• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.89-92
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• 2007

Partail oxidation(POX) of n-butane was investigated in this research by employing ceria-promoted Ni/calcium hydroxyapatite catalysts ($Ce_xNi_{2.5}Ca_{10}(OH)_2(PO_4)_6$ ; x = $0.1{\sim}0.3$) which had recently been reported to exhibit good catalytic performance in POX of methane and propane. The experiments were carried out with changing ceria content, $O_2/n-C_4H_{10}$ ratio and temperature. As the $O_2/n-C_4H_{10}$ feed ratio increased up to 2.75, n-$C_4H_{10}$ conversion and $H_2$ yield increased and the selectivity of methane and other hydrocarbons decreased. But with $O_2/n-C_4H_{10}$ = 3.0, $n-C_4H_{10}$ conversion and $H_2$ yield decreased. This is considered due to that too much oxygen may inhibit the reduction of Ni or induce the oxidation of Ni, which results in poor catalytic activity. The optimum $O_2/n-C_4H_{10}$ ratio lay between 2.50 and 2.75. $Ce_{0.1}Ni_{2.5}Ca_{10}(OH)_2(PO_4)_6$ showed the highest $n-C_4H_{10}$ conversion and $H-2$ yield on the whole. In durability tests, higher hydrogen yield and better catalyst stability were obtained with the $O_2/n-C_4H_{10}$ ratio of 2.75 than with the ratio of 2.5.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.613-624
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• 2004

This study was aimed at investigating the effect of fat supplementation with divalent ions such as MgO and $CaCl_2$ on 1) in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics and insoluble fatty acid formation, and on 2) animal performance in finishing Hanwoo bulls. In in vitro trial, five different types of diets based on supplementation sources of fat and divalent ions, i.e. T=basal diet+4% tallow, T-Ca=T+0.5% $CaCl_2$, T-Mg=TA+0.5% MgO, T-MgCa = T +0.5% $CaCl_2$+0.5% MgO, T-caS =4% Ca salt tallow, were tested. Higher pH values were observed at 6 hr incubation(P<0.01) while higher amount of VFA were produced in diets 4 and 5 at 12 hr incubation(P<0.05). Nutrients(DM, OM, Crude protein and NDF) degradation tended to increase in divalent ions or Ca-salts treated tallow treatments compared with tallow treatment after 12 h. The amount of insoluble fatty acid increased by adding MgO or $CaCl_2$ to tallow or Ca soap tallow during incubation(P<0.05). In in vivo trial, thirty finishing Hanwoo(average BW 460kg) were divided into three groups based on fat sources and divalent ions, i.e. Control(EE 2.40), T-MgCa = control + tallow + $CaCl_2$ + MgO, T-CaS = control + Ca soap tallow (EE 5.30%). After feeding each diet for 80 days, average daily weight gain showed 0.89, 1.02, 1.17kg in diets 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The highest feed efficiency was observed(0.12) in diet 2 group, followed by diet 3 (0.10) and 1 groups(0.08; P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present results could be sununarized that the performance of Hanwoo bulls was improved by tallow with divalent ions without any negative effect on rumen fermentation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1266-1271
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• 2007

This study examined effects of calcium supplemented milk on bone loss in ovariectomized rats. Twenty four Sprague-Dawley female rats, 7 weeks-old, were divided into 4 groups, ovariectomized and fed diets containing: 1) control, no Ca supplemented milk, 2) ovx 1, Ca carbonate supplemented milk, 3) ovx 2, ionized Ca supplemented milk, and 4) ovx 3, nano Ca supplemented milk. All rats were fed 1 ml of milk containing 20 mg supplemented Ca. After 18 wk feeding, body weight gain and food efficiency ratio were significantly different between ovx 1 and ovx 3. Serum concentration of calcium and phosphorus were not different among groups. However, there was a significant difference in calcium content of dry femoral weight in ovx 3 compared with the control and ovx 2. In addition, femoral bone mineral density ($g/cm^2$) was significantly greater in ovx 3 than in other groups (p<0.05). The ovx 3 group showed the highest stiffness (N/mm), maximum energy (N) in femur and trabecular bone area (%). The present study indicated that nano Ca supplementation in milk may be an effective way to enhance bone calcium metabolism for ovariectomized rats.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 1984

Seedling yield of panax ginseng depended on soil water in a modified Yang-jig seedbed with rice hull mulch and peat application which increased soil water content. Water dependency tended to increase with the increase of potassium in soil. Effect of potassium on water dependency seemed to be constant in certain range of soil water which might be the optimum water for seedling growth. Partial correlation coefficient between seedling yield and water was significant in relation to organic matter (OM), Mg and Ca. The best multiple regression of seedling yield was with $H_2O$, K and Ca. Available phosphorus (P) in soil increased with low level of peat but decreased with high level or with mulching. There was interaction between mulching and peat for P. There was significant linear relation between two of pH, $H_2O$, Ca, Mg, K, OM except between K and $H_2O$ or pH. Ammonium nitrogen negatively correlated with Mg Quadratic relation held between $NO_3-N$ and K or $NH_4-N$ and between P and K+Ca+Mg. Quadratic relation was more significant than linearity between soil factors. Mulching increased stem length. Leaf area index ranged from 1.06 to 1.67. Leaf area per plant ranged $16.0-18.8cm^2$.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 1997

Bentazon 6-hydroxylase (B6H) and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (CA4H) activities were determined in rice (Oryza sativa L.) microsomes to study methods of enhancing cytochrome P-450 mediated aryl hydroxylation of bentazon by hydoxylase inducing compounds. Pretreating rice seeds with 1,8-naphthalic anhydride at 0.5-2% and fenclorim at 5 and 10 ${\mu}M$ increased B6H and CA4H activities. Treatments of rice seedling with ethanol 2.5% enhanced B6H and CA4H activities, and with phenobarbital at 12 mM enhanced B6H activity, and CA4H activity was enhanced at 2 mM. B6H activity was synergistically enhanced by combined treatments of ethanol 2.5 or 5% and phenobarbital 8 or 12mM and also that of 1,8-naphthalic anhydride 0.5 or 1% and phenobarbital 8 or 12 mM, but CA4H activity was decreased by combined treatment. Five-day-old rice seedlings showed higher B6H and CA4H activities which decreased with seedling age.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 1973

A survey on nutrient recovery by rice plant was carried out countrywide in 1967 and 1968. The relationships between percent recovery of fertilizer nutrient and climatic zone or deposition mode, drainage grade, and texture of paddy soil profile, or chemical characteristics of surface soil were as follows. 1. The percent recovery of fertilizer nitrogen was highest in south and least in north, and that of potassium was highest in south and least in middle climatic zone. 2. Since the percent recovery of Phosphorus variates yearly with climatic zone, mode of deposition drainage grade or soil texture, it seemed to depend greatly on soil-weather interaction. 3. Nitrogen recovery was highest in alluvial colluvial (AC) and it was followed by alluvial (A), fluvomarine (FM) and old alluvial in decreasing order while potassium recovery was OA>AC>A>FM. 4. The greater the drainage was, the higher the nitrogen recovery. The recovery of potassium and phosphorus tended to show high in moderately well drain, and low in poorly and well drain. 5. Nitrogen recovery was highest in fine silty and gradually decreased with coarseness. That of potassium or phosphorus was greater in those below fine loamy than in those above coarse silty. 6. Nitrogen recovery was high in Jisan, Geugrag, and Sindab series, and low in Hwadong, Gyuam, Yongji and Hwabong series. 7. Nitrogen recovery showed significant positive correlation with the content of organic matter (OM), Ca, CEC of surface soil and only in the year of high phosphorus recovery it had significant negative correlation with soil phosphorus. Phosphorus recovery had significant posititive correlation with CEC, Mg or Ca. 8. Potassium recovery showed negative correlation with K/(Ca+Mg), P, OM or K while positive correlation with Ca, Mg, CEC but significant only with K/(Ca+Mg) in the year of low potassium recovery. In the year of high K recovery it showed positive correlation with P, OM, K/(Ca+Mg) or K while negative with CEC, Mg or Ca but significant only with P, OM or CEC. Soil potassium has significant positive correlation with soil OM and P only in the year of low potassium recovery. 9. The percent recovery of N, P or K showed negative correlation coefficient with pH without significant. 10. There was significant positive correlation between OM and P, K or K/(Ca+Mg), P and K or K/(Ca+Mg), K and K/(Ca+Mg), Mg or CEC, Ca and K/(Ca+Mg), Mg, CEC or pH, Mg and CEC while significant negative correlation between Mg and OM, P or K/(Ca+Mg), P and CEC, Ca and K/(Ca+Mg). 11. From the percent rcovery of fertilizer and soil chemical characteristics it was known that soil organic matter increase nitrogen uptake, that K uptake has closer relation to K/(Ca+Mg) than K, that Mg affects P ugtake, and that the annual difference of P and K recovery was partly explainable.

• 한국유가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1997.05a
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• pp.23-34
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• 1997

Calcium-stimulated ATPase ($Ca^{2+}$-ATPase) which has optimal pH value at 7.0 was found in the membrane fraction of human milk, and its enzymatic properties were studied. The purified $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase required 0.45 mM Ca ion for maximal activity. Among the nucleosides, $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase showed a higher substrate specificity to ATP and UTP than to CTP and GTP. $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase had apparent Km value of 0.065, and V max of 7.63 mol ATP hydrolyzed/mg pro-tein per min, respectively. $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase was potently inhibited by lanthanide, vanadate, and p-chloromercuribenzoate, and inactivated by EDTA, and CDTA and EGTA, but were unaffected by N-ethylmaleimide, $NaN_3$, ouabain, or oligomycin, and was completely inactivated by heating at $60^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. This enzyme activity was concentrated in the membrane fraction of the cream and skim milk membrane, but not founded in bovine milk.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.64-72
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• 1994

Recently, the acid precipitation, composed primarily of dilute $H_2$S $O_4$, HN $O_3$and originating from the burning of fossil fules, has become one of the major environmental problems. This study was carried out to investigate the chemical features of precipitation at Sobaek-san Meteorological Observation Station(mean sea level; 1,340m, 36$^{\circ}$56’N, 128$^{\circ}$27' E)from May 1991 to December 1993. The major Point in this study divided the whole wind directions into two parts. And, the two parts are the north- westerly wind case and south-easterly wind case. The concentration of anions and cations in precipitation were measured by ion chromatography(Dionex 4000i). The volumn weighted mean pH and conductivity values of the whole precipitation period were 5.26, 14.3$mutextrm{s}$/cm, respectively. The order and frequency rate of the major anions concentration in the north- westerly and south easterly wind case were S $O_4$$^{2-}$(49.3%) ＞ N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ (23.9%) ＞ C $l^{[-10]}$ (14.8%) ＞ $F^{[-10]}$ (12.0%) and S $O_4$$^{2-}$(61.1% ) ＞ N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ (21.5%) ＞ C $l^{[-10]}$ (13.5%) ＞ F/sip -/(4.0%), respectively. The order and frequency rate of the major cations concentration in the north-westerly and south- easterly wind case were $Ca^{2+}$(49.3%) > N $H_4$$^{+}$(24.2%) >N $a^{+}$(22.4%) ＞M $g^{2+}$(14.9%) > $K^{+}$(3.8%) and N $H_4$$^{+}$(4:3.8%) $Ca^{2+}$(28.6%) ＞ N $a^{+}$(16.8%) > $K^{+}$(6.3%) > $Mg^{2+}$(4.5%), respectively. The larger anions and cations concentration values than others were S $O_4$$^{2-}$, N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ and $Ca^{2+}$, N $H_4$$^{+}$, respectively. The correlation coefficient between pH value and ion concentrations for the north-westerly and south-easterly wind case was shown less than 0.5 except for Ca/.sup 2+/ in the statistical analysis SPSS. But the correlation coefficient for the all wind case between sulfate and cations was shown high correlation above 0.6.correlation above 0.6.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.3-9
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• 1987

This study was been conducted to determine chemical characteristics of soils in the major districts cultivating flue-cured tobacco plant. Also native soil productivities were measured by means of bioassay planting tobacco plant without fertilizer at 87 selected lolls through pot and field experiments. Inorganic nutrient in soils affecting the dry weight of tobacco leaves cultivated in the field were investigated. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Among soil chemical characteristics, pH, $NO_3$-N, $NH_4$-N , $P_2O_5$, and Mg Influenced significantly the dry weight of tobacco loaves In pot experiment, whole In the field experiments, pH, $NO_3$-N, $NO_3$-N+$NH_4$-N, and Ca had influence. 2. Correlation coefficients between soil chemical characteristics and dry weight of tobacco leaves were higher in pot experiment than field. The results revealed that soil morphological characteristics might more close influence on dry weight of tobacco leaves than chemical characteristics. 3. For prediction of dry weight (Productivity) of tobacco leaves without fertilizer multiple regression analysis were introduced using troll chemical characteristics. A combination of pH, $NO_3$-N, and Ca was very reliable for prediction of productivity as equation. y=5.02+18.07$x_1$ +2.61$x_2$ +5.36$x_3$ R=0.444** Where $x_1$ : pH, $x_2$ : $NO_3$-N, $x_3$:Ca

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 2015

In this paper, the effects of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and aluminum potassium sulfate ($AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$) dosage on strength properties were investigated. For evaluating the property related to the dosage of alkali activator, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) of 4% (N1 series) and 8% (N2 series) was added to 1~5% (K1~K5) dosage of aluminum potassium sulfate ($AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$) and 1% (C1) and 2% (C2) dosage of calcium oxide (CaO). W/B ratio was 0.5 and binder/ fine aggregate ratio was 0.5, respectively. Test result clearly showed that the compressive strength development of alkali-activated slag cement (AASC) mortars were significantly dependent on the dosage of NaOH and $AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$. The result of XRD analysis indicated that the main hydration product of $NaOH+AlK (SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$ activated slag was ettringite and CSH. But at early ages, ettringite and sulfate coated the surface of unhydrated slag grains and inhibited the hydration reaction of slag in high dosage of $NaOH+AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$. The $SO_4{^{-2}}$ ions from $AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$ reacts with CaO in blast furnace slag or added CaO to form gypsum ($CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$), which reacts with CaO and $Al_2O_3$ to from ettringite in $NaOH+AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$ activated slag cement system. Therefore, blast furnace slag can be activated by $NaOH+AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$.