• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.149-153
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• 2001

We surveyed on the host plants of Fungus gnat, Bradysia app. and found 21 species in the greenhouse and field. These are as follows: Cucumis sativus L., Cucumis melo L., Citrullus lanatus T., Cucurbita moschata F., Lycopersicon esculentum M., Capsicum annuum L (Pepper), Capsicum annuum L (Paprika), Lillium longiflorum T., Dianthus caryophyllus L., Rosa hybrida H., Gerbera jamesonii B., Chrysanthemum morifolium R, Phalaenopsis schilleriane R., Gladiolus grandiflours H., Zingiber officinale R., Cnidium officinale M., Canavalia gladiata DC., Angelica utilis M., Polygonatum odoratum D., Pinus densiflora S., and Pinus thunbergii P. Fungus gnat larvae cause damages to the root and promote decay and wilt by feeding on the roots and burrowing in plant tissue.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.389-395
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• 1999

Bifidobcterium spp. can provide human being with several beneficial physiological. Therefor, there has been a considerable interest in products Bifidobcterium spp. dietary supplements or as starter cultures for probiotic products that may assint in the improvement of health on the human. But indusrial applications have been limited because Bifidobcterium spp. are sensitive to acidic pH due to organic acid produced by themselves and various conditions. The objective of this study was to establish new method for improvement of Bifidobcterium viability by entrapment im calcium alginate beads. We have a plan to select the most suitable polymer through the comparison with acid tolerance oxygen tolerance and theological properties of polymer. Increase of the viable number of Bifidobcterium induced increasing acid tolerance and oxygen tolernce trough the development of entrapment technique. The 4%, 3030mm diameter) sodium alginate beads led to the best survivability under acid condition. Especially, addition of 6% mannitol, 6% glycerol or 6% sorbitol to the sodium alginate helped a beneficial effect on viability against acid, bile salt, hydrogen peroxide and cold strage. The number of viability of entrapeede cells by retreatment was 96 fold higher than non-entrapeed cells after 5 hours of storage under pH 3 acidic condition. These experimental data clearly demonstrate that a whole cell immobilization by entrapment in calcium alginate beads is an important survival mechanism enable to withstand environmental stresses as the acidic condition, hydrogen peroxide toxicity and frozen state.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.132-140
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• 2019

Fermented total mixed ration (TMR) is a novel feed for ruminants in South Korea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the quality of TMR and in vitro ruminal fermentation. Strains of three LAB spp. (Lactobacillus plantarum, L. brevis, L. mucosae) were used in fermentation of TMR. Inoculations with the three LAB spp. lowered pH and increased concentrations of lactic acid, acetic acid, and total organic acid compared to non-LAB inoculated control (only addition of an equivalent amount of water) (p<0.05). Bacterial composition indicated that aerobic bacteria and LAB were higher. However, E. coli were lower in the fermented TMR than those in the control treatment (p<0.05). Among the treatments, L. brevis treatment had the highest concentration of total organic acid without fungus detection. Gas production, pH, and ammonia-nitrogen during ruminal in vitro incubation did not differ throughout incubation. However, ruminal total VFA concentration was higher (p<0.05) in the LAB spp. treatments than the control treatment at 48 hours. Overall, the use of L. brevis as an inoculant for fermentation of high moisture. TMR could inhibit fungi growth and promote lactic fermentation, and enhance digestion in the rumen.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.211-218
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• 2023

This study aimed to identify lactic acid bacteria isolated from eight fermented milk products in Iran. We enumerated Lactobacillus species using De Man-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS)-maltose and MRS agar with pH adjusted to 5.2, as well as assessment at 37℃ for 48 hr, studied Streptococcus spp. using M17 agar at 43℃ for 24 hr, and assessed Bifidobacterium species using nalidixic acid, paromomycin sulfate, neomycin sulfate, and lithium chloride (BL-NPNL) agar at 37℃ for 48 hr. The total viable Streptococcus spp. cell in fermented milk varied at 4.73-8.83 log CFU/mL. However, Bifidobacterium spp. were not detected in any of the tested samples. Lactobacilli were not detected in four of the eight samples, and viable Lactobacilli cells in the remaining four samples ranged 2.48-3.85 log CFU/mL. The pH of the tested samples ranged 3.53-4.19, and soluble solids (Brix measurement) ranged 7.5%-17.9%. A total of 130 isolates of gram-positive catalase-positive bacteria were characterized at the species level using 16S rRNA sequencing. Sequence analysis identified six species: Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. sunkii, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. indicus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, and Levilactobacillus brevis.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.365-369
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• 2001

Streptococcus spp. of bacterial pathogen of fish were isolated from the cultured flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in fish farm of Jeju Island. Clinical signs of the infected flounder which are the most commons symptoms are as follows: erratic swimming, darkening of the body colour, unilateral or bilateral exophthalmia, corneal opacity, hemorrhages in the opercular and the bases of the fins, and the ulceration of the body surface. Biochemical characteristics of pathogenic fish Streptococcus spp, were gram positive, spherical form, catalase negative, oxidase negative and $\beta$-haemolytic, respectively, The viable cells counted from the tissue of the diseased flounder were the largest in the order of the ulcer, the kidney, the blood and the brain, The drugs used were ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, gentamycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, streptomycin and oxytetracycline, Streptococcus spp. were found to be sensitive to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and gentamycin, but were resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin, streptomycin and oxytetracycline. The pathogenicity of Streptococcus spp. on the cultured flounder with an abdominal cavity injection was high. The haemolytic activity of the toxin against the sheep red blood cells reached the maximum after 30 min incubation at $37^{\circ}C$ or $50^{\circ}C$. The toxin showed highest activity at pH $5.5\sim6.5$.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.227-232
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• 1999

A total of 136 coliform bacteria isolated from spring water (112 strains) and ground water (24 strains), submitted to Seoul Health and Environmental Research Institute from June to July in 1997, were characterized biochemically and microbiologically. Colonical characteristics of each isolate were also noted, including color and texture on EMB agar. Among the 136 isolates, 50.7% were greenish metallic sheen color, 44.2% were pink and 5.1% were violet. The sixty four percent were smooth, 34.6% were mucoid and 0.7%. were rough. Twenty three bacterial species were identified by IMViC and API 20E test. Among the 136 coliform bacteria known to species, 39 isolates (28.6%) were Escherichia spp., 32 isolates (23.5%) were Klebsiella ssp., 30 isolates (22.1%) were Enterobacter spp., 19 isolates (14.0%) were Serratia spp., 6 isolates (4.4%) were Citrobacter spp., 4 isolates (3.0%) were Kluyvera spp. and 7 isolates (5.1%) were other bacterial species. Strains, which were gas-positive in lactose broth but gas-negative in Kligler Iron Agar were Ent. intermedium, Ser. liquefaciens, Ser. marcescenes and Salmonella arizoae. Strains, which were H2S production were also Kleb. pneumoniae, Kleb. oxytoca, Kleb. ornithinolytica, Ent. sahazahii, Ent. cloacae, Ser. liquefaciens, Ser. fica ria, Cit. freundii and Sal. arizoae. In the present study, most of coliform isolated from spring and ground water were E. coli, Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. Since coliform with pink colony in EMB agar was isolated as frequent as coliform with greenish metallic sheen colony, coliform with pink colony should be considered as important colony. Our results suggested that new coliform strains may be emerging on the basis of biochemical and microbiological testes.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2001

The present study was performed to investigate the infection status of heterophyid fluke metacercariae in mullets and gobies collected from some coastal areas of cholla-do. The collected fishes were transferred to the laboratory, artificially digested with pepsin-HCI solution and examined under a stereomicroscope. In 70 mullets examined, the metacercariae of Heterophyes nocens (in 28.6% of fish), Heterophyopsis continua (in 2.9%), Pygidiopsis summa (in 32.9%) and Stictodora spp. (in 14.3%) were detected. The metacercariae of H nocens were detected in mullets from Shinan-gun (in 60.0% of fish), Muan-gun (in 54.4%), Hampyong-gun (in 25.0%) and Yonggwang-gun (in 16.7%). The average metacercarial density per infected fish were 7.6,34, 10 and 5 in each areas. A total of 7 metacercariae of H. continua was detected in only 2 mullets from Hampyong-gun. The metacercariae of p. summa were detected in mullets from Haenam-gun (in 80.0% offish), Muan-gun (in 27.3%), Hampyong-gun (in 16.7%) and Puan-gun (in 100%). The average metacercarial density per infected fish were 350, 14, 5 and 97 in each areas. The metacercariae of Stictodora spp. were detected in mullets from Shinan-gun (in 26.7% offish), Hampyong-gun (in 33.3%) and Puan-gun (in 20.0%). The average metacercarial density per infected fish were 2.8, 18.8 and 2.5 in each areas. In 70 gobies examined, the Metacercariae of H nocens (in 15.7% of fish), H continua (in 47.1%) and Stictodora spp. (in 48.6%) were detected. The metacercariae of H. nocens were detected in gobies from Shinan-gun (in 50.0% of fish) and Yonggwang-gun (in 10.0%). The average metacercarial density per infected fish were 71 and 2 in each areas. The metacercariae of H. continua were detected in gobies from Shinan-gun (in 65.0% of fish), Hampyong-gun (in 70.0%) and Yonggwang-gun (in 60.0%). The average metacercarial density per infected fish were 5.7,6.6 and 3.2 in each areas. The metacercariae of Stictodora spp. were detected in gobies from Shinan-gun (in 80.0% offish), Hampyong-gun (in 70.0%) and Puan-gun (in 40.0%). The average metacercarial density per infected fish were 149,203 and 5.5 in each areas. From the above results, it was confirmed that the mullet and goby from some coastal areas of cholla-do are infected with numerous metacercariae of heterophyid trematodes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 2013

This study was carried out to examine characteristics of physical and chemical current status and problems of Salix spp. communities based on growth characteristics by tree age and height of the tree species in around Namgang Dam reservoir area. Tree density in 4 survey areas was 5,284 trees/ha, but all areas need to control high tree density. Tree crown area in 4 survey areas was 9,786.4 $m^2/ha$ and crown area of Salix spp. was the most dominant among tree species in watershed of the Jinyang lake. Mean soil depth in 4 survey areas was 65.5 cm higher in the sedimental deposit soil (78 cm) than in forest soil (12.5 cm) near the watershed. Soil bulk density was also higher in the sedimental deposit soil than in forest soil because of poor porosity in the sandy sediment. Soil pH was higher in sedimental deposit soil (A, B horizon:pH 6.7) than in forest soil (A horizon:pH 5.3; B horizon:pH 5.2) because of originated from non-point source polution and detergent of domestic sewage. The results suggest that growth of Salix spp. could be poor because of low fertility with low cation exchange capacity in sedimental deposit soil.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.145-160
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• 2018

Members of Chlorociboria are soft-rot ascomycetes that produce blue-green pigment. We investigated the growth characteristics of two Korean species of Chlorociboria, eight strains of Chlorociboria aeruginascens and Chlorociboria poutoensis, under various culture conditions (solid media, temperature, pH) and screened them for extracellular enzyme activity. Although the growth rate was slow, all tested strains of Chlorociboria spp. grew well on potato dextrose agar (PDA; 16.3~42.6 mm after 60 days) or Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), but not on malt extract agar (MEA). Compared with C. aeruginascens strains, C. poutoensis strains exhibited higher expression of blue-green pigments on both PDA and SDA media. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth was $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$, and mycelial growth was lower at $30^{\circ}C$ than at $10^{\circ}C$. All strains tended to have increased mycelial growth as the incubation temperature increased in the range of 10 to $20^{\circ}C$. The optimal pH of potato dextrose broth (PDB) for mycelial growth varied according to the strain under static culture conditions. Maximum biomass production was obtained at pH 6.0 for NIFoS 579 ($114.3{\pm}5.1mg/60days$), but it maintained a stable pigment expression under a broad pH spectrum. The activities of both cellulase and laccase were observed in all tested strains of Chlorociboria spp. Enzyme activities of NIFoS 579 were remarkably higher than those of the other strains. From these results, we suggest that C. poutoensis NIFoS 579 is a potential candidate for use as a source of natural blue-green dye.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.23 no.3 s.74
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• pp.275-283
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• 1995

The nutritional requirements of mycelial growth for Pleurotus spp. were studied. As the carbon sources, soluble starch and dextrin, nitrogen sources, arginine and ammonium tartrate, and calcium sources, $CaCO_3$ enhanced mycelial growth. Optimum C/N ratio was 100 : 1. On the base of results from the experiment on nutritional requirements, the following receipe is suggested for growth of Pleurotus spp.; starch 15 g, arginine 3.484 g, ammonium tartrate 3.06 g, $CaCO_3$ 0.314 g, $KH_2PO_4$ 8.138 g, $K_2HPO_4$ 1.584 g, $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ 1.5 g for P. sajor-caju and 2.5 g for P. ostreatus. $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ 0.02 g, $ZnSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ 0.03 g, $MnSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ 0.02 g, optimum pH 6.0. This new synthetic medium is tentatively designated as Park's medium.