• 대한본초학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2014

Objectives : Taraxacum coreanum (TC) have been used as a traditional medicine to treat inflammatory diseases and anti-oxidant effect in Korea. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of TC water extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation is not well-known. Therefore, this study was performed to identify the anti-inflammatory effect of TC on LPS induced inflammatory. Methods : RAW 264.7 cells were treated with 500 ng/mL of LPS. Water extracts of TC (0.1, 0.25, 0.5 mg/ml) was treated 1 h prior to LPS. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Levels of nitric oxide (NO) were measured with Griess reagent and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). We also examined molecular mechanisms such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) activation by western blot. Results : Water Extract from TC itself did not have any cytotoxic effect in RAW 264.7 cells. TC treatment inhibited the production of NO production, and pro-inflamamtory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and $IL-1{\beta}$ on protein and mRNA levels. In addition, TC treatment inhibited the LPS-induced activation of MAPKs such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), p38 kinases (p38), c-Jun $NH_2$-terminal kinase (JNK) and $NF-{\kappa}B$. Conclusions : In summary, our result suggest that treatment of TC could reduce the LPS-induced inflammation. Thereby, TC could be used as a protective agent against inflammation. Also, this study could give a clinical basis that TC could be a drug or agent to prevent inflammation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.404-409
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• 1998

Nine cows were superovulated by administration of 8 injections of Folltropin each (2.5 ml/injection, 1.75 mg/ml) i.m spread over 4 days, beginning on Day 10 of oestrous cycle, and 30 and 20 mg prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}$ was given along with the 5th and 6th injections of Folltropin, respectively, to induce luteolysis. The animals were artificially inseminated 48, 60 and 72 h after the first prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}$ injection. The number of corpora lutea was recorded by palpation per rectum and by ultrasonography on Day 6 (Day 0 = day of oestrus). The ovaries were examined daily by ultrasonography on Days 3-9 of the oestrous cycle for following the growth and regression of the largest follicle, which was considered the morphologically dominant follicle. The animals were classified into two groups depending upon the presence (n = 4) and absence of a dominant follicle (n = 5). There was a high correlation (r = 0.97, p < 0.001) between the number of corpora lutea observed by palpation per rectum and that determined by ultrasonography. Mean (${\pm}SEM$) number of corpora lutea determined by ultrasonography ($11.20{\pm}3.71$ vs $3.25{\pm}0.75$) and by palpation per rectum ($10.40{\pm}3.91$ vs $2.25{\pm}0.75$) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the nondominant group compared to that in the dominant group. There was no difference in the numbers of follicles 2-3 mm ($13.80{\pm}4.49$ vs $8.00{\pm}1.08$), 4-6 mm ($7.00{\pm}1.87$ vs $3.50{\pm}1.33$), and the total number of follicles ${\geq}2mm$ ($22.00{\pm}5.95$ vs $12.50{\pm}1.26$) between the two groups, one day prior to initiation of superovulation. There was, however, a significant (p<0.01) positive correlation between the number of corpora lutea with the numbers of follicles 2-3 mm (r = 0.83), 4-6 mm (r = 0.80) and the total number of follicles ${\geq}2mm$ (r = 0.89) observed one day prior to initiation of superovulation. The results of this study indicate that the presence of a dominant follicle adversely affects the superovulatory response in cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.90-98
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a milling by-product diet and two sugar cane diets on the local Creole pig breed (CR). A total of 48 CR pigs (24 females and 24 castrated males) were randomly assigned to four different groups of 12 animals. Pigs were allotted to one of 4 dietary treatments: fed with a control soya-bean meal-corn diet containing 19.1% crude protein (CP) and 15.4 MJ DE/kg (diet 1), with an experimental milling by-product diet (soya-bean meal and wheat by-products) containing 19.4% CP and 13.0 MJ DE/kg (diet 2), with ground cane stalks (GCS) or with fresh sugar cane juice (SCJ). Both GCS and SCJ were supplemented with soya-bean meal complement (400 g/d of a 48.7% CP and 16.1 MJ DE/kg diet) in order to obtain diets 3 and 4, respectively. Pigs were fed close to ad libitum level and had free access to water. All the pigs were slaughtered at 65 kg BW. Between 30 and 65 kg BW, growth performance was significantly (p<0.001) affected by dietary treatments: average daily BW gain was 657, 530, 546 and 200 g/d for diets 1, 2, 4, and 3, respectively. Average daily DM intake was 1.8, 1.9, 2.5 and 1.4 kg/d for diets 1, 2, 4, and 3, respectively. Fat cuts (backfat+leaf fat) and backfat thickness were significantly lower on diet 3 than for other treatments (127 vs. 192, 166 g/kg of left half-carcass weight and 24.6 vs. 39.0, 35.3 mm for diet 3 vs. diets 1 and 4, and diet 2, respectively; p<0.001). The dressing weight was significantly lower on diets 2 (82.7 vs. 84.0%; p<0.001). The entire empty digestive tract (DT) weight was higher on diet 2 (73.1 vs. 66.7 g/kg empty BW). However, stomach and large intestine were more developed on diet 3: 12.8 vs. 9.3 g/100 g empty DT (p<0.001) and 26.4 vs. 23.8 g/100 g empty DT (p<0.05), respectively. In conclusion, this study suggests the CR pig has the ability to reach rather good growth and carcass performance with a well-formulated sugar cane meal and/or with a milling by-product diet refined according to its low requirements.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.706-716
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• 2014

A new strategy of co-inoculating Bacillus subtilis MA139 with Streptococcus thermophilus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to produce fermented soybean meal (FSBM). Three experiments were conducted to determine the concentration of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) (Exp. 1), apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) (Exp. 2), and feeding value (Exp. 3) of FSBM produced by this new strategy (NFSB) compared with soybean meal (SBM) and conventionally available FSBM (Suprotein). In Exp. 1, twenty-four barrows (initial body weight [BW] of $32.2{\pm}1.7kg$) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 diets with 6 replicates per diet. A corn basal diet and 3 diets based on a mixture of corn and 1 of 3 soybean products listed above were formulated and the DE and ME contents were determined by the difference method. The results showed that there were no differences in DE and ME between SBM and either FSBM product (p>0.05). In Exp. 2, eight barrows (initial BW of $26.8{\pm}1.5kg$) were fitted with ileal T-cannulaes and used in a replicated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Three corn-starch-based diets were formulated using each of the 3 soybean products as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. The results showed that the SID of all AA except arginine and histidine was similar for NFSB and SBM (p>0.05), but Suprotein had greater (p<0.05) SID of most AA except lysine, aspartate, glycine and proline than NFSB. In Exp. 3, a total of 144 piglets (initial BW of $8.8{\pm}1.2$ kg) were blocked by weight and fed 1 of 4 diets including a control diet with 24% SBM as well as diets containing 6% and 12% NFSB or 12% Suprotein added at the expense of SBM. During d 15 to 28, replacing SBM with 6% NFSB significantly improved average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.05) for nursery piglets. During the overall experiment, ADG of piglets fed diets containing 6% NFSB was significantly greater (p<0.05) than that of piglets fed SBM. In conclusion, fermentation with the new strategy did not affect the energy content or the AID and the SID of AA in SBM. However, inclusion of 6% NFSB in diets fed to nursery piglets improved performance after weaning likely as a result of better nutritional status and reduced immunological challenge.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.149-156
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• 2010

TV news anchor woman's appearance, voice, expression, and clothing, etc., have an influence on the reliability of the article to be reported. Among these, clothing is the most crucial factor in forming an anchor woman's image, especially the clothing color factor. This study is aimed at providing the basic foundation for anchor woman when they select the clothing color by analyzing the clothing color image on the screen. For this purpose, the KBS and MBC 9 o'clock news desk and SBS 8 o'clock news of the local major news programs were selected. With the collection of 300 pieces of news clips related to anchor woman's clothing from January to December 2008, they were classified into F/W seasons and analyzed by the clothing color. The surveying method of clothing color was to capture the anchor woman's clothing among the news clips, then pick the representing color by applying Adobe Photoshop, and researching the formed $L^*a^*b^*$ value of color chips. The surveyed color was transformed into value of distant cell, H V/C, and the results were analyzed. As a result, it showed that the White system for anchor woman's clothing during the S/S seasons is most frequently picked, followed by the Red system. In F/W seasons, Gray system is the most favored, then White and Red, respectively. It was revealed that the most frequently selected colors for upper-wear by anchor women in the three broadcasting stations was an achromatic color, such as White or Gray, and then the chromatic color, Red. It shows that there is no big difference in season. The Inner-wear color matched the jackets which were also achromatic in color, white and black being the most favored in the S/S seasons, and in the case of chromatic colors, Red was the most favored. In addition to this, identical coloration with jacket, coloration with similar color, or single color as clothing color were no less frequently adopted. During the F/W seasons, identical coloration accounts for 26%, the most popular colored being White and Red. It was found that the coloration with achromatic colors are highly favored in the three major broadcasting stations alike.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.381-389
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the appearance, physicochemical, physical, and fermentation properties of the fermented soybean produced by manufacturing with inoculation the different types of microbial strains. The strains were inoculated by the NSI (natural strains inoculation), and the SSI (selective strain inoculation) were treatments. The appearance showed differences in color, viscous substance, and hardness depending on strains inoculation and fermentation duration. The pH, and total acidity were 6.40~7.26%, and 0.10~0.39% respectively with differences depending on the samples. The moisture content as the fermentation duration increased, the NSI (56.03~57.66%) decreased and the SSI (56.71~58.63%) increased. The physical characteristics of the hardness increased as the fermentation duration increased for the NSI and the SSI decreased. The color values for the L, a, and b values were 47.64~58.56, 7.15~9.08, and 12.41~17.30, respectively. The α-amylase and protease activities of the SSI were the highest among all treatments. The total viable cell counts of the fermented soybean products by strains were 5.02 to 9.77 log CFU/g, and SSI (fermentation, 48 hours) was the highest. The amino-type nitrogen contents of all samples were 301.62~746.97 mg% and the SSI showed the highest content. The amino acid had the highest glutamic acid content.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.102-107
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• 1985

수도(水稻)에 대(對)하여 토양(土壤)에서 동(銅)의 농도(濃度)를 달리하고 개량제(改良劑)로서 무시용(無施用) 소석회(消石灰)(중화량(中和量)+150kg/10a) 및 규회석(硅灰石)(200 kg/10a)을 시용(施用)한 후(後)에 간단관수(間斷灌水)와 상시담수(常時湛水)로 조절(調節)하여 pot 시험(試驗)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1) 수량(收量)은 동(銅) 처리농도(處理濃度)가 높을수록 감수(減收)되었으며 유의성(有意性)있는 토양중(土壤中) 감수농도(減收濃度)는 간단관수(間斷灌水) : 133.1 ppm 상시담수(常時湛水) : 136.8 ppm이었다. 2) 동(銅) 200 ppm인 토양(土壤)에서 소석회(消石灰) 시용(施用)으로 26${\sim}$30% 규회석(硅灰石) 시용(施用)으로 27${\sim}$48% 증수(增收)되었고 상시담수(常時湛水)하므로 간단관수(間斷灌水)보다 증수(增水)되었다. 3) 동(銅) 함량(含量)이 높을수록 수량(收量) 구성요소중(構成要素中) 주당(株當) 총수등열율(總數登熱率) 및 천립중(千粒重)이 감소(減少)되고 소석회(消石灰) 및 규회석시용(硅灰石施用)으로 수수(穗數)와 입수(粒數)가 적었다. 4) 동(銅) 함량(含量)이 높을수록 현미(玄米) 및 경엽중(莖葉中)의 동(銅) 함량(含量)이 증가(增加)되고 상시담수(常時湛水) 및 소석회(消石灰) 계규회석(桂灰石) 시용(施用)으로 그 함량(含量)이 적어졌다. 5) 토양중(土壤中) Cu/Ca+Mg 당량비(當量比)가 증가(增加)할수록 경엽중(莖葉中) 동(銅) 함량(含量)이 높았다. 6) 석회물질(石灰物質) 시용(施用)으로 토양(土壤) pH는 소석회(消石灰)>규회석(硅灰石)>무시용(無施用) 순(順)이었다. 7) 시험토양중(試驗土壤中) 동(銅) 함량(含量)은 상시담수(常時湛水)가 간단관수(間斷灌水)보다 높았다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.35-49
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• 1990

A highly purified $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ from the rectal gland of Squalus acanthias and from the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus has been used to raise antibodies in rabbits. The 97,000 dalton catalytic subunit and glycoprotein derived from the rectal gland of spiny shark were also used as antigens. The two $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ holoenzymes and the two shark subunits were antigenic. In Ouchterlony double diffusion experiments, these antibodies formed precipitation bands with their antigens. Antibodies prepared against the two subunits of shark holoenzyme also formed precipitation bands with their antigens and shark holoenzyme, but not with eel holoenzyme. These observations are in good agreement with inhibitory effect of these antibodies on the catalytic activity of $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ both from the shark and the eel, since there is very little cross-reaction between the shark anticatalytic subunit antibodies and the eel holoenzyme. The maximum antibodies titer of the anticatalytic subunit antibodies is found to be 6 weeks after the initial single exposure to this antigen. Multiple injections of the antigen increased the antibody titer. However, the time required to produce the maximum antibody titer was approximately the same. These antibodies also inhibit catalytic activity of $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ vesicles reconstituted by a slow dialysis of cholate after solubilization of the enzyme in a presonicated mixture of cholate and phospholipid. In these reconstituted $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ vesicles, effects of these antibodies on the fluxes of $Na^+$, $Rb^+$, and $K^+$ were investigated. Control or preimmune serum had no effect on the influx of $^{22}Na^+$ or the efflux of $^{86}Rb^+$. Immunized sera against the shark $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ holoenzyme, its glycoprotein or catalytic subunit did inhibit the influx of $^{22}Na^+$ and the efflux of $^{86}Rb^+$. It was also demonstrated that these antibodies inhibit the coupled counter-transport of $Na^+$ and $K^+$ as studied by means of dual labeling experiments. However, this inhibitory effect of the antibodies on transport of ions in the $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ vesicles is manifested only on the portion of energy and temperature dependent alkali metal fluxes, not on the portion of ATP and ouabain insensitive ion movement. Simultaneous determination of effects of the antibodies on ion fluxes and vesicular catalytic activity indicates that an inhibition of active ion transport in reconstituted $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ vesicles appears to be due to the inhibitory action of the antibodies on the enzymatic activity of $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ molecules incorporated in the vesicles. These findings that the inhibitory effects of the antibodies specific to $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ or to its subunits on ATP and temperature sensitive monovalent cation transport in parallel with the inhibitory effect of vesicular catalytic activity by these antibodies provide direct evidence that $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ is the molecular machinery of active cation transport in this reconstituted $(Na^+,\;K^+)-ATPase$ vesicular system.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.609-614
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• 2018

인터넷 기술의 급격한 성장으로 우리들은 언제 어디에서나 다양한 장치를 이용하여 온라인에 접속할 수 있으며, 실시간, 대용량의 영상 및 사진들이 인터넷상에 올려지고 있다. 이러한 영상들의 대부분은 영상에 관련된, 영상을 인식할 수 있는 간단한 주석을 갖는다. 그럼에도 아직도 주석이 없는 단일 영상이나 잘못된 주석이나 태그 정보 때문에 우리가 원하는 영상을 찾는데 문제점이 있어 이러한 문제해결을 위해서는 영상의 올바른 정보를 태깅하는 것이 필수적이다. 대부분의 태그는 문서나 주석의 형태를 가지므로 주석이나 문서의 정보가 올바르지 않으면 원하는 영상을 찾는데 많은 어려움이 따른다. 그리하여 더 나은 영상 탐색 결과와 올바른 영상 주석을 위해서 작가에 의한 주석뿐만 아니라 올바른 영상분석 또한 아주 중요하다. 영상 특징을 추출하는 것은 신뢰성 있는 영상 주석을 위해 필수 불가결한 요소이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 다양한 불특정 영상으로 부터 계층적 텍스트 추출 방법을 사용하여 신뢰성 있는 영상 주석을 얻는다. 다양한 영상으로 부터 영상이나 사진 속에 포함된 텍스트 정보를 추출하는 방법을 제안하였으며, 실험결과 제안한 텍스트 추출기법이 대부분의 영상으로부터 정확하게 텍스트 특징을 추출하는 결과를 보여주었고, 성능 평가 결과 최소 0.04부터 최대 0.52의 높은 평가결과를 보여주었다. 또한 정확도 측면에서도 다른 기법들 보다 최소 18.1%부터 최대 37.9%의 높은 정확도를 보여주었다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2002

A rapid, selective and reproducible high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of terazocin in human plasma. Terazocin plus the internal standard, prazocin hydrochloride, were extracted from alkalified plasma with tert-butylmethyl ether, back-extracted into 0.05% phosphoric acid. Fifty ${\mu}l-portions$ of extract were injected onto a octadecylsilane column and eluted with a mixture of acetonitrile, water and triethylamine (30 : 70 : 0.1 v/v, adjusted to pH 5.0 with dilute phosphoric acid) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The fluorescence intensity of column eluents was monitored at excitation wavelength of 250 nm and emission wavelength of 370 nm. No interference peaks were observed. The practical limit of quantitation was 5 ng/ml for terazocin. The average intraday and interday coefficients of variation were 4.15 and 3.54%, respectively. Also intraday and interday precisions over the range $5{\sim}60\;ng/ml$ were $0.49{\sim}2.92\;and\;0.38{\sim}5.12%$, respectively. The bioequivalence of two terazosin tablets, the $Hytrine^{\circledR}$ (Il Yang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and the $Teratonin^{\circledR}$ (Sam-A Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), was evaluated according to the guideline of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Sixteen healthy male volunteers $(24.6{\pm}2.0\;years\;old)$ were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 2 mg of terazosin was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentration of terazosin in plasma was determined with a HPLC method using spectrofluorometric detector. AUC was calculated by the linear trapezoidal method. $C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were compiled from the plasma drug concentration-time data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between the two preparations were 0.21 %, 5.53% and 8.82%, respectively. The powers $(1-{\beta})\;for\;AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were >99%, 97.49%, and 33.26%, respectively. Minimum detectable differences $({\Delta},\;%)\;at\;{\alpha}=0.1\;and\;1-{\beta}=0.8$ and the 90% confidence intervals were all less than ${\pm}20%$ except for $T_{max}.\;AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$ met the criteria of KDFA for bioequivalence, indicating that $Teratonin^{circledR}$ tablets are bioequivalent to $Hytrine^{circledR}$ tablets.