만, 부호화기 복잡도 또한 크게 증가한다. 특히 비정수 정밀도 움직임 보상에 사용되는 보간 필터의 길이가 종래 6-tap에서 8-tap으로 증가함으로 인해, 비정수 정밀도 움직임 추정에 많은 연산량이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 HEVC의 비정수 움직임 추정 과정에 대한 압축 효율 기여도 및 복잡도를 분석하고, 이로부터 부호화기의 복잡도를 효과적으로 감소시키기 위한 방법을 제안한다. 먼저, 움직임 추정과 움직임 보상에 사용되는 보간 필터를 분리하고, 움직임 추정만을 위한 최적 필터 길이를 찾는다. 또한 최적 비정수 움직임 벡터를 찾기 위한 탐색 과정에서 특정 조건을 만족하는 일부 후보들만을 검사하고, 꼭 필요한 보간 과정만을 수행하도록 함으로써 부호화 복잡도를 감소시킨다. 실험 결과, 제안한 방법을 사용하면 평균 압축 성능 하락 폭 0.7%, 1.5%, 2.5%에서 부호화기 복잡도를 각각 13.6%, 18.5%, 21.1% 감소시킬 수 있었다. 또한 고해상도 영상($1920{\times}1080$)의 경우 압축 성능 하락 폭이 0.4%, 1.1%, 1.6%로 감소함으로써 제안한 방법이 고해상도 영상에 더욱 효과적임을 보였다.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.109-118
• /
• 2011

Objectives : The Lycoris squamigera Maxim has been used traditionally for treatment of various diseases. However, the studies on the effect of Lycoris squamigera Maxim have not been carried out. In the present study, extract of Lycoris squamigera Maxim were tested for their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation effect. Methods : The anti-inflammatory effect of the various solvent extract was studied in lipopolysaccharide (lps)-treated mouse macrophage cells. RAW 264.7 cells were pre-incubated with Lycoris squamigera Maxim extracts for 4h and treated with $1\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ lps for 18h, and then the anti-inflammatory effects of extracts were determined. The anti-oxidation effect of extracts measured by DPPH method, reductive potential test, total phenolics test. Results : Extracted root's ethyl acetate layer showed a significant decrease in nitric oxide. And that layer (root's ethyl acetate extract) was showed decrease in TNF-${\alpha}$ concentration dependently. Separated from Root's ethyl acetate extract was fraction 1 has $0.1{\sim}5\;{\mu}M$ range, fraction 2 has $0.1{\sim}10\;{\mu}M$ range did not showed cytotoxicity. Anti-oxidation result as DPPH test showed the best was root ethyl acetate extract. Redusing power was made a comparison between fractions and standard. They were showed similar value. Fraction's total phenol containing result was better then standard. Conclusions : These results suggest that these extracts can be used as anti-inflammatory, anti-axidation materials.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.599-604
• /
• 2011

In typical proteomic analysis, trypsin digestion is one of the most time-consuming steps. Conventional proteomic sample preparation methods use an overnight trypsin digestion method. In this study, we compared high-pressure cycling technology (PCT) during enzyme digestion for proteome analysis to the conventional method. We examined the effect of PCT on enzyme activity at temperatures of 25, 37, and $50^{\circ}C$. Although a fast digestion (1 h) was used for the standard protein mixture analysis, the PCT-assisted method with urea showed better results for protein sequence coverage and the number of peptides identified compared with the conventional method. There was no significant difference between temperatures for PCT-assisted digestion; however, we selected PCT-assisted digestion with urea at $25^{\circ}C$ as an optimized method for fast enzyme digestion, based on peptide carbamylation at these conditions. The optimized method was used for stem cell proteome analysis. We identified 233, 264 and 137 proteins using the conventional method with urea at $37^{\circ}C$ for 16h, the PCT-assisted digestion with urea at $25^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, and the non-PCT-assisted digestion with urea at $25^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, respectively. A comparison of these results suggests that PCT enhanced the enzyme digestion by permitting better access to cleavage sites on the proteins.

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
• /
• 제1권3호
• /
• pp.171-181
• /
• 2012

In the new video coding standard, called high efficiency video coding (HEVC), the coding unit (CU) is adopted as a basic unit of a coded block structure. Therefore, the rate control (RC) methods of H.264/AVC, whose basic unit is a macroblock, cannot be applied directly to HEVC. This paper proposes the largest CU (LCU) level RC method for hierarchical video coding in a HEVC. In the proposed method, the effective bit allocation is performed first based on the hierarchical structure, and the quantization parameters (QP) are then determined using the Cauchy density based rate-quantization (RQ) model. A novel method based on the linear rate model is introduced to estimate the parameters of the Cauchy density based RQ model precisely. The experimental results show that the proposed RC method not only controls the bitrate accurately, but also generates a constant number of bits per second with less degradation of the decoded picture quality than with the fixed QP coding and latest RC method for HEVC.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
• /
• 제13권5호
• /
• pp.256-261
• /
• 2012

Recently, many photovoltaic systems (PV systems) including solar parks and PV farms have been built to prepare for the post fossil fuel era. To investigate the degradation process of the PV systems and thus, efficiently operate PV systems, there is a need to visually monitor PV systems in the range of infrared ray through the Internet. For efficient visual monitoring, this paper explores a multithreaded implementation of a recently developed HEVC standard whose compression efficiency is almost two times higher than H.264. For an efficient parallel implementation under a meshbased 64 multicore system, this work takes into account various design choices which can solve potential problems of a two-dimensional interconnects-based 64 multicore system. These problems may have not occurred in a small-scale multicore system based on a simple bus network. Through extensive evaluation, this paper shows that, for an efficient multithreaded implementation of HEVC intra prediction in a mesh-based multicore system, much effort needs to be made to optimize communications among processing cores. Thus, this work provides three design choices regarding communications, i.e., main thread core location, cache home policy, and maximum coding unit size. These design choices are shown to improve the overall parallel performance of the HEVC intra prediction algorithm by up to 42%, achieving a 7 times higher speed-up.

• ETRI Journal
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.281-291
• /
• 2010

Scalable video coding (SVC) has been standardized as an extension of the H.264/AVC standard. This paper proposes a practical real-time transport protocol (RTP) packetization scheme to transport SVC video over IP networks. In combined scalability of SVC, a coded picture of a base or scalable enhancement layer is produced as one or more video layers consisting of network abstraction layer (NAL) units. The SVC NAL unit header contains a (DID, TID, QID) field to identify the association of each SVC NAL unit with its scalable enhancement layer without parsing the payload part of the SVC NAL unit. In this paper, we utilize the (DID, TID, QID) information to derive hierarchical spatio-temporal relationship of the SVC NAL units. Based on the derivation using the (DID, TID, QID) field, we propose a practical RTP packetization scheme for generating single RTP sessions in unicast and multicast transport of SVC video. The experimental results indicate that the proposed packetization scheme can be efficiently applied to transport SVC video over IP networks with little induced delay, jitter, and computational load.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.253-264
• /
• 2002

Surface ozone concentrations measured at 40 monitoring sites in three major cities (Seoul, Busan, and Daegu) of Korea during 1993~2000 were analyzed to understand the characteristics of temporal and spatial distributions. Trends were analyzed for annual mean, 95th percentiles of daily 8-hour maximum and days exceeding 8-h ozone standard of 60 ppb. Three indicators exhibited increasing trends (+0.75 ppb yr$^{-1}$ , +2.20 ppb yr$_{-1}$ , and +5.35 days yr$_{-1}$ on average) throughout the study period at all cities. Diurnal and seasonal variations were the largest in Seoul followed by Daegue and Busan, due to the high photochemical production and titration of ozone (Seoul), strong wind and constant supply of background ozone from the ocean (Busan). In the urban centers and industrial areas at all cities, scavenging of ozone by NO reduces the daily 8-hour maximum ozone by 10 ppb on average. High concentrations of ozone have frequently occurred in downwind eastern (Seoul and Daegu) or northern (Busan) sides of the territory. In particular, the coastal area of Busan had relatively high ozone level due to the local sea land breeze circulation. The results indicated that the temporal and spatial variations of ozone concentration were non -uniform and were closely related to the local environments; emission levels, climates, and geographic locations.

• 방송공학회논문지
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.142-150
• /
• 2004

현재 표준화가 진행 중인 MPEG-4 AVC 비디오 코덱은 매우 높은 압축율을 목표로 하고 있으며, 거의 모든 전송미디어 및 다양한 멀티미디어 환경에서 사용될 수 있는 범용 동영상 부호화 기술이다. 따라서 일정한 대역폭을 갖는 다양한 통신환경에서 MPEG-4 AVC 기술을 활용하기 위해서는 고효율의 율 제어 방법을 필요로 하고 있다. 본 논문은 기존의 율 제어 방식을 토대로 인간의 시각특성을 고려한 적응 양자화 율 제어 방법과 장면전환을 갖는 영상에 효율적으로 대처 할 수 있는 동영상 율제어 방법을 제안하였다. 모의실험은 다양한 테스트 영상과 장면전환의 편집영상을 대상으로 수행되었으며, 실험결과 기존의 율 제어 방법 보다 향상된 성능을 보였다.